Ethanol-water Mixtures Research Articles

Shaking-Induced Aggregation and Flotation in Immunoglobulin Dispersions: Differences between Water and Water-Ethanol Mixtures.

Structural characterization by three complementary methods of laser diagnostics (dynamic light scattering, laser phase microscopy, and laser polarimetric scatterometry) has established that shaking of immunoglobulin G (IgG) dispersions in water and ethanol–water mixtures (36.7 vol %) results in two effects. First, it intensifies the aggregation of IgG macromolecules. Second, it generates bubbles with a size range that is different in each solvent. The aggregation is enhanced in ethanol–water mixtures because of IgG denaturation. IgG aggregates have a size of ∼300 nm in water and ∼900 nm in ethanol–water mixtures. The flotation of IgG is much more efficient in water. This can be explained by a better adsorption of IgG particles (molecules and aggregates) on bubbles in water as compared to ethanol–water mixtures. Bulk nanobubbles and their association with IgG aggregates were visualized by laser phase microscopy in water but were not detected in ethanol–water mixtures. Therefore, the nanobubble flotation mechanism for IgG aggregates acting in water is not feasible for ethanol–water mixtures.

Exploring the Microalga Euglena cantabrica by Pressurized Liquid Extraction to Obtain Bioactive Compounds.

In the present study, the chemical composition of the microalga Euglena cantabrica was investigated. The extraction of bioactive compounds was done using pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) at different temperatures (40–180 °C) and using green solvents (ethanol-water mixtures). A statistical design of experiments was used to optimize the maximum antioxidant capacity of the extracts by response surface methodology. The antioxidant capacity was determined through the inhibition of 2,2’-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals, while the chemical analyses of the extracts were carried out using different chromatographic techniques. Chlorophylls and carotenoids were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to a diode array detector and mass spectrometry (HPLC-DAD-MS/MS) and carbohydrates by gas chromatography with flame ionization detection (GC-FID) and high-pressure size-exclusion chromatography coupled to an evaporative light-scattering detector (HPSEC-ELSD). The results showed different possibilities for the extraction conditions, depending on the desired bioactivity or chemical composition. Briefly, (i) mixtures of ethanol-water containing around 40% ethanol at 180 °C gave the best antioxidant capacity, (ii) mixtures containing around 50% ethanol at 110 °C gave the best yield of β-glucan paramylon, and (iii) the use of pure ethanol at a low temperature (40 °C) is the best choice for the recovery of carotenoids such as diatoxanthin. Summing up, E. cantabrica seems to be a good candidate to be used in biorefinery to obtain different bioactive compounds.

Using fiber-optic sensors to give insight into liquid-solid phase transitions in pure fluids and mixtures

Fiber optic sensors offer a new and unique way to detect and analyze phase transitions, due to their small thermal mass and inert material. This paper presents and demonstrates a dual-sensor system to detect and analyze phase transitions in pure water and aqueous ethanol mixtures. With a multi-mode interferometer based on a thin-core fiber, and a fiber Bragg grating sensor, it is possible to differentiate between refractive index, temperature and strain in the sample system. The three parameters supply important information during a phase transition, but also in the characterization of the liquid and solid phases. Binary mixtures at non-eutectic concentrations are expected to separate into a solid phase consisting of only one constituent, and the sensors are demonstrated to be able to estimate the concentration in the remaining liquid phase. For pure water and low ethanol concentrations, the progression of the phase transition was found to be limited by heat transfer, whereas for higher concentrations the process becomes mass transfer limited. In pure water, strain due to thermal expansion of the ice hinderes temperature measurements in the solid phase. The reflection-based geometry enables insertion probes that measure the properties inside the samples, with little or no disturbance of the system. By interpreting the sensor response in a known system, the sensing capabilities in unknown substances can be evaluated. The sensor system is able to capture the dynamics of the phase transition, which can be difficult to predict theoretically due to the multitude of contributing effects. Analysis of the combined signal from the two sensors enables the determination of the ethanol mixture melting points in agreement with the literature, within the uncertainty of the system (0.25 K).

Metamaterial-based sensor with a polycarbonate substrate for sensing the permittivity of alcoholic liquids in a WR-229 waveguide

The design, modeling and experimental confirmation of a metamaterial-based dielectric sensor on a 0.012λ0-thick (λ0 denoting middle free-space excitation wavelength) transparent and flexible substrate is reported at microwave frequencies. A handcrafted hard foam is implemented in front of the metamaterial inside the WR-229 waveguide to be filled with liquid mixtures in order to predict the complex permittivity. The variation of the volume ratio of the mixture caused a significant shift in the resonance frequencies. A first-order model between the resonance characteristics and complex permittivity is employed to determine the complex permittivity of ethanol-water and methanol-water mixtures at various volume ratios. The remarkable agreement between the predicted complex permittivity values from the measurement and the standardized values from the literature proves the validity of the employed model. The proposed sensor renders a practical, cost-effective and non-contact solution for determining the properties of unknown liquid mixtures.

Supramolecular clusters clarification in ethanol-water mixture by using fluorescence spectroscopy and 2D correlation analysis

Due to the importance of ethanol-water solutions in many fields the different supramolecular clusters involved in this binary system is studied in detail by using fluorescence spectroscopy, at different concentration and incubation time after mixing. Two-dimensional (2D) correlation analysis is performed on the concentration-dependent mixtures (10–100%) at each incubation time, which find that the correlation intensity of emission peak at 330 nm for (H2O)m(EtOH)n not only related to the concentration but also gradually increase with the incubation time. Such results indicate that the cluster of (H2O)m(EtOH)n is the most stable one because it tends to be formed with longer incubation time. In addition, the correlation results indicate that at low concentration range of 10–45%, the dominated cluster is (H2O)m(EtOH) corresponding to a peak at 373 nm; while at high concentration range of 80–100%, the main cluster is (H2O)(EtOH)n corresponding to an emission peak at 308 nm; however, the most stable cluster of (H2O)m(EtOH)n, corresponding to the peak at 330 nm, not only predominate at the concentration range of 50–75% but also exist in all mixture at longer incubation time. Therefore, the present study provides a new approach to clarify the different supramolecular clusters in ethanol-water mixtures, which would be applied to other binary solution system.

Enhanced mass transfer and reduced pressure drop in a compound rotating zigzag bed

A rotating zigzag bed (RZB) had achieved the commercial application of Higee in continuous distillation processes, and then a compound rotating zigzag bed (CRZB) was developed from the RZB. The CRZB rotor was composed of a disk layer including several perforated concentric circular ripple disks fixed on a perforated rotating ring at the inner part of the rotor and several coupled rotational-stationary baffles at the outer part of the rotor. And a stationary four-arm liquid distributor was located at the eye of the CRZB rotor. The effective interfacial area (ae) and local liquid-side mass transfer coefficient (kL) of the CRZB rotor were measured by experiments of a chemical absorption of CO2 in NaOH solution, and the local gas-side mass transfer coefficient (kG) of the CRZB rotor was measured by experiments of a stripping of ethanol from an ethanol-water mixture by air. The gas pressure drop across the CRZB was measured with air-water system. Effects of gas flow rate, liquid flow rate and rotational speed on these mass transfer parameters and gas pressure drop were investigated. The stationary four-arm liquid distributor led to stronger end effect of the CRZB rotor than that of the RZB rotor. The end effect of the CRZB rotor had significant effect on the ae and kL of the rotor. The ae of the CRZB rotor was much higher than that of the RZB rotor because the total space in the disk layer of the CRZB rotor served as mass transfer zones and the CRZB rotor had stronger end effect than the RZB rotor. The local volumetric liquid- and gas-side mass transfer coefficients (kLae and kGae) of the CRZB rotor reached 2.3 times higher than those of the RZB rotor at a higher liquid flow rate and a rotational speed of 1200 rpm. The gas pressure drop across the CRZB was lower than that across the RZB, because the coupled rotational-stationary baffles were abandoned at the inner part of the CRZB rotor, which reduced the gas flow resistance and led to a lower pressure drop compared to the RZB. Thus, mass transfer was enhanced and gas pressure drop was reduced in the CRZB compared to the RZB, which showed the CRZB had excellent potential as a representative of the second-generation RZB for commercial applications.

PCB-integrated non-destructive microwave sensor for liquid dielectric spectroscopy based on planar metamaterial resonator

This paper presents a novel, cost-effective printed circuit board (PCB)-integrated microwave sensor with a planar circular complementary split-ring resonator (CSRR) for the dielectric measurement of liquids. The proposed sensor design comprises glass capillary tubes inside the PCB substrate; these tubes contain the samples. Thus, the sensor can estimate the complex permittivity of the sample inserted in the tubes passing through the PCB and parallel to the CSRR sensor plane. These sensors can be manufactured on low-cost substrates, using conventional methods employed in the PCB industry. Subsequently, the sensors can be integrated into the PCB of an electronic circuit. As a proof of principle, a PCB-integrated water–ethanol sensor is fabricated on a FR4 substrate. To evaluate the operation of the sensor, a measurement setup is used to determine the resonant frequency and the Q factor. The complex permittivities of the tested samples are estimated using these determined values. Based on a comparison with the values reported in previous studies, it is concluded that the proposed sensor operates successfully and detects the proportions of each constituent in tested water–ethanol mixtures tested. Moreover, additional types of liquid mixtures can be tested by employing the proposed method.

One-Pot Synthesis of 1,4-Dihydropyridine Derivatives and Their X-Ray Crystal Structures: Role of Fluorine in Weak Interactions

1,4-dihydropyridines, namely diethyl 4-(4-fluorophenyl)-2,6-dimethyl-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate (1a), diethyl 2,6-dimethyl-4-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate(1b), and diethyl 4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-2,6-dihydroxy-2,6-bis(trifluoromethyl)piperidine-3,5-dicarboxylate (2), are synthesized by one-pot multicomponent condensation of aromatic aldehyde with ethyl acetoacetate and liquid ammonia in the presence of an ethanol-water mixture and are characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction. The effect of a fluorine atom on the dihydropyridine nucleus give insight into the self-assembly of compounds with various types of non-covalent interactions that greatly affect the crystal packing.

Recent advances and comparisons of conventional and alternative extraction techniques of phenolic compounds.

Phenolic compounds are a group of secondary metabolites produced by plants under stressful conditions. Phenolic compounds play an important role in the prevention and treatment of certain illnesses and are exploited by the food and pharmaceutical industries. Conventional methods are commonly used as models to compare the efficiencies of alternative extraction methods. Among alternative extraction processes, microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), pressurized liquid extraction (PLE), supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) and ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) are the most studied. These methods produce extracts rich in phenolic compounds using moderate temperatures, short extraction times, and solvents generally recognized as safe. The combination of extraction time and temperature plays a critical role in the stability of the compounds. Solvents of higher polarity enhance the extraction of phenolic compounds. The use of the ethanol-water mixture for MAE, PLE, and UAE is recommended. MAE and UAE involve shorter extraction times than do PLE and SFE. SFE requires a low average temperature (40°C). MAE produces the highest total phenolic content [227.63mgGAE/g dry basis (d.b.)], followed by PLE (173.65mgGAE/g d.b.), UAE (92.99mgGAE/g d.b.) and SFE (37mgGAE/g d.b.). Extraction yields and recovery rates of the phenolic compounds can be enhanced by combining and integrating extraction methods.

Organoboron Ionic Liquids as Extractants for Distillation Process of Binary Ethanol + Water Mixtures

Aminoethers of boric acid, which are organoboron ionic liquids, were synthesized by using boric acid, triethanolamine, and triethylene glycol/diethylene glycol. Due to the formation of intermolecular complexes of borates, the structure of aminoethers of boric acid contains ion pairs separated in space, giving these compounds the properties inherent to ionic liquids. It is established that the thermal stability of aminoethers under normal atmospheric conditions increases with an increase in the size of the glycol. According to measurements of fast scanning calorimetry, density, dynamic viscosity, and electrical conductivity, water is involved in the structural organization of aminoethers of boric acid. The impact of the most thermostable organoboron ionic liquids on the phase equilibrium conditions of the vapor–liquid azeotropic ethanol–water mixture is studied. It is shown that the presence of these substances leads to increase in the relative volatility of ethanol. In general, the magnitude of this effect is at the level shown by imidazole ionic liquids, which provide high selectivity in the separation of aqueous alcohol solutions. A large separation factor, high resistance to thermal oxidative degradation processes, accompanied by low cost start reagents, make aminoethers of boric acid on the basis of triethylene glycol a potentially effective extractant for the extractive distillation of water–alcohol mixtures.

Experimental study on heat transfer performance of pulsating heat pipes with hybrid working fluids

Pulsating heat pipe (PHP), a passive two-phase heat transfer device, has excellent application prospects in electronic cooling, renewable energy systems, heat recovery devices, etc. An experimental study was conducted to investigate the heat transfer performance of PHP with hybrid working fluids, i.e., ethanol-water mixtures (20, 30, 40, 50 and 75 vol%), graphene nanofluids (0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.75 and 1.0 mg/ml) and surfactant aqueous solutions (25, 50, 100, 200 and 500 ppm). For this purpose, liquid-phase exfoliated graphene (LPEG) was dispersed in 40 vol% ethanol-water mixture to prepare graphene nanofluids with excellent stability. The thermophysical properties of hybrid working fluids were then measured. Experimental results indicate that non-ionic surfactant, Pluronic® F-127, can cost-effectively exfoliate graphene from graphite using high-shear mixer. It provides a favorable condition for the large-scale application of graphene in heat transfer devices. Among ethanol-water mixtures, 30 vol% ethanol-water mixture exhibits the best thermal performance, i.e., Ep=16.01%. Graphene nanofluids as working fluids can decrease thermal resistance up to 25.16%, and the higher thermal resistance for 1.0 mg/ml graphene nanofluids is attributed to the higher dynamic viscosity and nano sheets accumulations. The heat transfer performance of PHP with surfactant aqueous solution is related to both type and concentration of surfactant. Compared with other surfactants (SDS, CTAC, Pluronic® F-127, PVP), Triton X-100 surfactant aqueous solution appears to be more effective in the improvement of thermal performance with the average enhancement ratio of 13.56%. These experimental results may help to choose the more appropriate working fluids for PHP.

Effect of Pre-Extraction on Composition of Residual Liquor Obtained from Catalytic Organosolv Pulping of Sugar Maple Bark

Background: We have determined previously that the water extract of sugar maple bark contained an important quantity of a complex sugar. In this study, we investigated the organosolv pulping of pre-extracted bark to follow the acid conversion of sugars into major products, furfural and 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furfural (HMF), while comparing the structures of organosolv lignins. Methods: The bark particles were pre-extracted with an ethanol–water mixture or water only. The extractives-free barks were then converted into cellulosic pulp and lignin by a patented organosolv process. The composition of residual liquor was determined by using HPLC-UV. Results: The pre-extraction with water was more efficient for complex sugars recovery than with the ethanol–water system. HMF was determined to be more abundant in residual liquor than furfural after ethanol–water pre-extraction while their quantities were comparable in the residual liquor after water pre-extraction. The higher yield of HMF from ethanol–water pre-extracted bark (1.18%) than from water pre-extracted (0.69%) could be related to the efficiency of complex sugar removal during the pre-extraction step. Conclusions: The pre-extraction before pulping affected, at least in part, the composition of residual liquor in terms of HMF production. These results demonstrate how the bark can be converted into valuable products and intermediates for organic synthesis.

Comparison of Single and Double-Network PVA Pervaporation Performance: Effect of Operating Temperature

Thermal crosslinking sequential method applied for DN-PVAs generation efficiently. The swelling measurements investigated that the hydrophilicity of the membrane decreases because of the collaboration of the second thermal crosslinked PVA matrix. The dehydration performance of ethanol solution showed improved using the thermal crosslinked double network PVA membrane. The pervaporation dehydration of the water-ethanol mixture was investigated at different conditions. The separation selectivity showed a significant improvement, while the permeation flux declines due to the incorporation of the second PVA network under 95 % ethanol and at 40 °C. Increasing the feed temperature enhanced the permeability of the membrane, while decreasing the water content in the feed resulted in an increase in the selectivity. The overall results showed that, at high operating temperature and high ethanol concentration in the feed, the prepared membranes are highly selective towards the water with reasonable fluxes values. The influence of temperature permeation parameter and diffusion coefficient of the feed component is also discussed. The negative heat of sorption ( ∆Hs ) values calculated on the basis of the estimated Arrhenius activation energy values indicates that the sorption process is controlled by Langmuir's mode.

White light emission from single natural molecules: Solvatochromic properties of 10-hydroxycamptothecin

With the development of display systems, artificial lighting, and fluorescent sensor, white light emission (WLE) materials have received great attention in recent years. Various organic and inorganic compounds have been synthesized to generate WLE. Natural products with WLE ability are attractive for their easy availability and cost effective. However, WLE from natural products are very rare and mainly realized by a complicated combination of two or three natural dyes emitting complementary lights. A single natural product molecule that can generate WLE has not yet been reported. Camptothecin (CPT) and its derivative 10-hydroxycamptothecin (HCPT) are natural products with anti-tumour activity and unique fluorescence properties. Here we demonstrated that CPT showed pH-dependent WLE properties. CPT can produce WLE in an acetic acid-ethanol mixture with 35% acetic acid fraction (V/V) under excitation at 360 nm. HCPT showed solvatochromism-dependent WLE properties and can easily generate WLE by adjusting the ratios of water/ethanol solution and showed an extremely close pure white fluorescence in a water-ethanol mixture with 5.7% water fraction (V/V). The corresponding Commission Internationale d'Eclairage (CIE) coordinates is (0.32, 0.34). Due to the remarkable excited-state acidity properties, the WLE efficiency of HCPT was extraordinarily high with a 31.72% quantum yield. HCPT also can produce WLE in triethylamine-ethanol solution and showed great CIE coordinates (0.31, 0.34) in 9.1% triethylamine fraction (V/V). Besides, we performed preliminary white fluorescent application of HCPT in polyvinyl alcohol films with good results. The WLE mechanisms of CPT and HCPT were also discussed. We hope our findings could inspire more WLE studies about CPT and its derivatives. Meanwhile, more single natural molecules with WLE properties could be discovered.

Effect of Dye Extraction Solvent on the Photovoltaic Performance of Tecoma stans-Sensitized Solar Cells

The use of natural dyes as photosensitizers has several advantages including their easy extraction and their biodegradable, nontoxic, and environmentally friendly nature, which makes them vital for application in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSC). In the present work, we study the effects of extraction solvent on the photovoltaic performance of a natural dye sensitizer for TiO2-based DSSC. Extracts of Tecoma stans flowers in two different solvents, ethanol and ethanol–water mixture, were used as the dye sensitizer for extending the spectral sensitivity of TiO2. The optical properties of the dye extracts were studied by their UV–visible absorption spectra. Fourier transform infrared spectra revealed the presence of anchoring groups and coloring pigments, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and mass spectrometry were used to characterize the main constituents of the dye extract. The photovoltaic characteristics of these dye extracts coated on TiO2 were investigated by employing them as DSSC photoanodes. With the dye extracted in ethanol and coated on TiO2, an open-circuit voltage (Voc) of 0.293 V, short-circuit photocurrent density (Jsc) of 0.790 mA/cm2, fill factor (FF) of 0.46, and conversion efficiency (η) of 0.13% were obtained, whereas dye extracted in the ethanol–water mixture revealed Voc of 0.285 V, Jsc of 0.735 mA/cm2, FF of 0.37, and η of 0.09%. The photovoltaic performance of the dye extracts in the two cases underlines the greater effectiveness of ethanol as dye extraction solvent.

SUPERCONTINUUM GENERATION IN SOLID-CORE PHOTONIC CRYSTAL FIBER INFILTRATED WITH WATER-ETHANOL MIXTURE

In this paper, we report a numerical study of the supercontinuum (SC) generation in solid-core photonic crystal fibers infiltrated with water-ethanol mixtures. A photonic crystal fiber is constructed as borosilicate glass NC21, which consists of 7 rings of air holes infiltrated with water-ethanol mixtures. We also considered numerically the influence of concentration of the ethanol solution on the dispersion of the fundamental mode. SC generation was demonstrated for the fiber long 20 cm with a pump pulse of 200 fs, the coupled energy of 0.5 nJ at the center wavelength of 1064 nm in the normal dispersion regime. The concentration of ethanol infiltrated to the fiber, the pulse of duration and the pump energy are investigated.

Fluid Property Adjustment of Water-Ethanol Mixture for the Application of Metal Foam Production

In this paper, a case study is performed for the possibility of using water ethanol mixture in predicting the bubble behavior in multiphase flow. The study compares the concept of formation of foam at the surface of the mixture with the procedure of producing aluminum foam by direct gas injection. Material properties such as kinematic viscosity, density and surface tension on the foaming process will be studied experimentally, while the foam bubble size will be studied by means of digital image processing. Finally the path of the bubble from the nozzle to the liquid surface shall be simulated by means of computational fluid dynamics software and verified experimentally by the usage of a speed camera. Acquirement of this practical knowledge can improve the effectiveness of the real foaming process of the aluminum and aluminum alloys. Simultaneously, it helps to understand main basic features of the formed metal foams. The study is meant to define the best parameters for the foaming process for water-ethanol mixture. Such results are to be compared to their corresponding parameters for the direct injection foaming method for aluminum. The main aim to be able to correlate the 2 processes, in means to decreasing time and cost required to produce aluminum metal foam through test trials, usually causing the waste of material, fuel and energy. Furthermore, the quality and quantity evaluation of the created foam is presented. The effect of the flow rate of the quality of foams can be observed experimentally. The theoretical calculation can reproduce the bubble dynamics observed experimentally.

Inkjet jettability and physical characterization of water–ethanol solutions of low molecular weight sodium polyacrylate and poly-diallyl dimethyl ammonium chloride (polyDADMAC)

Polyelectrolytes are water-soluble polymers having repeat units carrying electrolyte groups. As polyionic molecules having like charge units, they are self-repelling with a rod-like conformation in solution. Inkjet applications of polyelectrolytes include particle dispersing, surface modification, and multilayer structures. This work investigates the physical properties of low molecular weight sodium polyacrylate (NaPA) and poly-diallyl dimethyl ammonium chloride (polyDADMAC) polyelectrolyte solutions in the water–ethanol mixture in relation to their behavior in inkjet deposition. In rotational rheometry measurements, the solutions are found to behave in a Newtonian fashion once the effects of experimental artifacts are taken into account. The range of NaPA concentrations that could be studied was limited to 1 wt./wt. % by the poor solubility of NaPA in the presence of ethanol, and at these concentrations, the addition of NaPA to the solvent did not have a significant effect on the jetting behavior. PolyDADMAC had good solubility, and concentrations up to 10 wt./wt. % were studied and jetted successfully. While an increase in polyelectrolyte concentration resulted in a slow increase in ink viscosity, this was not found to have a significant effect on the required jetting voltage or maximum stable jetting frequency, though drop detachment and satellite droplet formation times were found to increase. As a practical limitation of polyDADMAC inks, solvent evaporation was found to lead to idle nozzles becoming non-jetting, with the allowed idle time decreasing rapidly as ink polyDADMAC concentration increased. This non-jetting behavior is likely due to residence time at the nozzle exit leading to the local surface tension and/or viscosity increase, differing from the bulk ink properties.

One-pot, catalyst-free synthesis of novel spiro[indole-3,4′-pyrano[2′,3′:4,5]pyrimido [2,1-b][1,3]benzothiazole] derivatives

The present report describes one-pot three-component condensation of isatins, malononitrile, and 2-hydroxy-4 H-pyrimido[2,1- b][1,3]benzothiazol-4-one in water–ethanol mixture at reflux to develop an efficient one-pot protocol for the synthesis of novel spiro[indole-3,4′-pyrano[2′,3′:4,5]pyrimido[2,1- b][1,3]benzothiazole] derivatives. The significant features of this protocol are short reaction times, avoidance of toxic catalysts, and provision of excellent yields, no column chromatographic purification, and use of ethanol-water as an environmentally benign solvent. The molecular structure of 4a has been supported by single-crystal X-ray diffraction.

Solvo-hydrothermal synthesis of calcium phosphate nanostructures from calcium inositol hexakisphosphate precursor in water-ethanol mixed solutions

We report the synthesis and characterization of crystalline calcium phosphate (CaP) nanostructures from calcium inositol hexakisphosphate (CaIP6) precursor in water-ethanol mixed solutions. We show how these CaPs can be prepared by a solvo-hydrothermal reaction and determined their compositions and structures using a battery of material characterization techniques. Our results show that only the hydroxyapatite (HAP) and dicalcium phosphate anhydrous (DCPA) phases of CaP were present in the nanostructures produced in water-ethanol mixtures, and that HAP/DCPA ratio of the rod- and plate-shaped CaP nanostructures produced were affected by the amount of ethanol present in these mixtures. The described method can be used to improve morphological control of CaP-based biomate-rials and has potential use in bone regenerative medicine.