Reflux In Ethanol Research Articles

Green Synthetic Methods for a Schiff Base from 2-Aminopyridine and 4-Ethoxybenzaldehyde

The novel Schiff base was acquired from the reaction between 2-aminopyridine and 4-ethoxybenzaldehyde using three (3) techniques; refluxing in ethanol for 2 hours, stirring in ethanol and an ethanol-water (1:1) mixture at room temperature for an hour. The synthesis of the 2-aminopyridine-4-ethoxybenzaldehyde Schiff base produced dark yellow crystals with melting point range of 95-97oC. The reaction in ethanol under reflux produced the highest yield of 88.2% while the reaction in ethanol and ethanol-water (1:1 v/v) mixture at room temperature gave 69.2% and 43.5% yield of the compound respectively. The IR spectrum showed the following bands; 1681cm-1 (C=N), 1595cm-1 (aromatic C=C stretch), 2981cm-1 (aromatic C-H stretch), 1509cm-1 (aromatic C=N stretch), 1155cm-1 (aliphatic C-C stretch), 1036 (aromatic C-O stretch), 2825 (aliphatic C-H stretch). The 13C NMR spectrum showed the following chemical shifts (δppm); 158.48 (C=N, imino), 154.98 and 150.18 (C-N of aromatic pyridine moiety), 121.44 – 137.53 (aromatic carbons), 158.68 (aromatic C-O), 63.88 (aliphatic C-O), 15.22 (aliphatic C). The 1H NMR spectral data (δppm) for the compound gave the following results; 7.06-7.91, m (8H) (Ar-H), 9.71, s (1H) (HC=N-), 4.10, q (2H) and 1.32, t (3H) (OCH2CH3). The spectral data was in agreement to the predicted structure of the Schiff base.

Osmanthus-Loaded PVP/PVA Hydrogel Inhibits the Proliferation and Migration of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Cells CAL-27.

Conventional medical agents for oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) with some adverse effects no longer meet the needs of the public. In this study, the prognosis-related hub genes of osmanthus-targeted therapy for OSCC were predicted and analyzed by network pharmacology and molecular docking. Osmanthus was extracted using the ethanol reflux method and osmanthus-loaded PVP/PVA (OF/PVP/PVA) hydrogel was prepared by electron beam radiation. The molecular structure, crystal structure and microscopic morphology of hydrogels were observed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), respectively. OSCC cells CAL-27 were cultured with OF/PVP/PVA hydrogel at different concentrations of extract to discover cell proliferation by MTT assay. The scratching test and JC-1 staining were used to observe the migration and mitochondrial membrane potential. Through experimental exploration, we found that a total of six prognosis-related targets were predicted, which are PYGL, AURKA, SQLE, etc., and osmanthus extract had good binding activity to AURKA. In vitro, except for proliferation inhibition, OF/PVP/PVA hydrogel prevented cell migration and changed the mitochondrial membrane potential of CAL-27 cells at a concentration equal to or greater than 50 μg/mL (p < 0.05). The addition of autophagy inhibitor chloroquine and 3-methyladenine weakened the migration inhibition of hydrogel (p < 0.05).

Osmanthus Fragrans Loaded NIPAAM Hydrogel Promotes Osteogenic Differentiation of MC3T3-E1.

There is an urgent need to find long-acting, natural osteogenesis-promoting drug systems. In this study, first the potential targets and mechanism of osmanthus fragrans (O. fragrans) extract in regulating osteogenic differentiation based on autophagy were analyzed by network pharmacology and molecular docking. Then, osmanthus fragrans was extracted using the ethanol reflux method and an osmanthus fragrans extract loaded Poly N-isopropylacrylamide (OF/NIPAAM) hydrogel was prepared by electron beam radiation. The chemical components of the osmanthus fragrans extract and the microstructure of OF/NIPAAM hydrogels were characterized by ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry (UV-Vis) and X-ray diffraction (XRD), respectively. Mouse embryonic osteoblast precursor cells MC3T3-E1 were cultured with different concentrations of OF/NIPAAM hydrogel to discover cell proliferation activity by CCK-8 assay. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) staining and alizarin red staining were used to observe the differentiation and calcification. Through experimental exploration, we found that a total of 11 targets were predicted, which are TP53, CASP3, SIRT1, etc., and osmanthus fragrans had good binding activity to TP53. In vitro, except for proliferation promotion, OF/NIPAAM hydrogel enhanced ALP activity and formation of mineralized nodules of MC3T3-E1 cells at a concentration equal to or less than 62.5 μg/mL (p < 0.05). The addition of autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine (3-MA) reduced ALP activity and mineralized nodule formation.

One step protocol and green synthesis of 2-N,N-dimethylamino-3-alkyl(aryl)-2-oxido-1- hydro-2-benzo[1,3,2]diazaphosphinine-4-one derivatives

ABSTRACT. 2-N,N-dimethylamino-2-oxido-3-alkyl(aryl)-1-hydro-2-benzo[1,3,2]diazaphosphinin-4-one (2) derivatives are synthesized by one pot reaction by reacting equimolar quantities of anthranilic acid, primary amine, and N,N-dimethylphosphoramic dichloride under reflux of ethanol with good yields. The structure of the compounds were established on the basis of their infrared, nuclear magnetic resonance spectral data (1H NMR, 13C NMR and 31P NMR), mass spectrometry, and elemental analysis.&#x0D; &#x0D; KEY WORDS: Anthranilic acid, N,N-Dimethylphosphoramic dichloride, Diazaphosphinine&#x0D; Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 2022, 36(4), 859-864. &#x0D; &#x0D; DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bcse.v36i4.11

Syntheses of N-acylhydrazones of 2-hydroxy-3,5-dinitrobenzohydrazide, and their Conversion into 3-Acetyl-2,3-dihydro-1,3,4-oxadiazole

N-Acylhydrazones 11-17 were prepared via reaction of 2-hydroxy-3,5-dinitrobenzohydrazide 3 with aromatic aldehydes 4-6 or with aromatic ketone 7 or aliphatic acyclic ketone 8 and cyclic aliphatic ketones 9-10 under reflux in ethanol. Conversion of hydrazide hydrazone 17 into N-acetyl-1,3,4-oxadiazole derivative 19 was achieved via reaction with acetic anhydride 18. The products were characterized by MS, 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR. The structure of 19 was confirmed by X-ray analysis. Compound 19 was evaluated for in vitro antibacterial activity against two microorganisms (S. aureus and E. coli ). The obtained results showed that this compound has good inhibition against the tested bacterial pathogens by micro-dilution method with MIC 15.1 μg.

Antioxidative Activity Evaluation of High Purity and Micronized Tartary Buckwheat Flavonoids Prepared by Antisolvent Recrystallization.

Tartary buckwheat, a healthy food, is associated with a reduced risk of certain human chronic diseases. However, the bioactive component flavonoids in Tartary buckwheat have poor solubility and low absorption in vivo. To improve these points, 60.00% Tartary buckwheat total flavonoids (TFs) were obtained by ethanol refluxing method, which were purified and micronized by antisolvent recrystallization (ASR) using methanol as a solvent and deionized water as an antisolvent. By using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and electrospray ionized mass spectrometry (ESI-MS), the main flavonoid in pure flavonoids (PF) were rutin (RU), kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside (KA) and quercetin (QU); the content of TF is 99.81% after purification. It is more worthy of our attention that micronized flavonoids contribute more to antioxidant activity because of good solubility. These results provide a theoretical reference for the micronization of other flavonoids.

Ultraviolet emissive Ti3C2Tx MXene quantum dots for multiple anti-counterfeiting

The development of advanced anti-counterfeiting is an important and urgent task for civil, commercial and military applications. Herein, multiple anti-counterfeiting was performed by using the dispersion of Ti3C2Tx MXene quantum dots (MQDs) as luminescent ink. The ultraviolet emissive MQDs were prepared for the first time by decreasing their oxidation degree. Compared with the MQDs obtained by the microwave heating, the oxidation degree of the MQDs treated by ethanol refluxing reduced from 38% to 23%, the ultraviolet emission peak blue-shifted from 307 to 299 nm, and the quantum yield raised by four times. Simultaneously, the colloidal stability, photostability, thermal stability and pH stability were also greatly enhanced. Based on the excitation-dependent luminescence properties of the MQDs with low oxidation degree, multiple anti-counterfeiting was developed using the colorless and transparent MQD dispersion. The concealed pattern was recognized for a preliminary judgement by bare-eyes with the illumination of a 365 nm ultraviolet lamp, resulting from the blue luminescence of MQDs. As for the high-level anti-counterfeiting, a more legible ultraviolet luminescent pattern was presented by an adaptive focus imaging spectrograph with 254 nm excitation. This study unlocks the ultraviolet photoluminescence of MQDs and furnishes a novel candidate for advanced anti-counterfeiting.

Optimization of extraction process of Children's Qingfei Zhisou Syrup based on pharmacodynamics

This study determined the extraction rates of indirubin in Indigo Naturalis by ethanol reflux extraction method and water extraction method. The pharmacodynamic study against cough induced by ammonia water in the mouse model and the cough induced by citric acid in the guinea pig model were performed to optimize the extraction process of the sovereign medicinal Indigo Naturalis and the whole prescription of Children's Qingfei Zhisou Syrup. The extraction rate of indirubin by the ethanol reflux method was 51.89%, and indirubin was not detected in the product of water extraction. Two samples of Children's Qingfei Zhisou Syrup prepared with different methods can prolong the incubation period of cough and suppress the frequency of coughs in pharmacodynamic experiments. In terms of prolonging the incubation period of cough, the two samples prepared with different methods had no significant difference. In terms of reducing the frequency of coughs, the high-dose Five kinds of ethanol extracts such as indigo naturalis and three kinds of water extracts such as gypsum had better effect against the citric acid-induced cough of guinea pigs than other samples(P&lt;0.05). The extraction rate of indirubin in Children's Qingfei Zhisou Syrup sample prepared with ethanol was higher than that with water. The two samples of Children's Qingfei Zhisou Syrup prepared with the two methods showed good antitussive effects. The sample prepared with 5 ingredients(including Indigo Naturalis) extracted with ethanol and 3 ingredients(including Gypsum Fibrosum) extracted with water had better alleviation effect on the citric acid-induced cough of guinea pig than the whole water extract sample. In conclusion, the optimum extraction scheme is ethanol extraction for 5 ingredients including Indigo Naturalis in combination with water extraction for 3 ingredients including Gypsum Fibrosum, and the Children's Qingfei Zhisou Syrup produced in this manner has better antitussive efficacy.

Synthesis of Novel Pyrazole Tagged Pyridine Derivatives; Their Antimicrobial Activity

: Novel pyrazole tagged pyridine derivatives 5a-n synthesized starting from 3-cyano-4-trifluoromethyl-6- thiophenyl 2(1H) pyridone 1. Compound 1 on hydrolysis followed by decarboxylation resulted in 4-trifluoro-methyl-6- thiophenyl 2(1H)pyridone 2. Compound 2 treated with POCl3 to get 2- chloro-4-trifluoromethyl-6- thiophenyl pyridine 3 further reaction with hydrazine hydrate, which resulted in the formation of compound 4. Compound 4 on reaction with different substituted 1,3-diketones in ethanol reflux condition to afford pyrazole substituted pyridine derivatives 5a-n. All derivatives were tested against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains and different Candida strains by well diffusion method, compounds 5k and 5l showed significant activity. The binding mode of 5k and 5l also studied by molecular docking studies.

New One Pot and Efficient Four‐Components Reaction for Synthesis of 2,3‐Dihydrothiophene Carbamate Derivatives

AbstractA new series of 2,3‐dihydrothiophenes bearing ethyl carbamate moiety (4 a–4 l) was designed and synthesized through a facile synthetic route involving domino ring‐opening/recyclization reaction of 1,3‐thiazolidinedione. The synthesis was achieved via a novel one‐pot four‐component reaction of aromatic aldehydes, malononitrile and 1,3‐thiazolidinedione, using 4‐dimethylaminopyridine as base catalyst under ethanol reflux. The molecular structures of the synthesized compounds were elucidated by usual spectroscopic techniques such as FT‐IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR and HRMS methods. X‐ray diffraction was used to confirm the structures of compounds 4 d and 4 j. Readily available starting materials, atom‐efficient routes employing more mild reaction conditions and environmentally benign are the attracting features of this current protocol.

Screening of bioactive ingredients of Tsantan Sumtang in ameliorating H9c2 cells injury

Ethnopharmacological relevanceTsantan Sumtang (TS), a traditional Tibetan medicine, has been used in the clinic for the treatment of myocardial ischemia (MI) for ages, however, the bioactive ingredients that are responsible for improving MI remain unknown. Aim of the studyThis study investigated the chemical components of TS and their medicinal efficacies at cell levels, in order to expound the bioactive ingredients in TS. Materials and methodsFirst, a response-surface methodology was employed to determine the optimum ethanol reflux extraction process of polyphenols in TS (PTS) due to their close correlation with MI improvement. Second, a serum pharmacochemistry technique was used to analyze the compounds of PTS absorbed into the blood of rats. Third, hypoxia-, H2O2-, and adriamycin (ADM)-induced H9c2 cell injury models were used to investigate the cardioprotective effects of these compounds in vitro. Fourth, protective effects of isovitexin, quercitrin, and isoeugenol on mitochondrial function were further tested. ResultsThe optimum extraction conditions for obtaining PTS were an ethanol concentration of 78.22%, an extraction time of 67.4 min, and a material–liquid ratio of 1:72.60 mL/g. Serum pharmacochemistry analysis detected 21 compounds, of which 11 compounds were always present in the blood within 5 h. Cytotoxicity and the protective effect of 11 compounds in hypoxia-, H2O2-, and ADM-induced H9c2 cell injury models shown that isovitexin, quercitrin, and isoeugenol had almost no cytotoxicity, and they could elevate the survival rate in injured H9c2 cells. Furthermore, isovitexin, quercitrin, and isoeugenol could decrease mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) releasion, inhibite mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) opening, ameliorate the change of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) to exert mitochondrial protection effect. ConclusionIsovitexin, quercitrin, and isoeugenol exhibited cardioprotective effect at cell levles, these three compounds might be the bioactive ingredients in TS. These findings elucidate the pharmacodynamic substances and mechanisms of TS, guiding its clinical use.

The Potential Protective Effect of Iridoid Glycosides Isolated From Osmanthus fragrans Seeds Against the Development of Immune Liver Injury in Mice.

Objective: The iridoid glycosides were extracted and separated from Osmanthus fragrans seeds, and the potential protective effect of Osmanthus fragrans seed extract on concanavalin A-induced immune liver injury in mice was studied. Methods: Osmanthus fragrans seeds were extracted by 95% ethanol reflux. Then, the iridoid glycosides were enriched by extraction refined through petroleum ether (60°C–90°C), ethyl acetate, and water-saturated n-butanol in sequence, so as to purify the n-butanol part (Osmanthus fragrans seed’s n-butanol extraction, OFSN) by macroporous resin. Specnuezhenide and Nuezhenoside G13 were used as the reference substances to determine the concentration of iridoid glycosides by HPLC. On this basis, a mouse immune liver injury model was established by tail intravenous concanavalin A (20 mg/kg); the contents of serum ALT, AST, IFN-γ, and TNF-α and the contents of liver tissue MDA and SOD were determined; the pathological changes of the liver by HE staining were observed; and the expression levels of p38MAPK and p-p38mapk in liver tissue were detected by WB. Results: The linearity, precision, repeatability, recovery, and stability of HPLC all met the requirements by validating with the methodology. The contents of Specnuezhenide and Nuezhenoside G13 in the n-butanol extracts were 39.20% and 39.88%, respectively. Actually, their contents can reach up to 82.56% and 87.9% after being purified by macroporous resin. The results of animal experiments show that OFSN could significantly reduce the liver and spleen index, reduce the ALT and AST contents in plasma and the MDA content in liver tissue, and then increase the SOD content. Besides, OFSN could also reduce the plasma IFN-γ and TNF-α levels. The HE staining result indicates that the pathological changes in the liver tissues of mice treated with OFSN are alleviated to different degrees while the WB result suggests that OFSN could significantly inhibit the expression of p-p38mapk. Conclusion: Osmanthus fragrans seeds are rich in iridoid glycosides, which has a good protective effect on mouse immune liver injury caused by concanavalin A. The mechanism may be related to inhibiting the phosphorylation of p38MAPK, inhibiting the release of inflammatory mediators, improving the antioxidant capacity of liver cells, and weakening the occurrence of lipid peroxidation.

Benzofuran-oxadiazole hybrids: Design, Synthesis and antimicrobial activity studies

The six benzofuran-oxadiazole derivatives (4a-d) and (5a-b) have been designed, synthesized, characterized and evaluated for antimicrobial activity. The key synthetic intermediate 5-bromo-N'-hydroxybenzofuran -2-carboxamidine (3) was prepared from 5-bromobenzofuran-2-carboxylic acid (1) in two consecutive steps involving reaction with NaN3, in presence of TEA, Xtalfluor-E, PPh3 in dry DCM at 0oC followed by the treatment of resulting carbonitrile (2) with hydroxylamine hydrochloride in presence of sodium methoxide under reflux in aqueous ethanol. Reaction of carboxamidine (3) with different aryl esters in presence of K2CO3 under reflux conditions in toluene afforded 3-(5-bromobenzofuran-2-yl)-5-substituted phenyl-1,2,4-oxadiazoles (4a-d) while the refluxion of a solution of carboxamidine (3) in dichloromethane with chloro/bromo acetyl chloride in presence of TEA and a catalytic amount of HBTU furnished 3-(5-bromobenzofuran-2-yl)-5-(chloromethyl)-1,2,4-oxadia zole (5a) and 3-(5-bromobenzofuran-2-yl)-5-(bromomethyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazole (5b).

Head-to-Tail interlocking aromatic rings of a hydrazine functionalized Schiff base for the development of Nano-aggregates with blue emission: Structural and spectroscopic characteristics

We report the synthesis, physicochemical and morphological characterisation, supramolecular interactions and aggregation-induced blue emission of a newly developed Schiff base, 1,2-bis(phenyl(pyridin-2-yl)methylene)hydrazine (P18). The compound was synthesised through a condensation reaction between hydrazine and 2-benzoylpyridine under reflux in ethanol. The photophysical behaviour of the Schiff base was studied in both monomeric and aggregated forms. Interestingly, the molecular aggregate showed a significant blue shift with ~ 20 fold higher fluorescence intensity with lifetime, 0.99 ns in the aqueous phase than that of monomeric form, attributed to the development of J-type aggregation. The crystal structure, C–H···π and π…π interactions, were enumerated to decipher the nature of aggregation. The Schiff base consisting of four aromatic rings (two pyridine and two phenyl rings) displayed a short C–H···π and a long distant π···π interactions causing a head-to-tail type interlocking of aromatic rings. Energy framework analysis confirmed the predominance of dispersive forces (-192.4 kJ/mol) to the cluster of molecules, thus playing a significant role in the restriction of intramolecular motion of the aromatic rings of P18. A restrain on the rotational probability of = N–N = and Ar–C– bonds leads to an enhancement of an intense fluorescence property of nano-aggregate with blue light emission in solid state. The propagation of the rectangular-shaped monomeric probe in the nano-aggregate with an average hydrodynamic size of 270(±3) nm was established with field emission scanning electron microscopy, dynamic scattering light, and electron dispersive X-ray spectral analysis.

Characterization and optimization of hydrothermal extraction of quercetin from Quercus leaves using response surface methodology

AbstractA hydrothermal process using subcritical water and ethanol as an extraction solvent has been studied to extract high‐value flavonoid compounds from Quercus leaves. The univariate analysis showed that the maximum quercetin yield was 34.6 mg/g obtained at the liquid–solid ratio of 30:1 ml/g, concentration of ethanol 60% (V/V), extraction temperature of 180°C, and extraction duration of 5 h. Based on the Box–Behnken experiment design, the response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize the liquid‐to‐solid ratio, extraction time, extraction temperature, ethanol concentration, and other operating conditions of hydrothermal extraction of quercetin. The regression equation showed that the maximum yield of quercetin was 36.1 mg/g under the conditions of solvent ethanol concentration of 65% (V/V), liquid–solid ratio of 40:1 ml/g, extraction temperature of 189°C, and extraction duration of 5.5 h. The quercetin yield of 36.1 mg/g obtained by the hydrothermal method was 5.6 times the 6.4 mg/g obtained by the traditional ethanol reflux extraction at the same concentration of ethanol 65% (V/V), liquid–solid ratio of 40:1 ml/g, and extraction duration of 5.5 h, but at the boiling point of the solvent.

Improvement of Total Flavonoids from Dracocephalum moldavica L. in Rats with Chronic Mountain Sickness through 1H-NMR Metabonomics

Background We analyzed the effects of total flavonoids from Dracocephalum moldavica L. (D. moldavica L.) on improving chronic mountain sickness (CMS) in rats using the NMR hydrogen spectrum (1H-NMR) metabonomics technology. Method We extracted the total flavonoids of D. moldavica L with 60% ethanol reflux. A CMS model was established with 48 Sprague–Dawley (SD) rats, which were then randomly divided into six groups (n = 8): control group (normal saline, 0.4 mL/100 g/d, ig); model group (normal saline, 0.4 mL/100 g/d, ig); nifedipine group (nifedipine tablets, 2.7 mg/kg/d, ig); and high-, middle-, and low-dose groups of total flavonoids from D. moldavica L. (DML.H, DML.M, and DML.L, receiving total flavonoids from D. moldavica L. at 400, 200, and 100 mg/kg/d, ig, respectively). The sera of the rats in all the groups were determined, and NMR hydrogen spectrum metabolomics was analyzed. The serum contents of apolipoproteins A1 (Apo-A1) and E (Apo-E) were determined, and histopathological changes in the brain tissue of each group were observed. Results Serum tests showed that total flavonoids from D. moldavica L. significantly increased the Apo-A1 and Apo-E levels in rats with CMS (P < 0.05). The results of serum metabonomics showed that total flavonoids from D. moldavica L can alleviate amino acid, energy, and lipid metabolism disorders in rats with CMS. Pathohistological examination of brain tissue showed that these flavonoids improved pathological changes, such as meningeal vasodilation, hyperemia, edema of brain parenchyma, inflammatory cell infiltration, increase in perivascular space, and increase in pyramidal cells. Conclusion Total flavonoids from D. moldavica L. have potential therapeutic effects on CMS. The possible mechanism is the reduction of oxidative damage through the alleviation of metabolism disorder.

Chemical constituents from the roots of Asarum sieboldii Miq. var. Seoulense Nakai

Fourteen compounds were isolated from the 95% ethanol reflux extract of Asarum sieboldii Miq. var. Seoulense Nakai, including five phenanthrene derivatives (1–5), three isobutyl amides (6–8), three phenylpropanoids (9–11) and three lignins (12–14). The structures of these compounds were identified by spectroscopic methods and by comparison with the reported spectroscopic data. Among them, compounds 6 and 11 were firstly reported from the family Aristolochiaceae, and compounds 3 and 4 were reported for the first time from the genus Asarum. Additionally, compounds 1, 2 and 8 were isolated from A. sieboldii Miq. var. Seoulense Nakai for the first time. These compounds have shown chemical relationships between A. sieboldii Miq. var. Seoulense Nakai and other species of Asarum as well as those found in the genus Aristolochia in the family Aristolochiaceae.

High-Pressure Supercritical CO2 Extracts of Ganoderma lucidum Fruiting Body and Their Anti-hepatoma Effect Associated With the Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK Signaling Pathway.

As a noted medicinal mushroom, Ganoderma lucidum (G. lucidum) has been reported to have a number of pharmacological effects such as anti-tumor and liver protection. Compared with the common ethanol reflux method, supercritical CO2 extraction has obvious advantages in obtaining antitumor extracts from G. lucidum fruiting body such as short extraction time, low temperature and no solvent residue. However, Using high-pressure supercritical CO2 without entrainer to obtain the antitumor extracts from G. lucidum and studying their anti-hepatoma effect have not been reported. In this study, high-pressure supercritical CO2 extracts obtained under 65, 85, and 105 MPa pressure named as G65, G85, G105 respectively and ethanol reflux extract (GLE) were used to investigate their anti-hepatoma activity and the underlying molecular mechanism. The total triterpenoid content of G85 was significantly higher than that of G65 and GLE, but did not differ significantly from that of G105 by UV and high-performance liquid chromatography. GLE, G65, and G85 could inhibit cell proliferation, arrest cell cycle in G2/M phase, and induce apoptosis in two liver cancer cell lines (QGY7703 and SK-Hep1), of which G85 had the strongest effect. The results showed that the potency of their cytotoxicity of the high-pressure supercritical CO2 extracts on human hepatoma carcinoma cells in vitro was consistent with their total triterpenoid content. G85 exhibited significant anti-hepatoma effect with low toxicity In vivo. Further mechanistic investigation revealed that the anti-tumor effect of these extracts was associated with their inhibition of Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK signaling pathway. Our findings suggest that the high-pressure supercritical CO2 extraction of G. lucidum fruiting body can be used to obtain a triterpenoid-rich anti-tumor agent, which may have potential clinical significance for the treatment of human hepatoma.

Synthesis, Characterization, and Catalytic Properties of Magnetic Fe3O4@FU: A Heterogeneous Nanostructured Mesoporous Bio-Based Catalyst for the Synthesis of Imidazole Derivatives.

In this protocol, Fucoidan (FU), a fucose-rich sulfated polysaccharide extracted from brown algae Fucus vesiculosus was used for in situ preparation of magnetic Fe3O4@FU. Nanoco magnetic properties of Fe3O4@FU were investigated by energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) adsorption method, and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). The catalytic activity of Fe3O4@FU was employed for the synthesis of tri- and tetra-substituted imidazoles through three- and four-component reactions respectively, between benzyl, aldehydes, NH4OAc and benzyl, aldehydes, NH4OAc, and amine under reflux in ethanol. It is worth nothing that excellent yields, short reaction times, chromatography-free purification, and environmental friendliness are highlighted features of this protocol.

Microwave-assisted green extraction of antioxidant components from Osmanthus fragrans (Lour) flower using natural deep eutectic solvents

Osmanthus fragrans (Lour) flower is a typical fragrant herb in eastern countries containing multiple bioactive compounds, the extract of which has been widely used as a natural antioxidant additive in food and cosmetics. However, the existing extraction methods use organic solvents during the extraction process, which is non-eco-friendly and harmful to human health. In this study, we introduce, to our knowledge for the first time, microwave-assisted deep eutectic solvent extraction (MA-DESE) to extract antioxidant components from O. fragrans flower. The MA-DESE procedure was optimised, validated, and compared with that of traditional solvent extraction by using response surface methodology. The maximum antioxidant activity of 101.81 mg Trolox equivalent/g of dry weight was achieved at the following optimum MA-DESE parameters: microwave power, 497.12 W; microwave treatment time, 59.03 s; and solid–liquid ratio, 31.14 mL/g. In addition, UPLC-MS analysis showed a greater variety of antioxidant components, such as olivil and osmanthuside H, in O. fragrans flower extract obtained by MA-DESE than by the traditional ethanol reflux method. These results demonstrated that MA-DESE, which is safe and eco-friendly, could substitute for the conventional solvent extraction process, which is time-consuming and tedious, for the extraction of antioxidant components from O. fragrans flower.