Ethanol Extract Of Stem Bark Research Articles

Anthelmintic Activity of Ethanolic and Aqueous Extracts of Khaya grandifoliola Stem Bark against Heligmosomoides polygyrus: In Vitro and In Silico Approaches.

Parasitic infection remains a serious health trade for humans and livestock. The purpose of this study was to present scientific proof of the anthelmintic properties of Khaya grandifoliola, which the native population uses to cure helminthiasis. Fresh Heligmosomoides polygyrus eggs were isolated from faecal samples of experimentally infected mice. The faecal material was cultured, and L1 and L2 larval stages were recovered after 48 and 120 hours, respectively. Using the worm microtracker, the anthelminthic efficacy of the extracts against H. polygyrus was assessed. Two different extracts (aqueous and ethanol extracts) were prepared. For the ovicidal and larvicidal activities, 100 µL of various concentrations of plant extracts, levamisole and 1.5% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), were introduced into a 96-well microplate titer followed by the addition of 100 µL of embryonated eggs (60 eggs) for the ovicidal activity and 100 µL of L 1 or L 2 larvae (50 larvae) for the larvicidal activity. The movement of the worm was monitored for 24 hours in the worm microtracker at 27°C. The Glide module of the Schrodinger Maestro software was used to perform docking studies. For the aqueous extracts, the highest percentage of inhibition of hatching was 42.77 ± 12% at 7.5 mg/mL. The IC50 values for the ethanol (0.36 mg/mL) extract showed that the ethanol extract had a good inhibitory effect on the ability of parasites to hatch from eggs. The inhibition percentage of L1 larvae motility at 7.5 mg/mL was 98.0 ± 1.66% and 83.33 ± 1.66% for ethanol and aqueous extracts, respectively. The negative controls, distilled water and 1.5% DMSO, had no inhibitory impact on larvae. On L1-larvae, the drug of choice levamisole (positive control) had the highest percentage effect (100.0%). Six compounds had the highest docking score and their interactions with the receptor as well. Grandiamide A interacts most with tyrosine, glycine, phenylalanine, asparagine, and serine, and its benzene ring and oxygens inhibit these receptors. Carbonyl and hydroxyl (OH) groups connect grandiamide D to asparagine, isoleucine, and phenylalanine, respectively. By donating hydrogen to the receptor through OH groups, D-glucopyranose-6-phosphate also forms relatively strong hydrogen bonds with its oxygen-bound phosphorus and the receptor. 1-O-deacetylkhayanolide E interacts most with serine and glutamic acid. The carbamic acid benzyl ester of carbamic acid [(1S)-1-phenyl-2-[(4-methylphenyl) sulfinyl] ethyl] interacts most with the receptor with carbonyl groups and with asparagine and serine. With its abundant hydroxide, D-mannitol acts as a hydrogen donor and acceptor and interacts most strongly with amino acids such as glycine, asparagine, aspartic acid, alanine, and glutamic acid. K. grandifoliola extracts possess anthelminthic properties. However, in vivo studies are still necessary to demonstrate the effectiveness of this plant for the treatment of helminthiasis.

Biochemical effects of ingested crude oil contaminated Mangifera indica stem bark aqueous and ethanol extracts in wistar albino rats

Biochemical effects of ingested crude oil contaminated Mangifera indica stem bark aqueous and ethanol extracts in wistar albino rats

Assessment of the anti-diabetic potential of Acacia ferruginea stembark ethanolic extract in alloxan induced diabetic rats

Assessment of the anti-diabetic potential of Acacia ferruginea stembark ethanolic extract in alloxan induced diabetic rats

A new indole alkaloid and anti-malarial activity of the stem bark extract of Chrysophyllum albidum

Background to the study: Chrysophyllum albidum stem bark extract had been shown to be antimalarial active in various studies but the compound responsible have not been identified. Methods: Its stem bark ethanol extract was successively partitioned to obtain n-hexane, ethyl acetate, butanol fractions and the aqueous phase with the aim of isolating the antimalarial constituent(s). The fractions were all tested for chemosuppressive activities at doses 0-80 mg/kg using Peter’s four-day test in Plasmodium berghei berghei-infected mouse model with chloroquine (10 mg/kg) and normal saline as positive and negative control respectively Result: The partitioned fractions: n hexane, butanol and aqueous with ED50 44.71±4.88, 54.84±4.25 and 54.42±3.84 and 56.6±4.64 respectively were comparable (p>0.05) in activity to each other. The ethyl acetate fraction with strong reactions to Dragendorff’s reagent and similarly has good weight, was further purified by repeated column chromatography leading to the isolation of a new indole alkaloid identified and characterized as 4, 5, 7, 8-tetrahydro-1H-1, 4-epoxyazepino [1′, 2′: 1, 2] pyrido [3, 4-b] indole-2, 3, 3(2H, 13H, 13bH)-triol (1) named as albidumine with a molecular formula C16H18N2O4. In addition, eleaginine (2), previously characterised from the seed was also identified in this stem-bark through LC-MS. To the best of our knowledge, compound 1 is a new alkaloidal constituent in Chrysophyllum sp. The structure was elucidated using the data from mass spectra, 1D (1H, 13C NMR and DEPT) and 2D-NMR (HMQC and HMBC) spectra. Conclusion: A new indole alkaloid isolated from ethyl acetate fraction of the ethanol extract of the stem-bark of Chrysophyllum albidum and characterised as albidumine may likely be an antimalarial constituent of the plant

Qualitative Phytochemical Screening and Larvicidal Efficacy of Physic Nut (Jatropha curcas) Leaves, Stem-bark and Root Extracts on Mosquito Larvae

The advance of battle by mosquito species to artificial chemicals has obliged the unrelenting pursuit of nontoxic ones from plants. This study screened the qualitative phytochemicals and evaluated the larvicidal efficacy of extracts of Jatropha curcas leaves, stem-bark and root extracts against third and fourth mosquito instar larvae. The J. curcas obtained were subjected to extraction by maceration. Qualitative phytochemical screening of ethanolic stem-bark, aqueous and ethanolic root extracts plants showed the presence of phenols, saponins, steroids flavonoids, alkaloids, glycosides, carbohydrates and terpenoids. The aqueous extracts of the leaves and stem-bark showed the presence of alkaloids, cardiac glycosides, phenols, saponins, and terpenoids whereas, ethanolic leaves extract had similar phytochemicals with the leaves and stem-bark aqueous extracts but did not have steroids. Twenty-four (24) hours exposure of different concentrations (2.0mg/ml, 4.0mg/ml, 6.0mg/ml, 8.0mg/ml, 10 mg/ml) of various extracts showed that larval mortality increased significantly (P<0.05) with increase in extracts concentration. Aqueous stem-bark extract showed highest mortality with 87% against third mosquito instar larvae followed by aqueous, ethanolic root extracts against third and fourth mosquito instar larvae respectively with 85% larval mortality. However, least mortality was observed in ethanolic leaf extract with 5% larval mortality against fourth mosquito instar larvae. Low LC₅₀ and LC₉₀ values were noticed in ethanolic root and aqueous stem-bark extracts with 2.19mg/ml and 11.51mg/ml respectively. Whereas the highest LC₅₀ and LC₉₀ values were noticed in both ethanolic leaves extracts with 14.09mg/ml and 26.20mg/ml respectively against fourth mosquito instar larvae. Conclusively, aqueous stem-bark and ethanolic root extracts can be harnessed to control 50% and 90% mosquito instar larval mortality respectively. However, there is a need to ascertain the quantities of bioactive components of J. curcas and its toxicity to non-target organisms.

Analysis of Artabotrys hexapetalus Stem Bark and Leaf Ethanol Extracts as α-Glucosidase Inhibitors: In Vitro Analysis, LC-MS/MS, Machine Learning, and Molecular Docking

Analysis of Artabotrys hexapetalus Stem Bark and Leaf Ethanol Extracts as α-Glucosidase Inhibitors: In Vitro Analysis, LC-MS/MS, Machine Learning, and Molecular Docking

In Vitro Trypanocidal Effect of the Extract and Isolated Compound of Corymbia torelliana Stem Bark against Trypanosoma brucei brucei (Federe Strain)

African animal trypanosomosis (AAT) is a severe debilitating protozoan disease of livestock and some wild animal species. It is caused by the pathogenic trypanosome species, and transmitted by Tsetse flies. It affects about 60 million cattle in Africa, with about US$1.5 billion in annual losses. Eradication of the disease through chemotherapy and vaccine development has been hindered by parasite antigenic variation and its resistance to drugs. In this study, the crude ethanol stem bark extract of Corymbia torelliana was prepared by cold maceration in 70% Ethanol. It was further purified using the modified Kupchan partition method into n-hexane, Ethyl acetate, N-butanol and Aqueous pure fractions. A pure compound was isolated from the ethyl acetate purified fraction using the column and thin layer chromatographic techniques. The isolated compound was named Makoshi_Mak1. The in vitro antitrypanosomal effects of the crude extract, the purified fractions and the isolated compound were then tested against the blood stream forms of Trypanosoma brucei brucei (Federe strain). 0.2 ml of prepared trypanosome suspension containing about 2x104 parasites was dispensed into each of seven clean test tubes using micropipettes. 0.2ml of prepared Ringer’s solution was also added to stabilize the parasites. Five varying concentrations of the crude extract, the extract fractions and the isolated compound (Makoshi_Mak1) were added to test tubes 1-5. Test tube 6 and 7 served as the negative and positive controls respectively. Aliquots of the contents of each test tube were examined under the microscope at x400 magnification for parasites motility at different time interval for 2 hours. The crude extract was effective at the concentrations of 12 mg/ml, 1.2 mg/ml,0.12 mg/ml and 0.012 mg/ml. the n-hexane fraction had efficacy at 0.12mg/ml and 0.096mg/ml. The Eethyl acetate fractions were effective at 0.12mg/ml, 0.096 mg/ml, 0.048mg/ml and 0.024mg/ml, the N-butanol fraction had efficacy at 0.12mg/ml and 0.096mg/ml, while the Aqueous fraction was effective at 0.2mg/ml, 0.16mg/ml and 0.08mg/ml. Makoshi_Mak1 was effective in vitro against T. brucei beucei at all the tested concentrations of 0.219mg/ml, 0.109mg/ml, 0.055mg/ml and 0.027mg/ml. Efficacy of the extracts and isolated compound was determined by parasite mortality, and was seen to be concentration dependent. Dead parasites appeared to float freely on the fluid environment, while the lysed parasites were seen as floating debris. The results of the study showed that both the crude extract, the purified extract and the pure isolated compound of Corymbia torelliana had in vitro activity against Trypanosoma brucei brucei in a concentration dependent manner. Corymbia torelliana can then be considered as a potential herbal antitrypanosomal drug candidate.

Evaluating Phytochemical Profiles, Cytotoxicity, Antiviral Activity, Antioxidant Potential, and Enzyme Inhibition of Vepris boiviniana Extracts.

In the present study, we performed comprehensive LC-MS chemical profiling and biological tests of Vepris boiviniana leaves and stem bark extracts of different polarities. In total, 60 bioactive compounds were tentatively identified in all extracts. The 80% ethanolic stem bark extract exhibited the highest activity in the ABTS assay, equal to 551.82 mg TE/g. The infusion extract of stem bark consistently demonstrated elevated antioxidant activity in all assays, with values ranging from 137.39 mg TE/g to 218.46 mg TE/g. Regarding the enzyme inhibitory assay, aqueous extracts from both bark and leaves exhibited substantial inhibition of AChE, with EC50 values of 2.41 mg GALAE/g and 2.25 mg GALAE/g, respectively. The 80% ethanolic leaf extract exhibited the lowest cytotoxicity in VERO cells (CC50: 613.27 µg/mL) and demonstrated selective cytotoxicity against cancer cells, particularly against H1HeLa cells, indicating potential therapeutic specificity. The 80% ethanolic bark extract exhibited elevated toxicity in VERO cells but had reduced anticancer selectivity. The n-hexane extracts, notably the leaves' n-hexane extract, displayed the highest toxicity towards non-cancerous cells with selectivity towards H1HeLa and RKO cells. In viral load assessment, all extracts reduced HHV-1 load by 0.14-0.54 log and HRV-14 viral load by 0.13-0.72 log, indicating limited antiviral activity. In conclusion, our research underscores the diverse bioactive properties of Vepris boiviniana extracts, exhibiting potent antioxidant, enzyme inhibitory, and cytotoxicity potential against cancer cells.

Evaluation of Antioxidant and Anti-diabetic Activity of Stem Bark of <i>Ziziphus jujuba</i> (L.) Gaertn

Diabetes Mellitus (DM), a significant metabolic disorder that increases mortality and morbidity, affects people all over the world. Recently, many individuals are exploring CAM treatment that may have fewer side effects due to the prominent side effects of allopathic medications. Ziziphus jujuba (L.) Gaertn. (Rhamnaceae) stem bark has been a vital part of the conventional system of medicine for the management of diabetes, inflammation, wounds, fever, asthma and liver disorders. In spite of its pharmacological significance, Ziziphus jujuba stem bark lacks scientific evidence of its antidiabetic and antioxidant potential. Hence, an attempt has been made to evaluate the anti-diabetic effect of the stem bark of Ziziphus jujuba using alpha-amylase inhibition assay. In this research work, we further investigated the antioxidant activity of the Ziziphus jujuba using DPPH and Nitric oxide radical scavenging assay. The Chloroform (CEZJ), ethyl acetate (EAZJ) and Ethanol (EEZJ) extracts of Ziziphus jujuba stem bark were used in the study. In the DPPH radical scavenging assay, EEZJ had an IC50 value of 117.1 µg/ml, however, the value for the nitric oxide scavenging assay was 64.65 µg/ml. The Ziziphus jujuba was additionally examined for its in-vitro antidiabetic potential using an alpha-amylase inhibition assay, and it was discovered to possess a considerable percentage of alpha-amylase inhibition. The IC50 of EEZJ was found to be 34.68 µg/ml. These results imply that the Ziziphus jujuba possesses considerable antioxidant and anti-diabetic properties. To thoroughly establish the anti-diabetic potential of Ziziphus jujuba, additional in vitro experiments utilizing cell lines and other enzymes may be conducted.

Antihypertensive potential of the stem bark of Canarium schweinfurthii Engl. (Burseraceae) in wistar rats: UPLC-ESI-QToF-MS/MS-based prediction of antihypertensive phytochemicals

Ethnopharmacological relevanceCanarium schweinfurthii, also called ‘’Elemierd’Afrique’’, is used in Cameroonian folk medicine (bark decoction) to treat patients suffering from hypertension.Aim of the study: This study aimed at evaluating the antihypertensive activities of the stem bark of Canarium schweinfurthii and identifying potential compounds present in its extract that may support or oppose its ethnomedicinial use. Materials and methodsStem bark extract of Canarium schweinfurthii was prepared by maceration using 70 % ethanol followed by redissolution in methanol and hyphenated. Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) analysis for the detection and characterisation of secondary metabolites. Antihypertensive effects were assessed in Wistar rats after induction of hypertension with sodium chloride (NaCl) 18 % at a dose of 0.01mL/gbody weight once a day for four weeks.Hemodynamic parameters were measured weekly by anon-invasive method using the CODA system. ResultsThe ethanolic bark extract of C. schweinfurthii significantly inhibited the increase of blood pressure with a maximum of 23.18 % (systolic pressure, p < 0.0001), 24.77 % (diastolic pressure, p < 0.001) and 22.95 % (mean pressure, p < 0.0001) at a dose of 200 mg/kgbody weight at the 4th week, compared to agroup of Wistar rats that received only NaCl (negative control). Similarly, the extract significantly inhibited the increase in heart rate by 18.84 % (p < 0.001) at 200 mg/kgbody weight at week four. Hematological parameters did not differ significantly between the extract-treated and control groups. The UPLC-MS/MS spectrometric analysis provided evidence for the presence of several C30 terpenoids containing three or five oxygen atoms and exhibiting pentacyclic triterpenoid structures, as well as C29 terpenoids and related compounds containing nitrogen in addition to oxygen, using spectral matching, and in silico molecular formula and structure prediction. Additionally, two features were annotated with high-confidence as lignans, structurally closely related to hinokinin and dehydrocubebin through MS/MS-based in silico structure prediction using CSI: Finger ID in SIRIUS5. The lignans have been previously reported from stem bark of plants belonging to the Burseraceae family. Conclusion: The ethanolic stem bark extract of C. schweinfurthii demonstrated antihypertensive properties on the tested Wistar rats. These results support the ethnopharmacological use of C. schweinfurthii concoctions for the treatment of hypertension and suggest a protective effect against salt damage, hypothetically by the up regulation of antioxidative enzymes and/or lipids, mitigatings membrane peroxidation.

Effect of Ethanol Extract of Sugar Apple (Annona squamosa L.) Stem Bark on Rat SGPT and SGOT

This study aims to compare hepatoprotector potency of the ethanol extract of sugar apple (A. squamosa) stem bark (EESSB) against the enzyme activity of SGOT and SGPT in rats induced by toxic doses of paracetamol. The method used in this study is Completely Randomized (CRD) consisting of 6 treatment groups and 3 replications. The parameters that are being observed in this study are phytochemical, antioxidant, clinical symptoms, macroscopic, SGOT and SGPT rats. Data were analyzed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) with a significant level of 5% with the Duncan test as a follow-up test. The clinical and macroscopic symptoms of rat liver including changes in color, surface structure and consistency as well as relative organ weight. Data were analyzed using ANOVA significant level 5% and Duncan's test as a follow-up test. Extracts contains alkaloid, steroid and phenolic compounds. The results showed that there was a significant difference (P &lt;0.05) in the levels of SGOT and SGPT after giving ethanol extract of stem bark A.squamosa (EESSB). Based on the results of the study, it was concluded that all EESSB doses had the potential to reduce the levels of AST and ALT in paracetamol induced rats. The results showed that there was a significant difference (P &lt;0.05) in the macroscopic changes in the liver based on changes in color and degree of liver damage. Relative organ weight had no significant effect (P&gt; 0.05). The ethanol extract of A. squamosa (EESSB) stem bark has the potential to be a hepatoprotector, however a dose of 150 mg/kg BW is a more effective dose as a hepatoprotector against paracetamol.

Phytochemical Analysis and Evaluation of in vitro Antioxidant potential of Ethanolic Stem Bark Extract of Balanites aegyptiaca Del

Introduction: Free radicals such as ROS and RNS are reactive molecules involved in many biological processes and up-regulated levels of these free radicals have been associated with oxidative stress and inflammatory-related diseases. Balanites aegyptiaca Del medicinal plant belongs to family Zygophyllaceae has been used in traditional medicine to treat numerous inflammatory-related diseases and best remedy for stomach ache and jaundice. Objectives: The present study was designed to undertake to evaluate the antioxidant potential of ethanolic stem bark extract of B. aegyptiaca by using various in vitro antioxidant assays. Methods: The stem bark ethanolic extract of B. aegyptiaca was obtained by using Soxhlet apparatus in 1:5 ratios (plant material and ethanol) and further subjected to preliminary phytochemical analysis and Total antioxidant capacity, in vitro DPPH radical scavenging activity and reducing power. Results: The quantitative phytochemical analysis of stem bark ethanolic extract B. aegyptiaca revealed that the presence of the considerable amount of flavonoids, tannins, phenolic compounds, and alkaloids and further, the total antioxidant activity of stem bark ethanolic extract of B. aegyptiaca was determined as 82.41µg/ 250µg, showed significant DPPH scavenging activity at 250μg/ml was 67.39% with the IC50 value of 55.41μg/ml and exhibited maximum reducing power was found at 250μg/ml was 0.412 O.D at 700 nm. Conclusion: It can be concluded that stem bark ethanolic extract of B. aegyptiaca showed promising reducing and DPPH radical scavenging activity due to the presence of antioxidant compounds and these compounds might serve as a potential source of natural antioxidants, for treatment of various oxidative stress-related diseases.

Antidiarrheal and Antispasmodic Effects of Ethanolic Stem Bark Extract of ‎Boswellia ‎dalzielii H. in Wistar Rats

The modulatory potentials of the ethanolic stem bark extract of Boswellia dalzieliiH. on diarrhea and gastrointestinal motility was investigated in rats. Antidiarrheal activity was evaluated in castor oil induced model using 25 inbreed, overnight fasted rats divided into five groups (A-E). Intestinal motility was determined using Charcoal transit time in 25 overnight fasted rats divided equally into five groups (A-E). Graded doses of the plant extract(100,200 and 400mg/kg respectively) were given to groups B, C and D, while group A served as vehicle control (VEH) (distilled water) and group E served as Atropine control(0.1mg/kg). Antispasmodic activity of the plant extract was determined with 3cm piece of isolated rat ileum incubated in a thermostatically regulated organ bath. The set-up allows for in vitro assessment of intestinal motility with atropine and acetylcholine as standard drugs for cholinergic muscarinic receptor potentials. The ethanolic stem bark extract of Boswellia dalzielli H significantly (P&lt; 0.0001) and dose dependently reduced castor oil induced diarrhea and activated charcoal transit time in rats. The plant extract significantly (P&lt;0.05) and dose dependently inhibited acetylcholine induced contractility of isolated ileac segments of rats when compared to controls. The ethanolic stem bark extract of Boswellia dalzielii H causes delay in gastrointestinal contractions via the inhibition of muscarinic cholinergic receptors in rats.

Antifungal Properties of Extracts of Ipomoea carnea Jacq. Subsp. fistulosa Against some Vegetable Pathogenic Fungi

Ipomoea carnea Jacq. subsp. fistulosa (Mart. ex Choisy) extracts were tested using the well in agar method against Fusarium oxysporum and Rhizopus stolonifer to find out their antifungal activity. Chloroform, ethanol, and aqueous extracts of leaf, stem, and root bark were used in the in vitro studies. All organs of selected plant with different extracts showed variable antifungal activity. Maximum activity was seen with the Leaves alcoholic extract, however minimal activity was found in the root extract (aqueous) with the test fungus. All test organisms showed radial growth inhibition in response to the extracts being added to the culture medium. The test organisms responded differently to the various extracts, but in overall, growth inhibition shows stronger with each extract's concentration. In plant and organisms, the antifungal activity was discovered to be in ascending from root bark then stem bark and highest in leaves.

Effect of Ethanol Extract of Soursop (Annona muricata L.) Stem Bark on Rat Liver Function.

&lt;b&gt;Background and Objective:&lt;/b&gt; Paracetamol does not cause toxic effects if given in therapeutic doses, namely below 4 g per day. Use of paracetamol at a dose of more than 4 g per day can result in hepatotoxicity. This study aims to compare the hepatoprotector potency of the ethanol extract of soursop stem bark (&lt;i&gt;A. muricata&lt;/i&gt;) against the enzyme activity of SGOT and SGPT in rats induced by toxic doses of paracetamol. &lt;b&gt;Materials and Methods:&lt;/b&gt; A Completely Randomized Design (CRD) comprised of 6 treatment groups and 3 replications. Total 27 white male rats were induced hepatotoxicity with 1350 mg of paracetamol on the 7th day, except for normal control (K0) which was given aquadest. The tested animals received akuades as the negative control (K-) 11.34 mg kg&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; b.wt., of Hepa-Q as the positive control (K+), ethanol extract stem bark &lt;i&gt;Annona muricata&lt;/i&gt; at a dose of 150 mg kg&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; BB (P1), 300 mg kg&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; BB (P2) and 600 mg kg&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; BB (P3). &lt;b&gt;Results:&lt;/b&gt; There was a significant difference (p<0.05) in the levels of SGOT and SGPT after giving ethanol extract of soursop (&lt;i&gt;A. muricata&lt;/i&gt;) stem bark. The best treatment for reducing SGOT and SGPT levels in rats induced by paracetamol was the administration of ethanol extract of &lt;i&gt;A. muricata&lt;/i&gt; stem bark at a dose of 600 mg kg&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; BB. &lt;b&gt;Conclusion:&lt;/b&gt; Based on the results of the study, it was concluded that all ethanol extract of &lt;i&gt;Annona muricata&lt;/i&gt; L. stem bark (EEAMSB) doses had the potential to reduce the levels of AST and ALT in paracetamol-induced rats.

Antioxidant activity test of 70% and 96% ethanol extract of tandui stem bark (Mangifera rufocostata Kosterm.) with DPPH method

Background: The genus Mangifera has been reported to have many activities as a natural antioxidant; one of them is the tandui plant (Mangifera rufucostata Kosterm). The study of 70% and 96% ethanol extracts of tandui leaves has shown potential as an antioxidant with the DPPH method, which is a strong category. The potential as an antioxidant in leaves is also possible in other parts, such as stem bark. Objective: This study is to determine the antioxidant potential of tandui stem bark in 70% and 96% ethanol solvents with the DPPH method. Methods: The tandui stem bark was extracted using the soxhletation method with 70% and 96% ethanol solvents. Potential antioxidant activity was measured using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer and the positive control, quercetin. Results: Antioxidant activity results showed that the IC50 of 70% ethanol extract of tandui stem bark (EE70%KBT) was 9.657 µg/mL, the IC50 of 96% ethanol extract of tandui stem bark (EE96% KBT) was 6.362 µg/mL and the IC50 of positive control quercetin was 3.441 µg/mL. Conclusion: The results showed that tandui stem bark extracted using 70% and 96% ethanol has a strong potential as a natural antioxidant (very strong category) using the DPPH method.

Isolation based on antioxidant activity of 80% ethanolic extract faloak (Sterculia quadrifida R. Br.) stem bark

Background: Free radicals consist of one or more unpaired electrons in an outer orbit that causes them to be more reactive. This will lead to oxidative stress, which is one of the major causes of degenerative diseases such as cancer, diabetes mellitus, and stroke. Therefore, consuming sufficient antioxidants can prevent oxidative stress. Faloak (Sterculia quadrifida R. Br.) is one of the endemic medicinal plants in East Nusa Tenggara and is a resource of antioxidants that are supported by scientific evidence. Until now, information about the antioxidant compounds in Faloak was limited. Objective: This study aims to identify active compounds in an 80% ethanol extract from faloak bark as antioxidants based on their TLC-bioautography profiles using an ABTS assay. Method: The methods of this study start with the preparation of simplicia, fractination using kinetic maceration, compound group identification and TLC-bioautography, separation using column chromatography [stationary phase: silica H60; mobile phase: 2-propanol: chloroform: acetic acid glacial (5:1:0,5)], identification using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer, and antioxidant activity determination of the extract and isolate using an ABTS assay. Result: Through this study, a subfraction (SFFE A) with a brown-red color and a blue spot under UV 365 nm and an Rf value of 0.65 was obtained. This subfraction (SFFE A) was predicted to be a polyphenol compound. The inhibition percentages of 125, 250, and 500 ppm successively are 80,93%; 95,54%; and 96,69%. Conclusion: The active isolate of ethanol extracting 80% of the faloak stem bark is suspected to be a polyphenol group and has strong antioxidant activity.

Effects of Graded Doses of Ethanolic Extract of Pausinystalia Yohimbe Stem Bark on Biochemical and Hematological Indices In the Kidneys of Female Wistar Rats

Pausinystalia yohimbe is a medicinal plant widely used as an aphrodisiac agent in Nigeria and other parts of West Africa, but little is known about its effect on renal function after chronic use. This study was designed to investigate the effect of ethanolic extract of Pausinystalia yohimbe stem bark on renal function parameters such as serum creatinine, urea, electrolyte, oxidative stress markers, and hematological parameters in female Wistar rats. Ethanolic extract of Pausinystalia yohimbe stem bark was administered orally to 3 groups of 5 female rats for 21 days as follows: group1 which served as control received distilled water while groups 2 and 3 received 400mg/kg and 800mg/kg body weight of the extract respectively. Thereafter the rats were sacrificed, and blood and kidney tissues were collected for biochemical analysis. The result showed that there were no significant changes in urea, creatinine, potassium, chloride, and bicarbonate levels while sodium level was significantly increased (p&lt;0.05) when compared to the control. SOD and CAT tissue activities did not show any significant change (p&lt;0.05) while there was a significant increase (p&lt;0.05) in GSH and a significant reduction (p&lt;0.05) in MDA. Also, there was no significant change (p&lt;0.05) in WBC, PCV, and platelets, however, there was a significant decrease (p&lt;0.05) in RBC and hemoglobin levels. The histopathology of the kidney showed that no significant changes were observed between treatment groups and control except for the 800 mg/kg body weight of the extract-treated group where there was mild multifocal vacuolar degeneration of some renal tubular epithelial cells. The result suggests that the chronic use of the ethanolic extract of Pausinystalia yohimbe stem bark protects the kidney against oxidative stress but adversely affects the functional capacities of the kidney and formation of erythropoietin in the stem cells and may also contribute to the increasing number of persons with high blood pressure.

Anthocleista vogelii (Planch) stem bark ethanol extract prevents inflammatory and pain phenotypes in experimental rodent models by modulating oxido-inflammatory mediators

Ethnopharmacological relevanceThe Anthocleista species are used to treat pain, inflammation, and stomach disorders, but the mechanism by which Anthocleista vogelii Planch stem bark ethanol extract (AVSBE) elicits its anti-pain activity is not fully understood. AimThis study elucidates the phytochemical signatures of AVSBE along with its anti-nociceptive, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activities in animal models of pain and inflammation. MethodsThe Gas Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) and Lorke's methods were used for the phytochemical characterization and LD50 determination of AVSBE. Male and female Wistar rats and Swiss mice were given oral pre-treatment of AVSBE (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg), indomethacin (10 mg/kg), morphine (10 mg/kg), and vehicle (10 mL/kg). Subsequently, various models were employed to evaluate AVSBE's anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects. Specifically, the acetic acid-induced mice writhing, formalin-induced paw licking, and hot plate models were used to assess AVSBE's anti-nociceptive activity, while the carrageenan-induced paw edema and air pouch models were used to evaluate AVSBE's anti-inflammatory activity. ResultsAVSBE (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg) reduced writhes, paw licking, and pain reaction time. It also decreased rat paw size and inflammatory exudate volume. AVSBE (200 and 400 mg/kg) lowered oxido-nitrosative stress, inflammatory mediators, and leukocyte counts in the exudate fluid. Animals administered with AVSBE showed no stomach ulceration. The LD50 of AVSBE is over 5000 mg/kg, p.o. GC-MS analysis revealed 19 phytochemical compounds in AVSBE, including eicosanoic, octadecatrienoic, linoleic, palmitoleic, and 9,12-octadecanoic acids, phytol, among others. ConclusionThese findings suggest that AVSBE demonstrated activities that can reduce inflammation and alleviate pain by inhibiting oxido-nitrosative stress and inflammatory mediators, contributing validity to the ethnomedicinal benefit of AVSBE in managing inflammatory and pain-related crisis.

A Subacute Toxicity Test of Rhizophora apiculata Stem Bark Ethanol Extract on the Number, Motility, and Morphology of Male Rattus Norvegicus Spermatozoa

Indonesia has the largest mangrove ecosystem in the world. Rhizophora apiculata is a mangrove often used as traditional medicine by Indonesians. It has previously been researched that the ethanol extract of Rhizophora apiculata stem bark has benefits as a source of natural antioxidants. However, there has yet to be much research on the toxicity of this extract. Therefore, researchers want to know the subacute toxic dose of Rhizophora apiculata bark extract on fertility parameters. The type of research is experimental research with a completely randomized research design. The sample consisted of 30 male rats, which were divided into 5 groups, namely the control group, which received no treatment, and the P1-P4 treatment group, which was given Rhizophora apiculata bark extract every day with 4 dose levels starting from 114 mg/kg BW to a dose of 912 mg/kg BW for 28 days. On day 30, the rats were euthanized, and the fertility parameters of the rat spermatozoa were examined using a microscope. Kruskal-Wallis analysis and One-Way ANOVA showed p&lt;0.05 for the spermatozoa's number, motility, and morphology. The toxic dose that can reduce the number of spermatozoa is found at 912 mg/kg BW; the toxic dose that reduces spermatozoa motility is 228 mg/kg BW; and the toxic dose that affects spermatozoa morphology is 456 mg/kg BW. This research concludes that the subacute toxic dose of the ethanol extract of Rhizophora apiculata stem bark against the spermatozoa of the male Rattus norvegicus Sprague Dawley strain in the subchronic toxicity test was 228 mg/kg BW.