Ratio Of Ethanol Research Articles

Nickel-Doped Facet-Selective Copper Nanowires for Activating CO-to-Ethanol Electrosynthesis.

Ethanol isa promising energy vector for closing the anthropogenic carbon cycle through reversible electrochemical redox. Currently, ethanol electrosynthesissuffers from low product selectivity due to the competitive advantage of ethylene in CO2/CO electroreduction. Here, a facet-selective metal-doping strategy is reported, tuning the reaction kinetics of CO reduction paths and thus enhancing the ethanol selectivity. The theoretical calculations reveal that nickel (Ni)doped Cu(100) surface facilitates water dissociation to form adsorbed hydrogen, which promotesselective electrochemical hydrogenation of a key C2 intermediate (*CHCOH) toward ethanol path over ethylene path. Experimentally, a solution-phase synthesis of a Ni-doped {100}-dominated Copper nanowires (Cu NWs) catalyst is reported, enabling an ethanol Faradaic efficiency of 56% and a selectivity ratio of ethanol to ethylene of 2.7, which are ≈4 and 15 times larger than those of undoped Cu NWs, respectively. The operando spectroscopic characterizationsconfirm that Ni-doping in Cu NWs can alter the interfacial water activity and thus regulate the C2 product selectivity. With further electrode engineering, a membrane electrode assembly electrolyzer using Ni-doped Cu NWs catalysts demonstrates an ethanol Faradaic efficiency over 50% at 300mA cm-2 with a full cell voltage of ≈2.7V and operates stably for over 300 h.

Oral biofilm composition and phenotype in caries-active and caries-free children

IntroductionDuring development of dental caries, oral biofilms undergo changes in microbial composition and phenotypical traits. The aim of this study was to compare the acid tolerance (AT) of plaque from two groups of children: one with severe caries (CA) and one with no caries experience (CF) and to correlate this to the microbial composition and metabolic profile of the biofilms.MethodsDental plaque samples from 20 children (2–5 years) in each group were studied. The AT was analyzed by viability assessment after exposure to an acid challenge (pH 3.5), using LIVE/DEAD® BacLight™ stain and confocal microscopy. Levels of acid tolerance (AT) were evaluated using a scoring system ranging from 1 (no/low AT), to 5 (high/all AT). Metabolic profiles were investigated following a 20 mM glucose pulse for one hour through Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR). Microbial composition was characterized by 16S rRNA Illumina sequencing.ResultsThe mean AT score of the CA group (4.1) was significantly higher than that of the CF group (2.6, p < 0.05). When comparing the end-products of glucose metabolism detected after a glucose-pulse, the CA samples showed a significantly higher lactate to acetate, lactate to formate, lactate to succinate and lactate to ethanol ratio than the CF samples (p < 0.05). The bacterial characterization of the samples revealed 25 species significantly more abundant in the CA samples, including species of Streptococcus, Prevotella, Leptotrichia and Veillonella (p < 0.05).DiscussionOur results show that AT in pooled plaque from the oral cavity of children with severe caries is increased compared to that in healthy subjects and that this can be related to differences in the metabolic activity and microbial composition of the biofilms. Thus, the overall phenotype of dental plaque appears to be a promising indicator of the caries status of individuals. However, longitudinal studies investigating how the AT changes over time in relation to caries development are needed before plaque AT could be considered as a prediction method for the development of dental caries.

Synthesis of the Fatty Acid Ethyl Esters (FAEE) from Krabok (Irvingia malayana) Seed Oil for Use as the Main Ingredient in the Production of Herbal Massage Oil

This study focused on synthesizing fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEE) from Krabok (Irvingia malayana) seed oil via transesterification for use as the primary ingredient in herbal massage oil production. Optimal conditions included 5 wt.% of KOH catalyst compared to the oil weight, 15:1 molar ratio of ethanol to Krabok seed oil, 60 min for reaction time and reaction temperature of 78 ± 3 °C, resulting in FAEE yields as high as 99.83 ± 0.17 %. Analysis using FT-IR, 1H and 13C-NMR, and GC techniques revealed FAEE as ester-type compounds, primarily comprising lauric acid (C12:0) and myristic acid (C14:0), constituting 97 wt.% saturated fatty acids and 3 wt.% unsaturated fatty acids. Physicochemical properties indicated clear yellow liquids with viscosity of 1.73 ± 0.03 cSt/s, density of 0.8199 ± 0.0049 g/cm3, cloud point of +4 °C, and pour point of –1 °C. Acid value, free fatty acid content, iodine value, water content and oxidation stability were measured at 0.703 ± 0.001 mg KOH/g of oil, 0.354 ± 0.001 wt.%, 0.59 ± 0.04 g I2/100 g of oil, 1482.3 ± 6.15 ppm, and greater than 12 h, respectively. When the synthesized FAEE was used to produce herbal massage oil products, the results showed that the herbal massage oil products were characterized as a clear yellow liquid with no sediment, low viscosity, and pH in the range of 5 - 6, meeting standard criteria. Thus, FAEE derived from Krabok seed oil is suitable as a primary ingredient for herbal massage oil production, enhancing the value of local resources within the community. HIGHLIGHTS Under optimal conditions of 5 wt.% KOH catalyst, 15:1 ethanol to oil ratio, 60 min at 78 ± 3 °C, FAEE was synthesized from Krabok seed oil for herbal massage oil, yielding 99.83 ± 0.17 %. FAEE, identified via FT-IR, 1H and 13C-NMR, and GC, comprises 97 wt.% saturated fatty acids (lauric acid and myristic acid) and 3 wt.% unsaturated. The herbal massage oil derived from FAEE as the primary ingredient meets clarity, low viscosity, and pH 5 - 6 standards. FAEE from Krabok seed oil enhances the value of local resources. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Multi-loaded PLGA microspheres as neuroretinal therapy in a chronic glaucoma animal model.

This work focused on the co-encapsulation and simultaneous co-delivery of three different neuroprotective drugs in PLGA (poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) microspheres for the treatment of glaucoma. For formulation optimization, dexamethasone (anti-inflammatory) and ursodeoxycholic acid (anti-apoptotic) were co-loaded by the solid-in-oil-in-water emulsion solvent extraction-evaporation technique as a first step. The incorporation of a water-soluble co-solvent (ethanol) and different amounts of dexamethasone resulted critical for the encapsulation of the neuroprotective agents and their initial release. The optimized formulation was obtained with 60mg of dexamethasone and using an 80:20 dichloromethane:ethanol ratio. In the second step in the microencapsulation process, the incorporation of the glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) was performed. The final prototype showed encapsulation efficiencies for each component above 50% with suitable properties for long-term application for at least 3months. Physicochemical studies were performed by SEM, TEM, DSC, XRD, and gas chromatography. The evaluation of the kinetic release by the Gallagher-Corrigan analysis with Gorrasi correction helped to understand the influence of the co-microencapsulation on the delivery of the different actives from the optimized formulation. The final prototype was tested in a chronic glaucoma animal model. Rats received two intravitreal injections of the neuroprotective treatment within a 24-week follow-up study. The proposed formulation improved retinal ganglion cell (RGC) functionality examined by electroretinography. Also, it was able to maintain a neuroretinal thickness similar to that of healthy animals scanned by in vivo optical coherence tomography, and a higher RGC count on histology compared to glaucomatous animals at the end of the study.

High-concentrated synthesis of surface modified iron oxide nanoparticles using ethanol-enhanced supercritical CO2 media

In the synthesis of surface modified metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs), supercritical CO2 is an attractive medium to achieve a simple and green chemistry approach without waster liquor. However, the mass production of surface-modified NPs is still a serious challenge for their industrial utilization. In this work, we aimed to demonstrate the high-concentrated synthesis of surface-modified iron oxide NPs in ethanol-enhanced supercritical CO2. The synthesis and phase observation were performed at 30.0 ± 0.8 MPa of CO2, 100 °C and 18 h, while changing the total concentration of iron(Ⅲ) acetylacetonate, water and oleic acid and ethanol ratio. As a result, lower total concentration gave single nano-sized α-Fe2O3 nanocrystal under uniform phase while higher one gave aggregated α-FeOOH under ununiform phase. However, ethanol entrainer successfully homogenized the reaction field by drastically raising the solubilities of components, allowing the high-concentrated synthesis of single nano-sized α-Fe2O3 nanocrystal. Furthermore, synthesized nanocrystal had chemically and densely modified surface, showing the unimodal size distribution in cyclohexane. These results conclusively show that supercritical CO2 with ethanol entrainer is a promising medium to allow the mass production of densely modified nanocrystal and subsequent their industrial utilization in thin film fabrication and drug delivery system.

A Sustainable Chromatographic Method for Simultaneous Analysis of Fluoxetine and Olanzapine Antidepressants: Assessment of Greenness with Green Metric Tools .

The combination of Fluoxetine HCL and Olanzapine treats depression in bipolar disorder and patients unresponsive to other antidepressants. The research aims to optimize a sensitive, simple, rapid, reliable, eco-friendly liquid chromatographic method by minimizing feedstock’s, reagents, energy, and waste to protect the environment and conserve resources, additionally assessed the environmental impact of a method using various green metric tools, and applied the method to pharmaceuticals. The separation was conducted using isocratic RP-HPLC with a DAD at 227nm. The mobile phase used was a 40:40:20 (v/v/v) ratios of buffer, acetonitrile, and ethanol. An L1 column (150 x 4.6mm, 5µm) was utilized with a flow rate of 1.5mL/min and injection volume of 5µL. The column oven and auto-sampler were both maintained at 45°C and 25°C respectively. The optimized method was validated as per ICH guidelines and found to be specific, precise, and robust to slight changes in mobile phase flow, column temperature, and buffer pH. Linearity was demonstrated from 0.1-150µg/mL for olanzapine and 0.4-610µg/mL for fluoxetine HCL. The accuracy was tested with recovery ranges of 0.1–157 µg/mL for olanzapine and 0.4–606 µg/mL for fluoxetine HCl in tablet placebo, and 0.1–150 µg/mL for olanzapine and 0.4–605 µg/mL for fluoxetine HCl in capsule placebo, indicating that the method is suitable for both tablet and capsule dosage forms. The method’s greenness was evaluated using AES, NEMI, GAPI, and AGREE tools. The optimized method was successfully applied to pharmaceutical analysis. The newly optimized method found simple, sensitive, rapid, eco-friendly, incorporating green analytical concepts, has been successfully achieved for the identification and quantification of Fluoxetine HCL and Olanzapine present in pharmaceuticals.

An experimental investigation of the impacts of titanium dioxide (TiO2) and ethanol on performance and emission characteristics on diesel engines run with castor Biodiesel ethanol blended fuel

Investigating the impact of ethanol and TiO2 on the performance and emission characteristics of diesel engines running on a blend of ethanol and castor biodiesel is the primary goal of this study. The nanoparticles of ethanol, biodiesel, and TiO2 diesel fuel were combined at several concentrations. Diesel, B10, B20, B30, B10E10T, B20E10T, B30E10T, B10E20T, B20E20T, and B30E20T were among the various fuels that were investigated. The physiochemical properties of all the sample fuels were assessed, including density, pour point, cloud point, fire point, flash point, and kinematic viscosity. Following this, other engine performance indicators, such as torque, power, and fuel-consumption, were examined. Studies were also carried out on the properties of emissions, including CO, CO2, HC, and NO. Peak braking power and engine torque were found for each fuel under investigation at around 2750 and 2500 rpm, respectively. The addition reduced the brake-specific fuel consumption for B10E20T by 7.41 % while increasing the braking engine's torque and power by 8.64 and 3.86 %, respectively, in compared to blends without the TiO2 additions. When compared to diesel, the exhaust emission data without the addition of TiO2 revealed a decrease in CO and HC emissions but an increase in CO2 and NO emissions. On the other hand, using ethanol blend reduced NO emissions. According to the overall findings, diesel engine performance, combustion characteristics, and exhaust gas emissions were enhanced averagely by 7.43 % when a certain ratio of ethanol, biodiesel, and TiO2 additives (B10E20 + 50 ppm) was used.

Optimization of PET depolymerization for enhanced terephthalic acid recovery from commercial PET and post consumer PET-bottles via low-temperature alkaline hydrolysis

The increasing demand for plastic has resulted in a surge in plastic waste production. Polyethylene terephthalate (PET), commonly used in beverage bottle manufacturing, is only partially recycled, with an estimated recycling rate of just 28.4% in 2019. This accumulation of plastic waste is harmful to the environment and living organisms, necessitating effective recycling methods for PET waste. One promising method is alkaline hydrolysis using NaOH, which can break down PET into its monomer components, terephthalic acid (TPA) and ethylene glycol (EG). This process not only recycles PET efficiently but also manages contaminants effectively, producing high-quality TPA, supporting the development of a circular economy. This study looks into PET depolymerization via alkaline hydrolysis at low temperature by investigating effects of various factors: pH levels, water to ethanol ratio, NaOH concentration, NaOH to PET ratio, reaction time, PET size, reusability of unreacted PET, air plasma pretreatment of PET, and different kinds of PET. Promisingly, PET conversion rates of over 90% and a TPA purity of 99.6% were achieved in this study highlighting the efficacy of alkaline hydrolysis in depolymerizing post-consumer PET waste. Ultimately, this research advances sustainable plastic waste management and supports the integration of PET into a circular economy framework.

Highly selective ethanol vapour sensing materials for a new generation of gas sensors based on molecularly imprinted polymers

A simple gas sensor consisting of a molecularly imprinted polymer-carbon nanotube composite cast onto a screen-printed electrode has been developed with extremely high selectivity for ethanol vapour over methanol vapour. Ethanol gas sensors typically display selectivity for ethanol over methanol in the range 2–4 times, while the mean ratio of ethanol to methanol response observed with the described device was 672. This selectivity was achieved under ambient conditions. Additionally, the molecularly imprinted polymer was produced using reagents previously applied in the development of a device selective for methanol, with only the template being changed. This demonstrates the versatility of molecular imprinting and provides a foundation for their greater integration into future gas sensors.

Solvent diffusion mechanism of gun propellant revealed through molecular dynamics simulation

Drying is an important operational unit in the preparation of nitrocellulose-based gun propellant, which affects the drying quality and drying rate of the product. The diffusion properties of solvents during the drying process determine the rate of internal solvent removal from the gun propellant, so the diffusion behaviors of ethanol and acetone in the gun propellant were investigated based on molecular dynamics simulations. Three models of single-, double- and triple-base gun propellant components were established, and the interactions between the solvent and the components of gun propellant were investigated by radial distribution function, hydrogen bonding and interaction energy calculations, and the free volumes, diffusion coefficients and the activation energies of the solvents were used to describe the solvent diffusion performances. The results showed that the interaction between ethanol and the components of the gun propellant was mainly hydrogen bonding, and the interaction between acetone and the components was mainly van der Waals forces. When the mass ratio of ethanol and acetone is 1:1, the interaction energy between ethanol and the components is greater due to the presence of strong hydrogen bonding, which resulted in a higher diffusion activation energy of ethanol. However, since the molecular volume of ethanol is higher than that of acetone, it makes the diffusion coefficient of ethanol larger. Compared with single-base gun propellant, after adding nitroglycerin and nitroguanidine, the free volume fraction decreases, the sum of the interaction energies between the solvent and the components in gun propellant increases, and the diffusion activation energy increases. Hence, this present work regarding the study of solvent diffusion mechanism of gun propellant can provide theoretically guiding suggestion to the actual drying process and manufacture of gun propellant.

Extraction of anthocyanins from purple sweet potato using supercritical carbon dioxide and conventional approaches

This research investigates the potential of supercritical carbon dioxide (SCCO2) technology as a green and sustainable approach to improve anthocyanin extraction from purple sweet potatoes (PSP). The study explored different extraction parameters (i.e., temperatures of 35–55 °C, cosolvent concentrations of 10–30 % (w/w), ethanol ratios of 30–70 % (v/v), pressures of 30–40 MPa, extraction times of 120–180 min, and solvent: sample ratios of 25:1–45:1(v/w)), to optimize the total phenolic content (TPC), anthocyanin content (ANC), and antioxidant activity (AA). Additionally, conventional extraction methods using different solvent (ethanol and methanol) mixtures, solvent: sample ratios (15:1; 45:1; 6:1 (v/w)), temperatures (35–50 °C), and extraction times (50–60 min) were performed for the extraction of phenolic compounds from PSP. The highest TPC (340 mg GAE/g dry PSP), ANC (136 mg C3G/100 g dry PSP), and AA (ABTS (7.3 mg TEV/g dry PSP), DPPH (18.2 mg TEV/g dry PSP), and FRAP (1399 mg GAE/100 g)) were achieved with 30 MPa, 35 °C and 20 % cosolvent concentration operated for 180 min. These findings underscore the use of SCCO2 extraction to obtain anthocyanin extracts that can potentially be used as a coloring agent in the food industry. The proposed SCCO2 extraction method provides an eco-friendly alternative to conventional methods for extracting phenolic compounds.

Collaborative effects of fuel properties and EGR on the efficiency improvement and load boundary extension of a medium-duty engine

EGR dilution combustion has problems such as weakened anti-knock capability at high load, slow combustion speed and poor combustion stability, which results in limitations in the thermal efficiency improvement and load boundary extension of medium-duty highly-downsized engines. It is necessary to combine EGR dilution and other measures to collaboratively control the in-cylinder thermodynamic state and combustion process. The experimental investigations in this study isolate the effect of the ethanol blending ratio in ethanol gasoline on the anti-knock performance, combustion performance and thermal efficiency, and verifies the potential of collaborative optimization of fuel properties and EGR in improving the thermal efficiency and extending the load boundary for a medium-duty highly-downsized engine. The results show that as the load increases, the improvement effect of increasing the blending ratio of ethanol in the anti-knock performance, combustion speed, and the turbine inlet temperature reduction will become more obvious. At high load, using E20 fuel can improve the EGR tolerance, advance the spark timing and CA50, and thus increase the BTE. As the speed decreases, the thermal efficiency improvement effect of E20 fuel gradually increases, and the improved load range extends. The collaborative optimization of E20 fuel and EGR can further extend the high thermal efficiency area of the engine. And the Max. achievable load is 0.11 MPa higher than that of E10, which effectively extends the upper load limit during the stoichiometric combustion.

Concentration units used to report blood- and breath-alcohol concentration for legal purposes are important to consider when blood-breath ratios of alcohol are calculated and compared between countries: re-evaluation of a German study with Alcotest 9510 DE evidential instrument

This article re-evaluates the results of a controlled drinking study done in Germany to determine inter-subject variation in the blood-to-breath ratio (BBR) of alcohol. Statutory blood-alcohol concentration (BAC) limits for driving in Germany are 0.50 g/kg (administrative offence) and 1.1 g/kg (criminal offence). Mass/mass concentration units (g/kg) are 6 % lower than mass/volume (g/L) units, because the density of blood is 1.06 kg/L on average. The corresponding statutory breath-alcohol concentration (BrAC) limits for driving in Germany are 0.25 mg/L and 0.55 mg/L, respectively. BAC in road traffic cases is determined indirectly by the analysis of serum and dividing by 1.236, which underestimates the true BAC. Using Alcotest 9510 DE evidential breath analyzer, the mean ± SD, median and range of BBRs of alcohol were 2047 ± 150, 2053, and 1571-2394 and 61% were less than 2100:1. After re-calculating BAC assuming a serum/blood distribution ratio of ethanol of 1.14:1 and reporting results in mass/volume units, the corresponding BBRs were 2220 ± 162, 2226, and 1703-2595 and 21% were less than 2100. Care is needed when the results of German studies of the BBR of alcohol are compared and contrasted with studies done in other countries.

Ethanol-type anaerobic digestion enhanced methanogenic performance by stimulating direct interspecies electron transfer and interspecies hydrogen transfer

Ethanol pre-fermentation of food waste effectively alleviates acidification; however, its effects on interspecies electron transfer remain unknown. This study configured the feed according to COD ratios of ethanol: sodium acetate: sodium propionate: sodium butyrate of 5:2:1.5:1.5 (ethanol-type anaerobic digestion) and 0:5:2.5:2.5 (control), and conducted semi-continuous anaerobic digestion (AD) experiments. The results showed that ethanol-type AD increased maximum tolerable organic loading rate (OLR) to 6.0 gCOD/L/d, and increased the methane production by 1.2–14.8 times compared to the control at OLRs of 1.0–5.0 gCOD/L/d. The abundance of the pilA gene, which was associated with direct interspecies electron transfer (DIET), increased by 5.6 times during ethanol-type AD. Hydrogenase genes related to interspecies hydrogen transfer (IHT), including hydA-B, hoxH-Y, hnd, ech, and ehb, were upregulated during ethanol-type AD. Ethanol-type AD improved methanogenic performance and enhanced microbial metabolism by stimulating DIET and IHT.

Engineering of Soft Urea Synthesized Ni3n Nanomaterials for Oxygen Evolution Reaction

Most active electrocatalysts include platinum-group metals (PGMs) and their alloys for electrochemical water splitting, but they are strongly limited by material cost and scarcity. [1] On the other hand, transition metal nitrides overcome this bottleneck and show high electrical conductivity, making them catalytically active for water electrolysis. The high conductivity is based on the incorporation of nitrogen atoms into the unit cell of metal, leading to their d-band contraction with electron density enhancement below Fermi level. [2] For instance, metallic nickel nitride (Ni3N) has been widely reported as a promising electrocatalyst material to accelerate the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) by in-situ forming a nickel (oxy)hydroxide [Ni(OH)2 and NiOOH] layer. [3] The Ni3N materials can be prepared by single step soft-urea route to obtain pure crystal phase [4] or a composite with carbon [5], which rises the following two research questions: 1. What are the optimal synthesis parameters of the soft-urea route to control the structure of Ni3N? 2. What is the relationship between structure and OER activity for Ni3N materials?In this work, we used the soft-urea route to prepare Ni3N materials by varying the ratios of NiCl2, urea and ethanol as precursor chemicals. The precursors were made into a gel by magnetic stirring having metal:urea ratio of 1:5, and then heated up to 400 ºC in a tubular furnace with constant flow of argon. The as-prepared Ni3N were then characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), elemental analysis (CHN), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) equipped with an energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS).Based on the quantitative Rietveld refinement, the formation of pristine Ni3N materials is strongly controlled by the annealing temperature. In addition to the Ni3N phase, we observed the formation of the fcc Ni phase (0 – 10 wt.%) as a minor phase. The TEM images show individual particles of below 100 nm in size. Rotating disc electrode (RDE) technique was employed to establish the electrochemical OER activity of Ni3N materials by sweeping the potential from 1.3 to 1.8 VRHE at 10 mV s-1 in Ar-saturated 0.1 M KOH. Polycrystalline Ni and Ni particles are taken as reference materials. We observed an improvement of the OER activity as the overpotential at 10 mA cm-2 (normalized by the geometric surface area) reduced from 379 mV (poly-Ni) to 358 mV (Ni3N). Furthermore, in-situ XAS studies were performed to better understand the nature of the redox reactions between Ni species and the in-situ formation of nickel (oxy)hydroxide [Ni(OH)2 and NiOOH] layers before and during the OER as a function of the applied potential. Based on the in-situ XANES data, we correlated the structure of Ni3N/fcc-Ni/carbon composite with observed OER activity under alkaline conditions.To summarize, we were able to prepare a composite of Ni3N/fcc-Ni/carbon material with improved OER activity via soft-urea route. The in-situ formation of the layered nickel (oxy)hydroxide [Ni(OH)2 and NiOOH] layers as the catalytically active OER species were probed by in-situ XANES data.

Comparative analysis of the nutritional composition, phytochemicals, and antioxidant activity of chia seeds, flax seeds, and psyllium husk

Currently, the cultivation of chia has expanded globally owing to its abundance of nutrients and bioactive compounds. This study aimed to explore the nutritional profile, fatty Acid composition, flavonoids (TFC), and antioxidant activity (AA) of chia seed (Salvia hispanica) cultivated under the climatic conditions of the Siberian region compared with flax seed (Linum usitatissimum) and psyllium husk (Plantago ovata). Additionally, the influence of different green solvent (water:ethanol) ratios on the TPC, TFC, and AA was examined. Results demonstrated that chia seeds have considerably greater dietary fiber (27.50 ± 0.021%) and protein contents (23.50 ± 0.015%) compared to flax seed and psyllium husk (P < 0.05). The major fatty acid were found to be α-Linolenic acid in chia seed, flax seed and psyllium husk extract were found to be with relative percentages of 62.65%, 52.40%, and 59.66%, respectively. Chia seed also demonstrated considerably greater TPC (2.17 ± 0.08 mg GAE/g), TFC (1.08 ± 0.20 mg QE/g), and AA (88.13 ± 0.11) than flax seed and psyllium husk (P < 0.001). Pearson's correlation (R2 = 0.987) demonstrated a substantial link between TFC and their respective AA. This study revealed that chia seed extracts accumulate a tremendous number of nutritional profile and phytochemicals, as well as demonstrate excellent antioxidant activity. Therefore, it is important to consider the possibility of cultivating chia seeds in the Siberian area since the climatic conditions do not have an effect on the nutritional and phytochemical components of the seeds.

The Effect of Combustion Phase According to the Premixed Ethanol Ratio Based on the Same Total Lower Heating Value on the Formation and Oxidation of Exhaust Emissions in a Reactivity-Controlled Compression Ignition Engine

A compression ignition engine generates power by using the auto-ignition characteristics of fuel injected into the cylinder. Although it has high fuel efficiency, it discharges a lot of exhaust emissions such as NOX and PM. Therefore, there is much ongoing research aiming to reduce the exhaust emissions by using the technologies applied in this regard, such as PCCI, HCCI, etc. However, these methods still discharge large exhaust emissions. The RCCI method, which combines the spark ignition method and compression ignition method, is attracting attention. So, in this work, the objective of this study is to numerically investigate the effect of combustion phase according to the premixed ethanol ratio based on the same total heating value in-cylinder by changing the initial air composition on the formation and oxidation of exhaust emissions in the RCCI engine. The heating value of the premixed ethanol ratio varied from 0% to 40% based on the same total lower heating value in-cylinder in steps of 10%. It was assumed that the ethanol introduced into the cylinder through the premixing chamber was evaporated, and the initial air composition in the cylinder was changed and set. It was revealed that when the premixed ratio based on the same total lower heating value was increased, the introduced fuel amount into the crevice volume with advancing the start of energizing timing was decreased, which increased the peak cylinder pressure. In addition, the ignition delay was also longer due to the low cylinder temperature by the evaporation latent heat of the ethanol, which reduced the compression loss, so the IMEP value was increased. The rich equivalence ratio had a narrow distribution in the cylinder, which caused a reduction in cylinder temperature, so the NO formation amount was reduced. The ISCO value increased the increase in premixed ethanol ratio based on the same total lower heating value in-cylinder because the flame propagation of ethanol by combustion of diesel did not work well, and the CO formed by combustion was slowly oxidized due to the cylinder’s low temperature as a result of the evaporation latent heat of ethanol. From these results, the optimal operating conditions for simultaneously reducing the exhaust emissions and improving the combustion performance were judged such that the start of energizing timing was BTDC 23 deg, and the premixed ethanol ratio based on the same total lower heating value in-cylinder was 40%.

FORMULASI DAN EVALUASI FISIK SEDIAAN PASTA GIGI EKSTRAK DAUN BELUNTAS DENGAN VARIASI KONSENTRASI GLISERIN

Beluntas leaves (Pluchea indica) are a plant that has alkaloid, tannin and flavonoid compounds so it can be used as an antibacterial against streptococcus mutans which causes dental caries with an inhibitory power of 13.9 mm at a concentration of 5% (strong). Beluntas leaves can be developed into a toothpaste preparation. The aim of this research was to determine the formulation and physical evaluation of beluntas leaf extract toothpaste preparations with varying glycerin concentrations.Making beluntas leaf extract using the maceration method with 96% solvent ethanol ratio 1:10. Making toothpaste with varying glycerin concentrations, F1(5%), F2(7.5%), F3(10%). Physical evaluation of toothpaste preparations includes organoleptic, homogeneity, pH, high foam, spreadability and viscosity.Organoleptic tests of the three formula has a distinctive menthol odorhave the same odor, semi form solid and dark green color. The homogeneity test results F1= not homogeneous, F2= homogeneous, F3= homogeneous. Toothpaste pH test results F1 = 7.22 ± 0.10, F2 = 7.38 ± 0.12, F3 = 8.20 ± 0.35. The results of the toothpaste viscosity test were 9814.8 ± 0.55 cps, F2 = 9812.9 ± 0.59 cps, F3 =9811, 7±0.74 cps. The spreadability test results of toothpaste were F1=2.92±0.09 cm, F2=2.94±0.34 cm, F3=3.20±0.21 cm. Test results for toothpaste foam height F1 = 5.67 ± 0.67 mm, F2 = 5.67 ± 0.34 mm, F3 = 7.00 ± 0.33 mm. Based on the results of the One Way Anova test and the Kruskal Wallis test, it was concluded that variations in glycerin concentration had a significant effect on the spreadability, pH and viscosity tests.

Advancement in embedding Pb quantum dots into a Porous-Si matrix for superior X-ray radiation detection: An extended gate approach

This study reports on the synthesis of porous silicon (PS) and porous silicon doped with lead (PS–Pb) using an electrochemical method with a primary focus on optimizing key synthesis parameters to enhance material properties. During the synthesis, hydrofluoric acid (HF) and ethanol ratios were maintained at 4:1, which was crucial in achieving the desired structural properties. A structural analysis of the synthesized nanocomposites was conducted using Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy-Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (FESEM-EDX). This structural analysis validated the successful incorporation of lead (Pb) into the samples. Among the key aspects of this study were the evaluation of the I–V characteristics of the PS-Pb nanocomposites. Based on the findings of I–V measurements, an increase in the bias voltage was observed, which was directly correlated with an increase in measured current, indicating significant changes in electrical properties as a result of Pb doping. Furthermore, the responses of these materials to X-ray pulse irradiation under various conditions were successfully measured and compared, enhancing the understanding of their potential as radiation detectors. The optimal electrochemical conditions for synthesizing PS and Pd-PS were identified as 90 V, 100 mA, 1 s, and 100 V, 100 mA, 0.5 s, respectively. As a result of optimizing electrochemical synthesis parameters, lead-doped porous silicon (Pb-PS) exhibited a marked reduction in pore size, decreasing from an average of 420.88 nm in undoped PS to 244.54 nm in Pb-PS. This structural refinement correlated with improved electrical properties; I–V measurements demonstrated that the current response at a bias voltage of 0.3 V improved from 1.6×10−5 A to 6.23×10−4 An under identical conditions. Furthermore, these materials responded to X-ray radiation and showed enhanced sensitivity, with Pb-PS detectors achieving a lower response time and higher current under X-ray exposure compared to undoped PS. These findings open up new avenues for employing these nanocomposites in advanced applications, particularly in fields that require precise and efficient radiation detection, such as medical imaging and environmental monitoring. This work represents a significant contribution to the field, illustrating the potential of these custom-engineered materials for the advancement of modern healthcare and detection technologies.

Supercritical carbon dioxide and ethanol-assisted extraction of bioactive compounds from Bourbon, Catimor, and Caturra coffee pulp for maximized antioxidant and therapeutic properties

Coffee pulp waste contains valuable bioactive components that are often discarded, leading to environmental impact. The optimum level of supercritical (50 % CO2: ethanol) extraction (SFE) condition revealed the highest yield% and antioxidant activity assayed by 2,2-Diphenyl-1-Picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) in coffee peel compared to hot water (85 °C), and 80 % ethanol. Additionally, the optimized SFE condition at 60 °C, 300 Bar, and 60 min showed the highest yield (p > 0.05), and antioxidant activity of Bourbon, Caturra and Catimor coffee pulp extracts (CPE). Cell-based experiments unveiled the fascinating biological effects of the CPE. Cytotoxicity in both RAW 264.7 and HepG-2 cells, indicating their potential to trigger apoptosis, all the while demonstrating anti-inflammatory properties. Among the different coffee varieties, Caturra consistently exhibited the highest level of biological activity. The Western blot analysis further elucidated the extracts' capacity to influence critical cellular markers linked to oxidative stress, inflammation, and antioxidant responses, with the unaltered NF-kB expression implying a targeted impact on specific cellular pathways. Therefore, SFE using 50 % CO2: ethanol ratios could extract the maximum phytochemicals and impart excellent functional properties as a functional ingredient for food fortification.