Ethanol-soluble Extract Research Articles

Dried samples characterization and determination of total phenol and flavonoid of ethanol extract from Musa paradisiaca l. fruit peel

Background: Bananas are a widely consumed food in Indonesia. However, after consuming bananas, the skin is typically discarded since it is seen as useless or of no use. The phenolic and flavonoid compounds contained in banana peel have many health benefits. Aim: The purpose of this study was to characterize dried samples and investigate the phenol and flavonoid content of the peel of Musa paradisiaca L. Method: The determination of dried samples' characteristics, including water content, water-soluble extract content, ethanol-soluble extract content, total ash content, and acid-insoluble ash content. The extraction of peels was performed by maceration with 70% ethanol. Using UV-Vis spectrophotometry, the phenolic and flavonoid content of a sample was determined. Total phenol is given as gallic acid equivalent (GAE) (mg/g), whereas total flavonoids are expressed as quercetin equivalent (QE) (mg/g). Results: The results indicated that the dried form of banana peel exhibits a number of characteristics that match the standards. The flavonoid concentration was 10.92 mg QE per gram of extract, whereas the total phenol concentration was 47.82 mg GAE per gram of extract. Conclusion: The characteristics of dried samples met the standards. In addition, the peel extract's total phenol and flavonoid content was 47.82 ± 2.61 GAE/g extract and 10.92 ± 0.54 mg QE/g extract, respectively.

Evaluation of Ethanol Extract of Red Algae (Kappaphycus Alvarezii Doty): Total Phenolic and Flavonoid Content

This study aims to determine the characterization of red algae simplicia and the amount of yield obtained from the manufacture of red algae ethanol extract using the soxhletation method. Red algae were taken from Banggai Islands Regency, South Sulawesi and processed into dry simplicia and characterized by macroscopic examination, determination of water content, content of water soluble extract and ethanol, total ash content and acid insoluble ash content. Simplicia was extracted using 96% ethanol solvent by soxhletation method and calculated the amount of yield obtained. Macroscopic observation of red algae simplicia obtained a brown coarse powder accompanied by a distinctive taste and odor. Determination of the water content of simplicia obtained 7.21%, water soluble extract content 31.54%, ethanol soluble extract content 17.27%, total ash content 33, 96% and 11.42% acid insoluble ash content. The ethanolic extract of red algae using the soxhletation method was obtained as much as 68.92 grams with a total extract yield of 13.78%. Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that the simplicia characterization of red algae meets the requirements and has a large extract yield.

Characterization and Antioxidant Activity of Banana Peels, Pineapple Peels, and Combination Extracts of both Peels as Raw Materials in the Development of Hard Candy

Kepok banana and pineapple are horticultural commodities found in West Kalimantan. The two fruits are generally used as processed foods such as fried bananas and pineapple jam. The use of fruit as food often leaves the peel as a by-product, which can produce waste twice the weight of the food consumed. Meanwhile, waste utilization is an innovation in food processing into functional products which are developed into hard candy. Therefore, this research aims to the specific and non-specific characterization of raw materials for making candy, namely the combination of banana and pineapple peel extract (KP-KN). The characterization is organoleptic tests on the content of ethanol-soluble and water-soluble extracts. The Total phenolic content was determined by the Follin ciocalticeu method with UV/Vis spectrophotometry. Furthermore, antioxidant activity tests with DPPH and FRAP methods using UV/Vis spectrophotometry and ELISA to determine antioxidant activity. The mineral content was observed using the molybdate vandalate method with UV/vis spectrophotometry and ICP-MS, Heavy metal contamination using the ICP-MS tool, and microbial contamination using the plate method. Moreover, the infundation process was carried out on banana and pineapple peels, and the results were evaporated using a food dehydrator to obtain a combination extract. The results showed that the organoleptically KP-KN combination extract had a bitter taste, pineapple smells, 15.57% ash content, ethanol soluble extract content of 55.10%, and 47.99% water-soluble extract. Also, the total phenolic of 6.22 g/Kg, as well as the mineral content of Potassium (K), Calcium (Ca), Iron (Fe), Magnesium (Mg), Zinc (Zn), and Phosphorus (P), which were 47.23 g/Kg, 291.43 mg/Kg, <1x10-6 g/Kg, 2.59x10-3 g/Kg, and 2.38 g/Kg, respectively. Meanwhile, the heavy metal and bacterial contamination test showed that Arsenic (As), Sn, Mercury (Hg), and lead (Pb) were <1x10-6 g/Kg and Cadmium (Cd) was 0.0293. In the microbial contamination test with bacterial components including the ALT test, a value of 4.83 x 103 cfu/g was found, and there was no contamination from E.coli, mold, and yeast bacteria, DPPH and FRAP methods showed antioxidant activity combination extract banana peels and pineapple peels with values of 1390.96±2.83 mg/L and 4542.81±1.10 mg/L compare antioxidant activity of ascorbic acid as standard is 2.13 mg/L and 4.83 mg/L. The test with the KP-KN combined extract can be used as a raw material for making hard candy because it contains minerals needed by the body, meets the safety and quality requirements of traditional medicines, and has antioxidant activity in vitro.

Preliminary Phytochemical Studies, GC-MS Analysis, and Anti-Nephrototic Activity of Ethanol Extract of Phoenix dactylifera L


 
 
 Date palm seeds (Phoenix dactylifera L.) are known to contain phenolic compounds that have the potential as natural nephroprotective agents. Phenolics with solvents suitable for polarity and compounds identified by phytochemical screening, GC-MS analysis, and activity assays. This research went through 3 stages, screening with exploration and qualitative analysis of GCMS. The anti-nephrotoxic activity test used a pre-posttest controlled group design. In this study, rats have divided into six groups, namely Healthy control, negative control, and three treatment groups with ethanol extract of dates 150, 300, and 600 mg/kg. Mice were induced with 1% carrageenan twice a week. On macroscopic observation, date palm seeds are oval with indentations and light brown with a hard texture. Microscopic profile, endosperm, parenchyma, endocarp, stone cells, collenchyma, starch, oil cells, and carrier bundles. Physicochemical analysis, water content (8%), ash content (1.15%), fiber content (14.96%), and ethanol soluble extract content (10.3%). GC-MS analysis showed phenol,2,6-bis(1,1-dimethyl ethyl)-4-methyl, 1,2-benzene dicarboxylic, and dihydromethyl jasmonate. A dose extract ethanol of 600 mg/kg BW reduces urea and creatinine levels up to 8,3 mg/dl and 0.132 mg/dl. The conclusion of the phytochemical study obtained a pharmacognostic profile. The GCMS analysis obtained the compound. The activity of the ethanol extract of date palm seeds can reduce urea and creatinine levels so that it developed as an anti-nephrotoxic alternative from natural ingredients.
 
 

Pharmacognostic Profile of Simplicia and Ethanolic Leaves Extract from Indonesian Piper betle var. nigra

Piper betle var. nigra has potency as an herbal medication. Thus it can be used as a source of medicinal raw materials. Piper betle var. nigra simplicia and extracts must be controlled to obtain unswerving quality and ensure their pharmacological effects by standardizing them through several specific and non-specific parameters. Specific parameters were analyzed organoleptically in the ethanol extract, namely having a thick consistency, brownish-green or blackish-green color, a mild peculiar odor, a bitter, cherish taste, and a slightly spicy flavor. The microscopic simplicia powder profile is as follows: the lower epidermis with idioblasts in oil cells contour and upper epidermis, sclerenchyma, covering hairs, and transport bundles ladder-type thickening, and idioblasts in oil cells contour. Extract content analysis of simplicia and black betle leaves ethanol extract showed water-soluble extract content of 2.77% and 12.45% and ethanolsoluble extract content of 1.38% and 19.1%. Secondary metabolites in the ethanol extract are flavonoids, polyphenols, tannins, saponins, alkaloids, and steroids. The non-specific parameters of the simplicia and extract are as follows; total ash content of 12.1% and 7.43%; acid insoluble ash content of 4.45% and 1.57%; drying shrinkage of 14.5% and 15.85%; total lead (Pb) contamination 47.5 ppm and 1.2 ppm; and the total cadmium (Cd) contamination <0.2 ppm. The total bacterial contamination in the extract was 4.3x105 colonies/g. The total yeast contamination was 8.3x105 colonies/g and volumetric mass density of the water-soluble extract of 0.96 g/mL and the volumetric mass density of the ethanol-soluble extract of 1.01 g/mL.

Standardization of Ethanol Extract 96% Cantigi Leaves (Vaccinium varingiaefolium Miq.)

Advantages of Cantigi (Vaccinium varingiaefolium Miq.) include anti-inflammatory, Spasmolytic, Antiviral, and Hypotensive Properties. The objective of this study was to standardize the Cantigi leaf extract. Non-specific parameters include total ash content, acid insoluble ash content, water content, dry loss, determination of heavy metals (Hg, As, Cd, Pb, hydroquinone), mold number, yeast, total plate count, and solvent residue. Specific parameters included extracts soluble in ethanol and water. Cantigi leaves are extracted by kinetic maceration using solvents such as n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and 96% ethanol. To obtain a thick extract, 96% ethanol extract was evaporated using a rotary evaporator. The experiment produced 44.5 g of the cantigi leaf extract in 96% ethanol. Phytochemical screening presents alkaloids, saponins, tannins, flavonoids, triterpenoids, steroids, essential oils, and quinones. Ethanol soluble extract was 9.49% and that of the water-soluble extract was 22.21%. A total of ash 3.66%, an acid insoluble ash 0.35%, water content 6.31%, and drying loss 6.49%. Results of the heavy metal contamination test revealed that no traces of Hg, As, Cd, Pb, or hydroquinone were found, along with 10 yeast molds, 10 plates, and 0.005% residual ethanol solvent. Based on the results, cantigi leaf extract met the standard of extract quality.

Pengaruh Metode Pengeringan Kering Angin dan Oven Terhadap Karakteristik Simplisia Bunga Kecombrang (Etlingera elatior)

Drying is one of the post-harvest processes that can affect the quality standard of kecombrang flower simplicia. The purpose of this research is for determine the effect of wind and oven drying methods on the characteristics of kecombrang flower simplicia. This research method includes the manufacture of kecombrang flower simplicia by using wind and oven drying methods, as well as characteristic testing including organoleptic, macroscopic, microscopic, water content, water soluble extract content, ethanol soluble extract content, thin layer chromatography, and total flavonoid content. The results showed that kecombrang flower simplicia on wind and oven drying met the requirements which included several parameters organoleptic, microscopic, macroscopic, moisture content, water soluble extract content, total flavonoid content. In the oven drying process, the simplicia of kecombrang flower produced the best characteristics organoleptic, macroscopic, moisture content and total flavonoid content, while in wind drying the extract showed the highest water soluble and ethanol content. The conclusion of this research is that there is an effect between the wind and oven drying methods on the characteristics of kecombrang flower simplicia which include water content, water soluble extract content, and total flavonoid content.

Larvicidal activity of plant extracts from Colombian North Coast against Aedes aegypti L. mosquito larvae

The Aedes aegypti L. mosquito is considered the most important vector of arboviruses in the world. Insecticide-resistant phenomenon is a difficult barrier to overcome for government health entities around the planet. This problem forces to increase the concentrations of insecticides in the environment causing environmental pollution and health threat to human beings. Plants have been used to combat pests for centuries and are an eco-friendly source for the search for molecules with larvicidal activity. In this work, 65 ethanol-soluble extracts from 56 plants of the Colombian Caribbean region were evaluated as potential larvicides against Aedes aegypti mosquito, as well as, for their toxic effects on non-target organism. A high larvicidal activity was found for 16 ethanol extracts, however, the most potent activity against the larvae was obtained for the five plant extracts corresponding to the seeds of Annona squamosa L., Annona cherimolia L., Annona muricata L., Tabernaemontana cymosa Jacq. and Mammea americana L., with LC50 value of 58.44, 65.10, 84.92, 25.02 and 38.58 ppm, respectively. T. cymosa seeds extract was selected for bio-guided fractionation due to the high larvicidal activity showed. Through chromatographic techniques and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), five indole alkaloids were isolated and characterized from T. cymosa active fraction; among them, voacangine showed activity with a LC50 of 5.13 ppm indicating a high larvicidal potency besides low toxicity against model organism Caenorhabditis elegans. We also report a new indole alkaloid from T. cymosa. Our study demonstrated the potential of the Colombian Caribbean flora as a host of bioactive plants against important vectors such as the A. aegypti mosquito with potential use in controlled environments.

Effect of cultivation mode on bacterial and fungal communities of Dendrobium catenatum

BackgroundThe orchid growth and development often associate with microbes. However, the interaction between plant performance and microbial communities within and surrounding plants is less understood. Dendrobium catenatum, which used to be an endangered orchid species, has become a billion dollar industry in China. Simulated natural cultivation modes, such as living tree epiphytic (LT) and cliff epiphytic (CE) cultivations, improve the production or quality of D. catenatum and contribute to the development of D. catenatum industry. In a previous study, morphological characteristics, anatomical structure, and main bioactive components (polysaccharides and ethanol-soluble extractives) of D. catenatum grown under LT and CE significantly differed from a facility cultivation mode, pot (PO) cultivation, were observed. Whether cultivation mode affects bacterial and fungal communities of D. catenatum, thereby affecting the chemical quality of this plant, need to be explored.ResultsBoth three plant organs (leaf, stem, and root) and cultivating substrates obtained under three cultivation modes: living tree epiphytic (LT), cliff epiphytic (CE), and pot (PO) cultivation were examined by adopting high-throughput sequencing methods. Subsequently, bacterial and fungal correlations with D. catenatum main chemical components, stem polysaccharides and ethanol-soluble extractives and leaf phenols and flavonoids, were elucidated. The results showed that microbial communities of the plants and substrates are both influenced by the cultivation mode. However, the plants and their cultivating substrates exhibited different patterns of bacterial and fungal composition, with clearly distinguished dominant bacterial groups, but shared dominance among fungal groups. Bacteria and fungi differed in abundance, diversity, and community structure, depending on the cultivation environment and plant organ. Both bacterial and fungal communities were affected by cultivation mode and plant organ. In both plants and substrates, PO bacterial and fungal community structure differed significantly from those of LT and CE modes. Bacterial and fungal community structure differed significantly between roots and the other two plant organs examined (stems and leaves). Several bacteria and fungi were positively correlated with main chemical components in D. catenatum.ConclusionsThe findings indicate that microbial communities of the plants and substrates were both influenced by the cultivation mode and plant organ, and some of them were positively correlated with main chemical components in D. catenatum. The research would enhance our understanding of interactions between Dendrobium and the microbial environment, and to provide a theoretical basis for the development of improved D. catenatum cultivation methods.

Bioautographic Analysis And Antibacterial Activity Test Of Curry Leaf (Murraya Koenigii (L) Spreng) Ethanol Extract On The Bacteria Propionibacterium Acnes

Curry leaf (Murraya koenigii (L) Spreng) is one of the plants known to have antibacterial compounds. Curry leaves are also known as temurui leaves and are useful as a natural food flavoring. Curry leaves contain flavonoid compounds, alkaloids, calcium, zinc, riboflavin, folic acid. This study aimed to analyze the bioautography and antibacterial activity of ethanol extract of curry leaves against Propionibacterium acnes bacteria. The research method was carried out experimentally. Curry leaf simplicia extract was made with 96% ethanol as solvent. Curry leaf ethanol extract was made in various concentrations, namely 30%, 40% and 50%. The positive control used was Tetracycline HCl and the negative control was DMSO. The tests carried out on curry leaf simplicia included phytochemical screening, macroscopic examination, microscopic examination, water content examination, examination of water soluble extract content, examination of ethanol soluble extract content, examination of ash content and examination of acid insoluble ash content, bioautographic analysis he results of phytochemical screening showed that curry leaves contain secondary metabolites, namely flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, saponins, steroids/triterpenoids, and glycosides. The results of the antibacterial activity showed that curry leaves could be used as antibacterial because they had strong inhibition at concentrations of 30%, 40% and 50%, namely 10.3 mm, 11.7 mm and 13.6 mm against P. acnes bacteria. The results of bioatuography showed that the Rf value in the clear zone was 0.17 with a ratio of chloroform:n-Hexane (8:2) on the chromatogram spots by spraying 10% FeCl3 positive for flavonoid compounds which were marked in black.

A Phytochemical Characterization and Screening Test of Simplisia and Sabrang Garlic (Eleutherine bulbosa (Mill.) Urb.) Tuber Extract

Sabrang onion (Eleutherine bulbosa (Mill.) Urb.) has been used for generations for various diseases such as breast and colon cancer, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hypercholesterolemia and stroke. This study aims to determine the characterization and phytochemical screening of simplicia and sabrang onion bulb extract. Extracts were made by graded maceration using solvents based on their polarity levels, n-hexane, ethylacetate and ethanol as well as phytochemical screening and characterization of simplicia and extracts. The results of simplicia characterization, sabrang onion n-hexane extract (ENBS), sabrang onion ethylacetate extract (EEABS) and sabrang onion ethanol extract (EEBS) obtained water content of 8.64%, respectively; 4.98%; 8.27% and 9.11%; water soluble extract content of 8.52%; 1.12%; 9.51% and 72.19%; ethanol soluble extract content of 14.05%; 2.28%; 49.26% and 81.66%; total ash content 2.89%; 0.34%; 0.43% and 1.73% and the acid insoluble ash content is 0.59%; 0.06%; 0.07% and 0.20%. The results of the phytochemical screening of simplicia and extracts obtained groups of alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, saponins, anthraquinone glycosides, tannins and triterpenoids/steroids.

Adding of Allium mongolicum regel extracts to lamb feedlot diets influences 4-alkyl-branched fatty acids deposition and the meat quality during storage

The present study aimed to investigate the effect of dietary supplementation with Allium mongolicum Regel extracts on the 4-alkyl-branched fatty acid deposition and meat quality during storage. Small-tailed Han sheep were divided into four groups (n = 15) and fed for 75 days with a basal diet (CK), CK supplemented with A. mongolicum Regel powder (AMR), A. mongolicum Regel water-soluble extract (AWE), or A. mongolicum Regel ethanol-soluble extract (AFE). The results revealed that both AMR and AWE diets decreased the 4-alkyl-branched fatty acids content in longissimus thoracis. Diet × storage time interactions were observed for acid value (AV), peroxidase (POx), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and total volatile base nitrogen (TVB-N). Patterns of change for AV, POx, and GSH-Px over time leading to the interactions were not readily apparent and changes were more governed by main effects. Dietary supplementation with AMR and AWE increased the total antioxidant capacity, total superoxide dismutase, and inhibited total bacteria counts compared to those in the CK lambs. The AWE diet also decreased the yellowness and hue angle. Overall, A. mongolicum Regel and its extracts could be used as a source of natural bioactive compounds in the lambs' diet to extend the storage time of their meat.

Ethanol-Soluble Extract of Terminalia chebula Attenuates Paraquat-Induced Apoptosis in PC12 Cells

Parkinson’s disease is the second most common neurodegenerative disease after Alzheimer’s disease. This study was aimed at investigating the neuroprotective mechanisms of the ethyl acetate fraction of Terminalia chebula ethanol-soluble extract using PC12 cells treated with paraquat as a model system. The ethyl acetate fraction of T. chebula ethanol-soluble extract was prepared using 95% ethanol and ethyl acetate as described in our previous study. The neuroprotective potential of the ethyl acetate fraction of T. chebula ethanol-soluble extract was analyzed by evaluating the intracellular reactive oxygen species and calcium levels, apoptosis, caspase-3 and α-synuclein activities, as well as Bcl-2 and Bax expressions. The ethyl acetate fraction of T. chebula ethanol-soluble extract exhibited neuroprotective effects against paraquat-induced apoptosis in PC12 cells at concentrations ranging from 0.4 μg/mL to 0.6 μg/mL. The various neuroprotective mechanisms identified for the extract included reduction in reactive oxygen species levels; inhibition of increased calcium ion concentration; increased Bcl-2 expression; reduced Bax, caspase-3 and α-synuclein expression; and reduced nuclear shrinkage. This study elucidates the various mechanisms underlying the neuroprotective effects of the ethyl acetate fraction of T. chebula ethanol-soluble extract that may further aid the Parkinson’s disease pharmacological application of T. chebula.

Characteristic Test and Antihyperuricemia Activity of Ethanol Extract Stem of Etlingera rubroloba A.D Poulsen In vitro

Background: Etlingera rubroloba (E. rubroloba) A.D Poulsen is one of the endemic plants of Southeast Sulawesi, which has the largest species in the world. Local people widely use this plant as traditional medicine. Many of these plant species have been previously reported as antioxidants, antibacterials, and others. However, for E. rubroloba, there are still very few reports from a pharmacological aspect, especially anthiperuricemia. Objective: This study was conducted to determine the characteristics and activity of the ethanol extract of the stem of E. rubroloba A.D Poulsen in vitro. Methods: The stems of E. rubroloba A.D Poulsen were extracted with ethanol solvent by maceration, then the filtrate obtained was evaporated using an evaporator to get an ethanol extract. Furthermore, the extract characterization test was carried out, including water content, ash content, water-soluble extract content, and ethanol-soluble extract content. Then the antihyperuricemia activity test in vitro using the Xanthine Oxidase (XO) kit. Results: The results of the characteristic test showed that the ethanolic extract of E. rubroloba contained 5.15% water content, 5.485% ash content, 55.2% water-soluble extract content, and 56.52% ethanol-soluble extract content. Furthermore, the antihyperuricemic activity of the ethanol extract of E. rubroloba was IC50 48.59 ± 0.03 g/mL and Allopurinol 42.21 ± 0.02 g/mL as positive controls. Conclusion: E. rubroloba stem ethanol extract has characterization results according to the literature, has antihyperuricemia activity, and is a reference for the development of traditional drugs

Phytochemical Screening And Antibacterial Activity Test Of Ethanol Extract Of Jengkol Leaves (Archidendron Pauciflorum Benth.) I.C. Nielsen Against Staphylococcus Epidermidis And Propionibacterium Acnes

Skin disease was a disease that attacked the surface of the body, and was caused by various agents, one was bacteria. One of the plants that had antibacterial activity was jengkol leaf (Archidendron pauciflorum Benth.) I.C. Nielsen because it contained compounds that had antibacterial properties that had previously been studied by other researchers against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli bacteria. So that researcher was interested in researching on the antibacterial activity of jengkol leaves (Archidendron pauciflorum Benth.) I.C. Nielsen against Staphylococcus epidermidis and Propionibacterium acnes. Fresh Jengkol leaves were processed into simplicia and extracted using 96% ethanol. Phytochemical screening was carried out on simplicia powder and extracts of jengkol leaves. Ethanol extract jengkol leaves was made in several concentrations, namely 20%, 25%, and 30%, positive control using Tetracycline HCl, and negative control using 1% DMSO. There were several tests carried out on jengkol leaves in addition to phytochemical screening, namely examination of simplicia characteristic including macroscopic examination, microscopic examination, examination of water content, examination of water-soluble extract levels, examination of ethanol-soluble extracts, examination of total ash content, and also an examination of acid-insoluble ash levels and antibacterial activity test of jengkol leaves. The results of phytochemical screening showed that the compound of jengkol leaves (Archidendron pauciflorum Benth.) I.C. Nielsen contained a class of secondary metabolites of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, steroids/triterpenoids, and glycosides. And for the results of the antibacterial activity research also showed that jengkol leaves could be used as antibacterial because it has a strong inhibitory power at a concentration of 20% and the strongest at a concentration of 30% against Staphylococcus epidermidis, namely 15.06 mm and 17.83 mm, while in diameter of growth inhibition zone Propionibacterium acnes was 15.86 mm and 18.1 mm.

Analisis Parameter Spesifik dan Nonspesifik Simplisia Daun Bawang Merah (Allium cepa L.)

Shallots are natural ingredients that are used as food enhancers for food and traditional medicines. This study aimed to analyze the specific and non-specific parameters of shallot (Allium cepa L.) Simplicia. Analysis of simplicia specific parameters in the form of material identity, organoleptic, macroscopic, and microscopic examination, levels of water-soluble extracts and ethanol soluble extracts while non-specifically in the form of a percentage of drying loss, water content, total ash, acid insoluble ash, and water-insoluble ash. The results of the research on specific parameters gave a yellowish-green simplicia color, a distinctive odor, in the form of powder, macroscopic examination of leeks elongated cylindrical, small round and hollow like a pipe, blunt leaf base, pointed leaf tip, green color, microscopic examination contained cover cells, gaps and epidermal cells, the levels for water-soluble extracts were 8.81±2.12%, the levels of ethanol-soluble compounds were 5.64±2.91%. The results of the study of non-specific parameters, the percentage of drying shrinkage was 0.89±0.57%, water content was 0.89±0.34%, total ash was 12.97±0.34%, acid-insoluble ash was 6.44±2.12%, and the water-insoluble ash content was 8.03±0.84%.

FORMULASI SEDIAAN MASKER Gel Peel Off EKSTRAK ETANOL DAUN JAMBU BIJI (Psidium Guajava L.) SEBAGAI PEMBERSIH WAJAH

Guava plants contain psiditanin “eugenol” essential oil, tannis, flavonoids, saponins, alkaloids. Compounds that have very good strength come from the class of flavanoids, vitamin C which can be usedas a facial cleanser. This study aims to determine the preparation of peel gel mask of guava leaf extract is effective as a facial cleanser and to find out the peel off gel mask of guava leaf extract can irritate the skin of volunteers. The made with 4 formulation with concentrations of 0%, 10%, 15%, 20%. The testing of the peel off gel mask formulation ethanol extract on cleanliness was carried out with the analysis of the ms. Excel bar diagram. The results showed that (psidium guajava L) contain flavonoid, alkaloids, tannins and saponins. The results of the characteristics of the simplicia powder were 5,42% water content 9,56% total ash content 0,34% acid insoluble ash, ethanol soluble extract 64,295. The results of the peel off gel mask formulation test with a cleanliness test on the panelists facial skin concentration of 15% included in the category can clean the panelist’s facial skin.Guava leaf ethanol extract has a facial cleansing activitywith a score of 3

FORMULASI DAN UJI AKTIVITAS ANTI BAKTERI SEDIAAN SALEP EKSTRAK ETANOL DAUN SIRIH CINA (peperomia pellucida) TERHADAP BAKTERI Staphylococcus Aureus

Chinese betel leaf (Peperomiapellucida) is one among the wild herbaceous plants belonging to the Piperaceae family which is employed as a natural medicine. The study's goal was to determine the antibacterial activity of an ethanol extract of Chinese betel leaf ointment against Staphylococcus aureus, as well as the optimal concentration. The test of the study was administered by the diffusion method using disc paper. The results of the characterization examination of Chinese betel leaf simplicia powder obtained water soluble extract content of 64.58%, ethanol soluble extract content of 24.95%, total ash content of three 3.2%, 5.9 % water of content and 0.28% acid insoluble ash content of and Simplisia contains alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, and saponins. Staphylococcus aureus obtained a degree of 8% with a diameter of 16.81, the diameter of the inhibition zone of the Chinese betel leaf ethanol extract against. The ethanol extract of Chinese betel leaf exhibits antibacterial action against Staphylococcus aureus, according to the findings of the study. Keywords: Antibacterial activity, Chinese betel leaf Staphylococcus aureus

UJI FITOKIMIA DAN AKTIVITAS ASAM SUNTI (Averrhoa bilimbi L.) SEBAGAI ANTIMIKROBA

Many plants that have potential as antimicrobial agents are found in Indonesia. One of them is bilimbi (Averrhoa bilimbi L.) which comes from the Oxalidaceae family. People in Aceh usually process the fruit into asam sunti. This research was conducted to determine the phytochemical, characterization simplicia, extract, and antimicrobial activity of the asam sunti methanol extract. Phytochemical tests were done using two methods that are the addition of reagents and thin-layer chromatography (TLC). Phytochemical results in each test showed that the asam sunti methanol extract contained alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, steroids, and triterpenoids. The water content, water-soluble extract content, ethanol-soluble extract content and total ash obtained was 4,6; 46,6; 54,16 and 39,6% for simplicia and extract respectively, with a value of 22; 42.6; 47.6, and 10.3%. Antimicrobial activity testing used a diffusion well at various concentrations 10; 20; 30; 40 and 50%. The smallest inhibition zone results were obtained at a concentration of 10% with a range of the inhibition zone is 7.43-7.86mm. The biggest antimicrobial activity was found at a concentration of 50% with an inhibition zone of 17.76; 10.63 and 8.7 mm for bacteria and fungi, respectively. in conclusion, the results showed that asam sunti methanol extract was more active in inhibiting the growth of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria than Escherichia coli bacteria and Candida albicans fungi.

Determination of Cultivation Regions and Quality Parameters of Poria cocos by Near-Infrared Spectroscopy and Chemometrics

Poria cocos (PC) is an important fungus with high medicinal and nutritional values. However, the quality of PC is heavily dependent on multiple factors in the cultivation regions. Traditional methods are not able to perform quality evaluation for this fungus in a short time, and a new method is needed for rapid quality assessment. Here, we used near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy combined with chemometric method to identify the cultivation regions and determine PC chemical compositions. In our study, 138 batches of samples were collected and their cultivation regions were distinguished by combining NIR spectroscopy and random forest method (RFM) with an accuracy as high as 92.59%. In the meantime, we used partial least square regression (PLSR) to build quantitative models and measure the content of water-soluble extract (WSE), ethanol-soluble extract (ASE), polysaccharides (PSC) and the sum of five triterpenoids (SFT). The performance of these models were verified with correlation coefficients (R2cal and R2pre) above 0.9 for the four quality parameters and the relative errors (RE) of PSC, WSE, ASE and SFT at 4.055%, 3.821%, 4.344% and 3.744%, respectively. Overall, a new approach was developed and validated which is able to distinguish PC production regions, quantify its chemical contents, and effectively evaluate PC quality.