Ethanolic Extract Of Propolis Research Articles

Antimicrobial and Wound Healing Performance of Polycaprolactone Electrospun-Based Nanofibers Incorporating Propolis and Quercus Infectoria Gall Extracts

Background: A highly effective antibacterial wound dressing was developed in this investigation by developing a novel bioactive functional nanostructure. Methods: Ethanolic extracts of propolis (EEP) and Q.infectoria galls (QIG) were processed to obtain their respective extracts. The antibacterial properties of the individual EEP and QIG extracts and their combined effects were investigated. Based on the antibacterial test results, solutions containing polycaprolactone (PCL), PCL/EEP, PCL/QIG and PCL/EEP/QIG were prepared. These solutions were then used to fabricate nanobased mats through electrospinning. The resulting nanofibers were examined in terms of their physical, chemical and biological traits. In order to assess the wound healing capabilities, in vivo experiments were conducted, wherein the efficacy of the scaffolds in combating Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections on wounds was evaluated. Results: The nanoscale structure of the electrospun nanofibers was confirmed through FESEM analysis, while the successful integration of EEP and QIG in the PCL-based electrospun nanofiber was validated using FTIR. By including both EEP and QIG bioactive extracts in the nanofiber, improved antibacterial and antioxidant activities were achieved without compromising the viability of human fibroblast cells. The use of PCL/EEP/QIG dressings led to wound closure rates of 85% and 100% on the 5th and 15th day of treatment, respectively, demonstrating the effectiveness of the combination of EEP and QIG extracts. Conclusions: The remarkable outcomes have presented encouraging prospects for using PCL/EEP/QIG as a highly effective wound dressing with antibacterial properties in clinical trials.

Comparing Antimicrobial Effects of Heterotrigona itama Propolis from Two Regions of Malaysia Against Enterococcus faecalis

Objective: This present study aimed to determine and compare the antimicrobial properties of Malaysian propolis (MP) produced by Heterotrigona Itama from different regions of Malaysia, against E. faecalis. Methods: The propolis were obtained in Lenggong MLP (North Peninsula Malaysia) and Raub MRP - (Central Peninsula Malaysia). The antibacterial activities of the ethanolic extracts of propolis were conducted using antimicrobial susceptibility test (AST), minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). The effect of these extracts on the cell morphology were observed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Calcium hydroxide and 5% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) were used as controls. Results: Statistical analysis was done using unpaired t-test to differentiate the difference of the two averages. The ethanol extracts of MLP showed higher activity compared to MRP at 50mg/ml on E. faecalis with zone of inhibition of 14.33mm and 10.00mm respectively. MIC test for MRP and MLP was 0.78125mg/ml and 3.125mg/ml respectively. Whereas the MBC value for both MRP and MLP was 12.50mg/ml and 50.00mg/ml respectively. SEM analysis showed that MP disrupted the size, cell morphology and the structure of the bacteria cell wall. Conclusion: Our study showed MRP outperformed MLP against E. faecalis via MIC, MBC and SEM. Dissimilarities of surrounding trees in Raub and Lenggong may provide the variable chemical source contributing to this contrast. Thus, these stingless bees have a very special relationship with plant resins, relying on them for the very survival of their nests.

Anti-Biofilm Perspectives of Propolis against Staphylococcus epidermidis Infections.

Staphylococcus epidermis has emerged as the main causative agent of medical device-related infections. Their major pathogenicity factor lies in its ability to adhere to surfaces and proliferate into biofilms, which increase their resistance to antibiotics. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the use and the mechanism of action of an ethanolic extract of Spanish propolis (EESP) as a potential alternative for preventing biofilm-related infections caused by S. epidermidis. The chemical composition of propolis is reported and its antibacterial activity against several strains of S. epidermidis with different biofilm-forming capacities evaluated. The influence of sub-inhibitory concentrations (sub-MICs) of EESP on their growth, physicochemical surface properties, adherence, and biofilm formation were studied. EESP interferes with planktonic cells, homogenizing their physicochemical surface properties and introducing a significant delay in their growth. The adherence and biofilms at the EESP concentrations investigated were decreased up to 90.5% among the strains. Microscopic analysis indicated that the planktonic cells that survived the treatment were the ones that adhere and proliferate on the surfaces. The results obtained suggest that the EESP has a high potential to be used as an inhibitor of both the adhesion and biofilm formation of S. epidermidis.

Propolis ethanol extract functionalized chitosan/Tenebrio molitor larvae protein film for sustainable active food packaging

The application of novel insect proteins as future food resources in the food field has attracted more and more attention. In this study, a biodegradable antibacterial food packaging material with beneficial mechanical properties was developed using Tenebrio molitor larvae protein (TMP), chitosan (CS) and propolis ethanol extract (PEE) as raw materials. PEE was uniformly dispersed in the film matrix and the composite films showed excellent homogeneity and compatibility. There are strong intermolecular hydrogen bond interactions between CS, TMP, and PEE in the films, which exhibit the structure characteristics of amorphous materials. Compared with CS/TMP film, the addition of 3 % PEE significantly enhanced the elongation at break (34.23 %), water vapor barrier property (22.94 %), thermal stability (45.84 %), surface hydrophobicity (20.25 %), and biodegradability of the composite film. The composite film has strong antioxidant and antimicrobial properties, which were enhanced with the increase of PEE content. These biodegradable films offer an eco-friendly end-of-life option when buried in soil. Composite films can effectively delay the spoilage of strawberries and extend the shelf life of strawberries. Biodegradable active packaging film developed with insect protein and chitosan can be used as a substitute for petroleum-based packaging materials, and has broad application prospects in the field of fruits preservation.

Oral Films Printed with Green Propolis Ethanolic Extract.

Oral film (OF) research has intensified due to the effortless administration and advantages related to absorption in systemic circulation. Chitosan is one of the polymers widely used in the production of OFs; however, studies evaluating the maintenance of the active principles' activity are incipient. Propolis has been widely used as an active compound due to its different actions. Printing techniques to incorporate propolis in OFs prove to be efficient. The objective of the present study is to develop and characterize oral films based on chitosan and propolis using printing techniques and to evaluate the main activities of the extract incorporated into the polymeric matrix. The OFs were characterized in relation to the structure using scanning and atomic force electron microscopy; the mechanical properties, disintegration time, wettability, and stability of antioxidant activity were evaluated. The ethanolic extract of green propolis (GPEE) concentration influenced the properties of the OFs. The stability (phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity) was reduced in the first 20 days, and after this period, it remained constant.

Antibacterial activity of three ethanolic extracts of propolis from the municipalities of Sevilla, Cartago, and Armenia, Colombia, against MRSA (Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus)

Introduction: Staphylococcus aureus is a pathogen commonly associated with hospital and community-acquired infections, particularly methicillin-resistant strains that impose limi- tations on treatment options. The resistance of these strains to beta-lactam antibiotics has spurred the search for new antimicrobial sources, and natural products such as propolis extracts have demonstrated efficacy against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus. The an- timicrobial activity of propolis depends to the flora used by the bees to make the propolis. Aim: This study aims to determine the antibacterial activity of three ethanolic extracts of propolis from the municipalities of Sevilla, Cartago, and Armenia, Colombia, against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Methodology: The methodology involved obtaining ethanolic extracts of propolis collected from different regions of Colombia, followed by fractionation and identification of the propolis with the highest bactericidal activity. Subsequently, an analysis using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectro- metry (GC-MS) was identified the predominant compound in the selected fractions. Re- sults: All three propolis samples evaluated in this study demonstrated bactericidal activity at concentration of 10 mg/mL, with the Cartago propolis showing concentrations below 5 mg/mL. Chromatographic analysis identified 3-Hexadecyloxycarbonyl-5-(2-hydroxye- thyl) as the predominant compound. Conclusion: In conclusion, the need for additional research to understand the pharmacological potential of Colombian propolis, specifically the bactericidal activity of Cartago propolis against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus.

Propolis Reduces Inflammation and Dyslipidemia Caused by High-Cholesterol Diet in Mice by Lowering ADAM10/17 Activities.

Atherosclerosis is one of the most important causes of cardiovascular diseases. A disintegrin and metalloprotease (ADAM)10 and ADAM17 have been identified as important regulators of inflammation in recent years. Our study investigated the effect of inhibiting these enzymes with selective inhibitor and propolis on atherosclerosis. In our study, C57BL/6J mice (n = 16) were used in the control and sham groups. In contrast, ApoE-/- mice (n = 48) were used in the case, water extract of propolis (WEP), ethanolic extract of propolis (EEP), GW280264X (GW-synthetic inhibitor), and solvent (DMSO and ethanol) groups. The control group was fed a control diet, and all other groups were fed a high-cholesterol diet for 16 weeks. WEP (400 mg/kg/day), EEP (200 mg/kg/day), and GW (100 µg/kg/day) were administered intraperitoneally for the last four weeks. Animals were sacrificed, and blood, liver, aortic arch, and aortic root tissues were collected. In serum, total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TGs), and glucose (Glu) were measured by enzymatic colorimetric method, while interleukin-1β (IL-1β), paraoxonase-1 (PON-1), and lipoprotein-associated phospholipase-A2 (Lp-PLA2) were measured by ELISA. Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interferon-γ (IFN-γ), myeloperoxidase (MPO), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-10 (IL-10), and interleukin-12 (IL-12) levels were measured in aortic arch by ELISA and ADAM10/17 activities were measured fluorometrically. In addition, aortic root and liver tissues were examined histopathologically and immunohistochemically (ADAM10 and sortilin primary antibody). In the WEP, EEP, and GW groups compared to the case group, TC, TG, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12, PLA2, MPO, ADAM10/17 activities, plaque burden, lipid accumulation, ADAM10, and sortilin levels decreased, while IL-10 and PON-1 levels increased (p < 0.003). Our study results show that propolis can effectively reduce atherosclerosis-related inflammation and dyslipidemia through ADAM10/17 inhibition.

Propolis from the North-East region of India exhibits potent antioxidant and anticancer activity against breast cancer cells

Propolis has several uses in human health, including its role as a nutritious and beneficial dietary component, as well as a folk medicine. In this study, we aimed to explore the phytochemical and anticancer activity of propolis collected by honeybees in Assam, India. The chloroform fraction (CF) from the ethanol extract of propolis was screened for antioxidant activity and in vitro cytotoxicity. Finally, the chemical composition of CF was analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. CF was found to contain 223.44 ± 5.16 mg/g gallic acid equivalents of total phenolic content and 114.43 ± 7.087 mg quercetin/g of flavonoids. The CF presented antioxidant activities against 2, 2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and 2, 2′-Azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt free radicals, with IC50 values recorded as 68.54 ± 3.1% and 7.26 ± 0.55, respectively. The fractions exhibited growth inhibition in breast cancer cells. The cell migration capacity of both MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cells was significantly decreased by CF. Additionally, the fraction was observed to arrest the cell cycle of MDA-MB-231 cells at the S phase and of MCF-7 cells at the G2/M phase. In MDA-MB-231 cells, CF enhanced p53 expression and downregulated CDK2, Cyclin A, Cdc25A, and Cyclin D1, expression whereas in MCF-7 cells, CF downregulated CDK1 and Cyclin B1 expression. Furthermore, confocal microscopy revealed a decrease in the expression of the Ki-67 protein in both MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cells following treatment with CF. The propolis from north-east India exhibited antioxidant and anticancer properties in vitro, suggesting its therapeutic potential for breast cancer.

Total polyphenol content and antioxidant activity of ethanolic propolis extracts

Propolis is a beekeeping by-product with a high content of polyphenols that manifests antioxidant action. In this article was conducted the comparative study of the obtained results regarding the total polyphenol content of propolis extracts and their antioxidant activity depending on several factors: solvent concentration, extraction method. The total polyphenol content was determined by the Folin-Ciocalteu method and the antioxidant activity by the DPPH method. The analysis of the data revealed that the total polyphenol content and antioxidant activity is largely depended by the solvent concentration, optimal for obtaining ethanolic extracts of propolis with a high content of polyphenols, being ethyl alcohol with a concentration of 70%.

GC-MS analysis of ethanolic extract of propolis from Jhajjar district in Haryana, India

Aim: To analyse the chemical composition of ethanolic extract of propolis, a glue like resinous natural material collected by worker honey bees from Jhajjar district of Haryana. Methodology: Chemical composition analysis of the ethanolic extract of propolis sample collected from Jhajjar district of Haryana, India was determined by Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Propolis sample was crushed to powdered form and extracted using 70% ethanol and kept for around 20 days. The supernatant was then filtered and thereafter, the filtered extract was dried and collected in a clean vial. Results: GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of hydrocarbons, sugars, fatty acids, carboxylic acid, alcohols, ethers, carbamate ester and other organic compounds. Interpretation: The results revealed the presence of diverse biochemical constituents which can be utilized in therapeutics of several ailments to enhance the quality of life by improving human health. Key words: Chemical profile, Fatty acids, Organic compounds, Propolis

Evaluation of propolis hepatotoxicity in male rats

Background: Propolis is a natural resinous combination that honeybees produce from the materials they gather from plant parts, buds, and exudates. Numerous favorable pharmacological qualities have been demonstrated for propolis. Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the hepatotoxic effects of ethanolic propolis extract on the liver of male rats. Methods: In this research, 40 male rats were divided randomly into five groups: 1. Control 2. Sham (solvent), and 3. Three experimental groups (ethanolic propolis extract at doses of 50,100 and 200 mg/kg). All materials were administered by oral gavage once daily for 13 consecutive days. On the 14th day, blood sampling was performed to measure serum levels of liver function enzymes and triglycerides. After deep induction of anesthesia, the liver of the rats was removed for histopathological studies. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and Tukey’s test (p &lt;0.05). Results: The data showed that the administration of propolis significantly increased the serum levels of aminotransferases in a dose-dependent manner and decreased triglycerides, accompanied by pathological changes. Conclusions: The results of this study indicate that the administration of propolis is associated with liver toxicity, and it seems that it should be consumed more carefully. Keywords: Alanine aminotransferase, Aspartate aminotransferase, Propolis, Hepatotoxicity Triglycerides

FORMULATION AND STABILITY EVALUATION OF ANTI-OBESITY NUTRACEUITCAL BLEND OF WHITE KIDNEY BEAN EXTRACT (PHASEOLUS VULGARIS L.), PROPOLIS ETHANOLIC EXTRACT AND CRPIC3

Objective: This study aimed to formulate and evaluate the stability profile of an anti-obesity nutraceutical combination in different dosage forms. Methods: Active and inactive ingredients were formulated into pharmaceutical dosage forms. The quality parameters of the dosage forms were determined, followed by accelerated stability testing (40±2 °C and 75±5% Relative Humidity (RH)) for 180 d was completed to evaluate their physical, chemical and microbiological attributes throughout the storage period. Results: Pre-formulation parameters of the powder blend of active and inactive ingredients for each dosage form showed a satisfactory flowability with Hausner's ratio falling between 1.16 and 1.18, average angle of repose between 22.29° and 22.90° and acceptable compressibility with Carr’s index below 25%. Tablets assessments were acceptable with a mean friability value of 0.21±0.03%, hardness of 4.12±0.09 kg/cm2. The average disintegration time of 5 min 10 sec for tablets and 4 min and 30 sec for capsules. The accelerated stability study revealed that tablet dosage forms are stable for longer period that can reach up to 180 d (24 mo real-time), while sachets and capsules are stable for a period of 135 d (18 mo real-time). Conclusion: The anti-obesity blend of White Kidney Bean Extract (WKBE), Propolis Ethanolic Extract (PEE) and CrPic3 can be successfully formulated in acceptable and convenient dosage forms that can be stable for 18-24 mo.

Antibacterial Activity of Stingless Bee Propolis (Heterotrigona itama) Ethanol Extract on Dental Root Canal Bacteria Growth in Vitro

Introduction: Pulp and periapical tissue problems are 7th out of the top 10 diseases. Propolis from stingless bees is a natural substance that has been proven its efficacy in treating the diseases. Additionally, it is categorized safe for humans. This study aimed to determine the antibacterial activity of stingless bee propolis (Heterotrigona itama) ethanol extract on dental root canal bacterial growth in vitro. Method: This study was an experimental study with a posttest-only control group design and consisting of six treatment groups with concentrations of 3,000; 6,000; 12,000; and 24,000 ppm of stingless bee propolis, as well as a positive and negative control. Each treatment was repeated four times. Result: The result showed that there were no clear zones at concentrations of 24,000 ppm, but a clear zones appeared at concentrations of 3,000; 6,000; and 12,000 ppm. Stingless bee propolis ethanol extract is efficient against bacteria. At a concentration of 3,000 ppm, the inhibition zone's maximum circumference was visible.

Evaluation of the anticoccidial effect of jataí bee (Tetragonisca angustula) propolis extract against Eimeria spp. oocysts in broiler

The use of anticoccidial compounds is the primary strategy for controlling avian coccidiosis. The emergence of drug resistance, regulatory restrictions, and societal demands for meat production without the use of antimicrobials have increased the need for natural alternatives to control this disease. Propolis is known for its antimicrobial effects and may be an alternative. In this context, this study aimed to evaluate the anticoccidial activity of jataí bee (Tetragonisca angustula) propolis against the sporulation of Eimeria spp. oocysts in broiler chicken feces. Propolis ethanolic extracts were tested at 10, 15, and 20% against Eimeria oocyst sporulation. Direct use of the extract on oocysts completely inhibited sporulation. When applied to feces, the extract significantly reduced the number of sporulated oocysts. Thus, the jatai bee propolis extract is a promising alternative to commercial anticoccidial agents.

Determination of phenolic content and bioactive characterization of Anatolian propolis

In this study, propolis referred to as of Türkiye Anatolian propolis was utilized. This work was aim to prepare a 70% ethanolic extract of propolis and subsequently determine certain biochemical parameters, total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), phenolic and flavonoid composition, inhibitory effects on certain enzymes [acetylcholinesterase (AChE), urease, and alpha-amylase], along with assessments of antiviral activity against Vero cells, lung cancer cells (A549), and breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-231). The richness of phenolic content in Anatolian propolis clearly indicates a high inhibitory effect on these enzymes. Additionally, it was observed to exert significant effects on cancer cells and demonstrated effective antiviral activity. It can be contemplated that the Anatolian propolis might serve as a potential source for novel drugs, and the isolation of its compounds could offer opportunities for utilization in traditional medicine.

Microencapsulated propolis powder: A promising ingredient of chewing gum

The incorporation of natural ingredients to food products as a source of bioactive compounds is currently an increasing trend for food companies. The purposes of this work were to study the physicochemical properties of microencapsulated propolis powder, and to research the potential beneficial effect of it on texture and sensory quality of sugar-free chewing gums. Propolis ethanolic extract was microencapsulated by spray-drying technology, using maltodextrin as carrier, protecting conceivable bioactivity. Morphology of propolis microparticles was evaluated using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and showed homogeneous microparticles with different sizes and no cracks. Propolis powder showed low water activity, moisture and hygroscopicity, high amounts of Ca, P, and high values for antioxidant-related parameters. Propolis powder phenolics were analysed by HPLC-UV and HPLC-ESI-MS. Apigenin, gallic acid, CAPE, and galangin demonstrated the highest degree of encapsulation, providing antiradical activities. Propolis powder was incorporated in chewing gums at 5%, improving their texture and sensory properties.

Insight into the influence of natural deep eutectic solvents on the extraction of phenolic compounds from poplar type propolis: Composition and in vitro biological activity

Natural deep eutectic solvents (NADESs) have been considered promising to replace traditional volatile and toxic organic solvents for the extraction of biologically active substances from natural sources. This work applied an efficient and ethanol-exclusion strategy for extraction of phenolic compounds from poplar type propolis using five known NADESs (lactic acid:1,2-propanediol 1:1, lactic acid:fructose 5:1, choline chloride:1,2-propanediol 1:3, choline chloride:1,2-propanediol:water 1:1:1 and betaine:malic acid:water 1:1:6). The selected NADESs' extractability was evaluated by measuring the concentrations of total phenolics and total flavones and flavonols in the propolis extracts obtained, which qualitative chemical composition was further determined in detail by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. It demonstrated that the chemical profiles of NADES and 70% ethanolic propolis extracts are similar. To expand the knowledge about the role of the applied solvents in the poplar propolis extraction process, the in vitro antimicrobial, cytotoxic and genotoxic activity of both NADESs and liquid NADES extracts were evaluated. The results revealed that the use of the selected NADESs as an extraction media for phenolic compounds from poplar propolis not only delivered a good extraction yield in some cases, but generally led to the preservation of propolis extracts' biological activity and even to the enhancement of their antimicrobial effect in comparison with the hydroethanolic one. Besides, the tested NADESs except for lactic acid:fructose and betaine:malic acid:water exerted low to negligible toxicity against normal cells treated and apart from lactic acid:fructose the remaining solvents demonstrated concentration-dependent moderate to subtle genotoxicity. There is a probability that not the supramolecular structure of the NADESs, but their components, played a key role for the observed biological effects. The present study has demonstrated an alternative approach for extracting the biologically active complex from poplar type propolis using NADESs, which could be useful for further pharmaceutical and cosmeceutical applications.

In vitro and in vivo study of antibacterial and anti-encrustation coating on ureteric stents.

To investigate the ability of propolis-coated ureteric stents to solve complications, especially urinary tract infections (UTIs) and crusting, in patients with long-term indwelling ureteric stents through antimicrobial and anti-calculus activities. Polyurethane (PU) ureteric stents were immersed in the ethanol extract of propolis (EEP), a well-known antimicrobial honeybee product, and subjected to chemical, hydrophilic, and seismic tests. The antimicrobial activity of the EEP coating was then examined by in vitro investigation. Proteus mirabilis infection was induced in rats within uncoated and EEP-coated groups, and the infection, stone formation, and inflammation were monitored at various time points. The characterisation results showed that the hydrophilicity and stability of the EEP surface improved. In vitro tests revealed that the EEP coating was biocompatible, could eliminate >90% of bacteria biofilms attached to the stent and could maintain bacteriostatic properties for up to 3 months. The in vivo experiment revealed that the EEP-coating significantly reduced the amount of bacteria, stones, and salt deposits on the surface of the ureteric stents and decreased inflammation in the host tissue. Compared with clinically used PU stents, EEP-coated ureteric stents could better mitigate infections and prevent encrustation. Thus, this study demonstrated that propolis is a promising natural dressing material for ureteric stents.

Propolis of Tubuna bee (Scaptotrigona bipunctata) from the Meliponini tribe alleviates glycaemic, oxidative, and inflammatory conditions during STZ induced diabetes in Wistar rats also aiding in injury recovery

This study was designed to characterize and describe the in vivo effects of an ethanolic propolis extract (EHAP) from the native Brazilian bee Tubuna (Scaptotrigona bipunctata). Propolis has been recently proposed as an adjuvant during diabetes, mainly because propolis possesses various natural compounds without the elevated sugar quantities found in pure honey. Compounds with biological activity and in vitro antioxidant potential have been detected in propolis from Tubuna. Streptozotocin (STZ) is a well-documented model to induce experimental diabetes in rodents. We have detected potential compounds in Tubuna propolis and observed the effects of daily oral treatment with EHAP in Wistar rats during experimental diabetes. EHAP improved glucose tolerance in STZ animals without significantly changing net and organ weight. STZ increases levels of TBARS and Carbonyl, and reduces levels of -SH, effects partially controlled by EHAP, particularly in serum. EHAP decreases inflammatory mediators TnF-ɑ and IL-1β in diabetic animals and decreases paw swelling during carrageenan induced edema. In conclusion, Tubuna propolis constituents possess interesting biological activities to aid in several diseases, but this still needs further studies in these particular pathologies. This is the first work to characterize Tubuna propolis from Rio Grande do Sul and the first work to describe its effects in an animal model of experimental diabetes or any animal model of disease. Treatment with EHAP shows potential to regulate conditions during STZ induced diabetes, aiding in injury recovery paw edema. Mechanistic studies, other models of long-term diabetes or metabolic syndrome, and a complete characterization of propolis from Tubuna are potential targets for future studies.

Rapid analysis and authentication of Chinese propolis using nanoelectrospray ionization mass spectrometry combined with machine learning

In this study, we established a simple, rapid, and high-throughput method for the analysis and classification of propolis samples. We utilized nanoESI-MS to analyze 37 samples of propolis from China for the first time, obtaining characteristic fingerprint spectra in negative ion mode, which were then integrated with multivariate analysis to explore variations between water extract of propolis (WEP) and ethanol extract of propolis (EEP). Furthermore, we categorized propolis samples based on different climate zones and colors, screening 10 differential metabolites among propolis from various climate zones, and 11 differential metabolites among propolis samples of different color. By employing machine learning models, we achieved high-precision discrimination and prediction between samples from different climate zones and colors, achieving predictive accuracies of 95.6% and 85.6%, respectively. These results highlight the significant potential of the nanoESI-MS coupled with machine learning methodology for precise classification within the realm of food products.