Proportion Of Ethanol Research Articles

Experimental study on spray characteristics, combustion stability, and emission performance of a CRDI diesel engine operated with biodiesel–ethanol blends

Biodiesel is a promising alternative fuel for diesel engines, but its high viscosity and low volatility have limitations in decreasing emissions. As a renewable alternative fuel with a high oxygen content, ethanol blended with biodiesel can decrease kinematic viscosity and improve fuel evaporation. In this study, the effects of the ethanol addition ratio on the spray, combustion, and emission performances of a diesel engine fuelled with biodiesel were investigated. The spray characteristics were measured using a high-speed camera and Malvern laser analysis, whereas the combustion and emission performances were tested on a turbocharged common rail direct injection (CRDI) diesel engine. The results show that adding ethanol to biodiesel enlarges the spray cone angle (SCA) and shortens spray tip penetration (STP). In addition, the curves of the size–volume distribution (SVD) of the atomized fuel droplets move toward a smaller diameter, and the Sauter mean diameter (SMD) of the biodiesel–ethanol (BE) blends gradually decreases with increasing ethanol proportion. At low loads, the fuel injection strategy is multi-injection, and the peak cylinder pressures (PCPs) of BE blends are 0.77–1.96% higher than that of diesel at different ethanol blending ratios. However, the peak heat release rates (PHRRs) of BE blends are 9.3–11.5% higher than that of diesel owing to a faster combustion rate, longer main-injection duration, and more hydroxyl radicals generated in the pilot-injection stage. At medium–high loads, the injection strategy changes to single injection, the PCPs of BE blends are roughly equivalent to that of diesel, and the PHRRs of BE blends for different ethanol blending ratios are 9.76–11.91% lower than that of diesel. This is because of the lower diffusion combustion ratio, lower heat value, and change of injection duration corresponding to the variation in fuel properties. In addition, the results of the peak pressure rise rate and the cyclic variation indicate that the higher ethanol addition ratio increases the combustion noise and decreases the combustion stability. In terms of exhaust emissions, compared with biodiesel, with increasing ethanol blending ratio, the soot emissions for different BE blends decrease by 11.28–47.23%, the NOx emissions increase by 2.68–7.04%, and the HC emissions increase by 9.99–21.47%. Considering the engine performance comprehensively, a 20% ethanol blending ratio in biodiesel is recommended.

Optimization of simple sugar extraction of nagara bean (Vigna unguiculata ssp. Cylindrica) on concentration and proportion of ethanol

Nagara bean, the native bean of South Kalimantan, is not only contains carbohydrates and protein, but also contains oligosaccharide fractions such as raffinose and stachiose that can cause flatulence. Raffinosa Family Oligosacharide (RFO) is an undigested carbohydrate that is naturally found in beans. The presence of the oligosaccharide fraction can be identified through reducing sugar and total sugar content in nagara bean. The yield of this fraction depends on the type of material and extraction method, such as the type of solvent, solvent concentration, contact time and extraction temperature. This study was aimed to optimize the extraction of simple sugar fractions on nagara bean at several concentrations of ethanol with various ratio of nagara bean flour to ethanol using the Response Surface Methods (RSM). Optimization was carried out at the center point ethanol concentration of 50% and the ratio of nagara bean flour and ethanol of 1: 10. The optimization results of the simple sugar fraction extraction process in nagara bean flour were obtained at a concentration of 30% ethanol and a ratio of ethanol to nagara bean flour of 10: 1 at extraction conditions at 50° C and extraction time of 30 minutes.

Miniaturized Microbiological Method to Determine the Potency of Rifaximin in Tablets.

Rifaximin, a semi-synthetic antimicrobial, does not present microbiological method described in official compendia, and there is a lack of literature on this topic. The quality control of antimicrobials is extremely important to evaluate the real potency of pharmaceutical products. A miniaturized turbidimetric method for determining the potency of rifaximin in tablets was developed and validated by turbidimetry, according to the international guidelines. Escherichia coli ATCC 10536 IAL 2393, brain heart infusion (BHI) broth, inoculum at 8%, rifaximin in purified water with 20% ethanol at 5, 10, and 20 μg/mL and 530 nm were used. The method was considered selective for rifaximin, as the adjuvants did not show activity; linear with correlation coefficients 0.9998 for standard and 0.9999 for sample; accurate with 99.73% recovery; precise with RSD less than 3%; and robust in the face of small variations in (i) rifaximin volume, (ii) proportion of ethanol, (iii) inoculum volume. The method is considered adequate and safe to evaluate the potency of rifaximin in tablets, contemplating speed, low cost, low waste generation, and ease of operation. This work usescurrent, sustainable, and green analytical chemistry and can be used in the routine analyses of rifaximin by laboratories and the pharmaceutical industry around the world.

Morphology regulation of Sr-substituted hydroxyapatite by l-glutamic acid in a solvent- and initial temperature-dependent manner

A bi-solvent system (ethanol and water) with the presence of l-glutamic acid (L-glu) was developed to achieve the controlled synthesis of whisker-like or urchin-like Sr-substituted HA (SrHA) through hydrothermal treatment. The effects of initial temperature of aqueous solution (ASIT), the presence of Sr, and ethanol proportion on HA morphology were investigated and the underlying mechanisms were illustrated. The results indicate that Sr and ethanol have antagonistic effects on the size of HA whisker, the introduction of Sr tends to reduce the whisker size, while the addition of ethanol tends to increase the nucleation efficiency. Finally, the whisker size and uniformity of SrHA can be regulated via ethanol proportion in the bi-solvent system. ASIT mainly affects the uniformity of solution by affecting Brownian motion in solution, which couples with the different solubility of l-glu and reactant ions in water and ethanol, ultimately determines whether the morphology of HA is whisker-like or urchin-like. Our bi-solvent system simplifies the complex process of template agent screening compared with the ways that introducing several templates agents to achieve the morphology regulation, and enriches the methods of controlled synthesis of different morphological Sr-HA. This feasible method may provide new strategy for simplifying the synthesis of other ions-doping HA with a certain morphology.

Free Swelling Behaviour of Bentonite-sand Mixtures in Presence of Pore Fluids of Different Dielectric Constants

The free swelling behaviour of bentonite sand mixtures have been studied using different percentage of ethanol-water and methanol-water solutions. Free swell index tests were conducted at different proportion of ethanol and methanol with distilled water(0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100%). Free swell index (FSI), modified free swell index (MFSI) and free swell ratio (FSR) were determined from the results obtained from the tests. FSI, MFSI and FSR decrease with the increase of ethanol as well as methanol percentage. Good linear correlation have been observed between the dielectric constants of the pore fluids and FSI and MFSI of the bentonite sand mixtures. The study focuses on the significant influence of dielectric constants of different percentage of ethanol and methanol water solution on the free swell of bentonite-sand mixtures. Keywords: Free swell index; modified free swell index; dielectric constant; bentonite; ethanol, methanol

Agro-Residues for Clean Electricity: In-Lab Trial of Power Generation from Blended Cocoa-Kolanut Wastes

As a way of waste-to-voltage conversion, a laboratory-based test trial of electricity generation from a blend of cocoa and kola nut harvest by-products is presented in this study. Bioethanol obtained from the blend through a process of fermentation is mixed with gasoline at specific proportions and employed to fire a spark-ignition engine that serves as a prime-mover in driving a four-pole three-phase salient-pole synchronous machine. Performance of the driving machine as the fuel-mix proportion and its speed of rotation varies is studied. Likewise, the electric power output characteristic of the driven machine operated at its rated synchronous speed is examined. It is found that the driving machine performs better on mixed fuel than on pure gasoline as the machine develops a gradual increase in mechanical torque and power as the proportion of ethanol in the fuel-mix and the rotational speed increases. While the highest values of torque and power developed on using pure gasoline are 12.4Nm and 2574W respectively at 1900rpm, 13.1Nm torque and 2953W power are obtained from the machine when powered with 10%-bioethanol fuel-mix at the same speed. Also, with 90V excitation voltage and rotation at 1500rpm synchronous speed, the driven machine continuously generates electricity at 207.6Vrms (line-to-line), 1.169A, 0.698pf, 48.17Hz, 0.294kW output. Therefore, this investigation shows that the availability of cocoa and kola nut harvest wastes could be explored as a steady source of biofuel for off-grid microgrid electrification at locations with such agricultural wastes advantages.

Characterisation of volatile compounds associated to sensory changes during the storage of traditional sorghum beer by HS-GC/FID and SPME-GC/MS

The study was carried out to analyse volatile compounds (VOCs) associated to sensory changes during the storage of traditional sorghum beer at ambient temperature and 4 °C. Tchapalo samples were collected and stored at ambient temperature (27–30 °C) for four days and at 4 °C for six days. Volatile and sensory changes were monitored during the storage period. VOCs were extracted and detected using HS-GC/FID and SPME-GC/MS. These methods allowed to identify 68 volatile compounds. The use of SPME fiber permitted to obtain 63 volatile compounds, while simple headspace (HS) was able to extract only 10 compounds. The proportions of isoamyl alcohol, phenylethyl alcohol, ethyl lactate, isoamyl acetate, ethyl hexanoate, ethyl DL-leucate, ethanol, diethyl succinate, phenethyl acetate and benzene acetaldehyde observed significant variation during the storage at ambient temperature. For Tchapalo stored at 4 °C, the proportions of ethanol, ethyl lactate, isoamyl acetate, ethyl hexanoate, ethyl octanoate and phenylethyl alcohol presented significant variation. Principal component analysis based on quantitative changes of these volatile compounds showed three groups among Tchapalo samples which reflected to the differences observed during the sensory evaluations.

Optimization of Method and Proportion of Phosphatidylcholine and Ethanol for Preparation of Kojic Acid Ethosome

Optimization of Method and Proportion of Phosphatidylcholine and Ethanol for Preparation of Kojic Acid Ethosome

Computational fluid dynamics for ameliorating oil recovery using silicon-based nanofluids and ethanol in oil-wet reservoirs

Impulsive emulsion formation, porous media wettability alteration, and interfacial tension (IFT) reduction are a list of advantages gained from the application of nanoparticles for enhanced oil recovery (EOR). However, low displacement efficiency (DE) coupled with in-effective mixing of the injected nanofluid to redeem the immobile volume of crude oil subsurface present a major challenge to the petroleum industry. The molecular chemistry of ethyl alcohol (ethanol) solvent enables the genesis of strong covalent bonds/mixing with the dense oil. As a result, the fastening converts the aromatic state of the crude oil to a lighter component to ease the flow. In this paper, we numerically investigated the potential for improving dead oil recovery in a heterogeneous rock setting using a blend of ethanol and silicon-based nanofluids to describe the EOR fluid. Herein, silica, silane and silicon carbide nanofluids were studied for their DE with ethanol as the co-solvent. A 2D heterogeneous pore-model was created and discretized to define the computational domain. Computational fluid dynamics code (ANSYS Fluent) facilitated the induction and analysis of interfacial property dynamics within the modelling space. The simulation was performed using the improved delayed detached-eddy simulation method, whereas the continuum surface-force equation with the Euler–Euler mixture multiphase method was used to model the fluid–wall and fluid–fluid adhesions at interfaces. Findings revealed that, silica nanofluid performed optimally compared to its counterpart. Furthermore, approximately 55.34% of the immobile oil was recovered using the optimal blend formulation comprising of equal proportion of silica nanofluid and ethanol. The increase in disjoining pressure and water molecules concentration at the fluid–wall​ contact, and the reduction in interfacial tension due to the evolution of in-situ surface acting agents (surfactants) from the chemical reaction kenetics accounts for this increase. In addition, the blend demonstrated good thermal stability for typical reservoir temperatures of around 400 K due to high intrinsic thermal resilence of silica nanoparticles present in the mixture.

Comparison of Chemical Composition between Kuromoji (Lindera umbellata) Essential Oil and Hydrosol and Determination of the Deodorizing Effect.

Kuromoji (Lindera umbellata) is a tree that grows throughout Japan. The components of kuromoji essential oil have antitumor and aromatherapy effects. However, the composition of the hydrosol, obtained as a by-product of the essential oil process, is unknown. Furthermore, it is unknown whether kuromoji essential oil has a deodorizing effect. Therefore, the purpose of the current study was to compare the chemical composition of kuromoji essential oil and hydrosol, as well as evaluate the deodorizing effect of the former. The chemical composition of samples was evaluated using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Additionally, the deodorizing effect of Kuromoji essential oil was investigated with the detector tube method using ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, methyl mercaptan, and isovaleric acid. Linalool was the most abundant component in both the essential oil and hydrosol; however, its proportion was higher in the hydrosol (57.5%) than in the essential oil (42.8%). The hydrosol contained fewer chemical components, but higher proportions of trans-geraniol and ethanol. Moreover, the essential oil eliminated 50% of ammonia and 97.6% or more of isovaleric acid. Interestingly, linalool was soluble in the hydrosol and did not irritate the skin. This suggests that the hydrosol may be an effective foot care product.

Anthocyanins extraction from Hibiscus sabdariffa and identification of phenolic compounds associated with their stability.

One of the main disadvantages of red pigments used in foods is their low extraction yield and storage stability. Roselle flowers are sources of anthocyanins; however, these are unstable during storage, but this could be improved with phenolic compounds, which establish bonds with the anthocyanins. The aim of this work was to identify conditions to improve the extraction efficiency and color stability of Hibiscus sabdariffa extract and, furthermore, to identify the phenolic compounds associated with color stability of roselle. The temperature of extraction (35 and 75 °C), the time of extraction (15 and 60 min), type of acid (acetic and citric), percentage of acid (0.5 and 2.0%) and the water:ethanol ratio (20:80 and 80:20) did not affect the yield of anthocyanins; only the solid:solvent ratio had an effect in the anthocyanin extraction yield. The extraction with 80% ethanol decreased up to 50% the anthocyanin degradation in the extracts stored at 4, 25, 35, 45, and 80 °C. Phenolic acids and flavonoids were quantified by ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography coupled with triple quadrupole electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. These compounds were analyzed using principal component analysis, and the H. sabdariffa extract, with greater stability, was found to be associated with the presence of quercetin, myricetin, kaempferol 3-O-glucose, ellagic acid, and rutin. H. sabdariffa extract with increased color stability was extracted with a higher proportion of ethanol and the improvement in the color stability was attributed to the co-extraction of phenolic compounds, principally flavonoids that could interact with anthocyanins and stabilize them. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.

Exploration of Nanoethosomal Transgel of Naproxen Sodium for the Treatment of Arthritis.

The present work aimed to develop an ethosomal gel of naproxen sodium for the amelioration of rheumatoid arthritis. In the present work, we have explored the potential of ethosomes to deliver naproxen into deeper skin strata. Further, the anti-inflammatory efficacy of naproxen ethosomal formulation was assessed using the carrageenan-induced rat paw edema model. Naproxen sodium nanoethosomes were prepared using different proportions of lipoid S100 (50mg-200mg), ethanol (20-50%) and water, and were further characterized on the basis of vesicle morphology, entrapment efficiency, zeta potential, in-vitro drug release and ex-vivo permeation studies. The optimized ethosomal formulation was found to have 129 ± 0.01 nm particle size, 0.295 Polydispersity Index (PDI), -3.29 mV zeta potential, 88% entrapment efficiency and 96.573% drug release in 24 hours. TEM and SEM analysis of the optimized formulation showed slightly smooth spherical structures. The Confocal laser scanning microscopy showed that ethosomes could easily infiltrate into deeper dermal layers (upto 104.9μm) whereas the hydroalcoholic solution of the drug could penetrate up to 74.9μm. Further, the optimized ethosomal formulation was incorporated into 1% carbopol 934 gel base and optimized wherein the transdermal flux was found to be approximately 10 times more than the hydroethanolic solution. Also, the in-vivo pharmacodynamic study of the optimized ethosomal gel exhibited a higher percentage inhibition of swelling paw edema than marketed diclofenac gel. The ethosomal gel was successfully developed and has shown the potential to be a good option for the replacement of conventional therapies of rheumatoid arthritis.

Electro-Osmotic Behavior of Polymeric Cation-Exchange Membranes in Ethanol-Water Solutions.

The aim of this work is to apply linear non-equilibrium thermodynamics to study the electrokinetic properties of three cation-exchange membranes of different structures in ethanol-water electrolyte solutions. To this end, liquid uptake and electro-osmotic permeability were estimated with potassium chloride ethanol-water solutions with different ethanol proportions as solvent. Current–voltage curves were also measured for each membrane system to estimate the energy dissipation due to the Joule effect. Considering the Onsager reciprocity relations, the streaming potential coefficient was discussed in terms of ethanol content of the solutions and the membrane structure. The results showed that more porous heterogeneous membrane presented lower values of liquid uptake and streaming potential coefficient with increasing ethanol content. Denser homogeneous membrane showed higher values for both, solvent uptake and streaming coefficient for intermediate content of ethanol.

Facile fabrication of hollow carbon nitride microspheres with mesoporous structures: When ethanol meets cyanamide

A facile method for preparing hollow mesoporous carbon nitride microspheres (HMCNMs) has been developed. A cyanamide/ethanol solution was used as a precursor, with ethanol acting as both a solvent and a porogen, to prepare HMCNMs with a high surface area of 112 m2/g. It was demonstrated that the HMCNM microstructure and surface morphology can be controlled by adjusting the proportion of ethanol in the precursor solution. The resulting HMCNMs exhibited much higher visible light photocatalytic degradative activity toward methylene blue than bulk graphitic carbon nitride.

Electrospun nanofibers of poly(vinyl alcohol) and chitosan-based emulsions functionalized with cabreuva essential oil

Among the essential oils (EOs), the cabreuva essential oil extracted from the wood of Myrocarpus fastigiatus, is a promising compound for potential applications in the field of pharmaceuticals and food packaging. To overcome the low solubility of cabreuva EO and to protect it, a two-step process, emulsion formation compound by chitosan, SDS, and PVA, and subsequent ionic crosslinking with sodium citrate, was proposed. The formulation containing 0.75% of chitosan and 1% of SDS proved to be the most stable. An alternative to produce nanostructures and encapsulate the EO is the fiber formation through the electrospinning method. The system composed by a PVA solution assembled with crosslinked emulsions modified the viscosity, influencing the morphology of the obtained nanofibers. The advantage of the electrospun nanofibers was their ability to be an effective carrier of the cabreuva EO and the capacity of controlling the compound release that proved an effective activity against broad spectra of micro-organisms (Candida albicans, E. coli, S. aureus, and S. epidermidis).The Gallagher-Corrigan model, used to fit the release profiles of matrices in contact with increasing ethanol proportion from 25:75 to 50:50 showed higher Kb in relation to k suggesting that the polymer swelling played an increasingly prominent role in the EO delivery. The developed nanostructures would be materials with potential applications in the biomedical field.

Modeling an in silico platform to predict chromatographic profiles of UV filters using ChromSimulator

The use of Analytical Quality by Design (AQbD) concepts is increasing for rational development of analytical methods of liquid chromatography. To facilitate the use of the AQbD approach, we developed an in silico tool capable of predicting the chromatographic profile of organic UV filters based on theoretical retention and separation predictions, in absence of experimentation, with sufficient assertiveness to support analytical development. For this purpose, we used Design of Experiments (DoE) in conjunction with chemical understanding offered by Quantitative Structure – Retention Relationship (QSRR), combined with Monte Carlo method (MCM). Seven analytes were used to establish the prediction model: benzophenone-3, butyl methoxydibenzoilmethane, ethylhexyl triazone, ethylhexyl dimetyl PABA, ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate, bis-ethylhexyloxyphenol methoxyphenyl triazine, and octocrylene. The model generated by multiple regression analysis, using Minitab 19 software, obtained a determination coefficient (R2) of 99.82% and an adjusted determination coefficient (R2 adj) of 99.80%, in addition, residual values had normal distribution, homoscedasticity, and independence. From the results obtained, the predictors considered in the model were the proportion of ethanol in the mobile phase, mobile phase pH, mobile phase flow rate, column temperature, and molecular descriptors (Wlambda3.unity, ATSc5, and geomShape). The model exhibited high performance in internal and external validation, obtaining coefficients of prediction (R2 pred) and determination (R2) of 99.71% and 99.79%, respectively. The in silico platform demonstrated great potential for predicting profile and chromatographic parameters of organic UV filters, allowing, without experimentation, an overview of the retention behavior of compounds under various chromatographic conditions.

Effects of Ethanol Blending on the Formation of Soot in n-Heptane/Air Coflow Diffusion Flame

Laminar diffusion flame was used to study the effect of ethanol on n-heptane flame in terms of the morphology and microstructure of soot under atomization combustion. For the same carbon mass flux at the outlet of the burner, the ratio of ethanol doping in n-heptane was changed, and the soot was collected from the axial positions of the flame at different heights using the thermophoresis probe method. The results showed that the flame height increased significantly with the increasing ratio of ethanol doping. When the ratio of ethanol and n-heptane (CE/CN) was 1.5, the flame height increased by 10 mm compared with that of pure n-heptane flame. Besides, the temperature in the center of the flame decreased with the increasing ratio of ethanol doping, but the temperature in the low position was higher than that in the pure n-heptane flame, and the temperature in the high position was lower than that in the pure n-heptane flame. However, the flame temperature was the highest when the proportion of ethanol in the mixture was greater than that of n-heptane. The temperature at the flame center decreased with the increasing ratio of ethanol doping, while the temperature at the flame edge increased with the ratio. The primary particle size of soot (soot size hereafter) in all working conditions increased with the increase of flame height, which was in line with the general growth law of soot. Moreover, the soot size at the same height decreased with the increasing ratio of ethanol doping, and this trend was most obvious at the flame height of 20 mm and 30 mm. Compared with pure n-heptane, when CE/CN was 1.5, the soot size at 20 mm and 30 mm decreased by an average of 34.83%, indicating that ethanol could inhibit the surface growth of soot particle. Furthermore, the density of soot particles collected by a single copper net decreased significantly, indicating that ethanol could reduce the production amount of soot.

AM fungi increase uptake of Cd and BDE-209 and activities of dismutase and catalase in amaranth (Amaranthus hypochondriacus L.) in two contaminants spiked soil

Soil co-contaminated with cadmium (Cd) and decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) is a widespread environmental problem, especially in electronic waste contaminated surroundings. Accumulation of Cd and BDE-209 in crops has possibly harmful effects on local human health. In order to assess the potential of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi and amaranth (Amaranthus hypochondriacus L.) in remediation of soil co-contaminated with Cd and BDE-209, pot trials were performed to investigate interactive effects of AM fungi, Cd and BDE-209 on growth of amaranth, uptake of Cd and BDE-209, distribution of chemical forms of Cd and activities of antioxidant enzymes in shoots and dissipation of BDE-209 in soil. The present results showed that shoot biomass of non-mycorrhizal plants was significantly inhibited by increasing of Cd addition (5-15mgkg-1), but were only slightly declined with BDE-209 addition (5mgkg-1). The interaction of Cd and BDE-209 reduced the proportions of ethanol- and d-H2O-extractable Cd in shoots, consequently alleviated Cd toxicity to plants and enhanced root uptake of Cd and BDE-209. Inoculation of AM fungi resulted in significantly greater shoot biomass as well as higher concentrations of Cd and BDE-209 compared with non-mycorrhizal treatment. Moreover, AM fungi played a beneficial role in relieving oxidative stress on amaranth by increasing the activities of dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) in shoots and significantly improved the dissipation of BDE-209 in soil. The present study suggested that combination of AM fungi and amaranth may be a potential option for remediation of Cd and BDE-209 co-contaminated soils.

Radiolysis effect of the high proportion of ethanol in the preparation of albumin nanoparticle

The effects of ionising radiation on proteins have been studied since the initial stages of this technology. These effects can be either direct or indirect, and many radical reactions are expected to occur according to the irradiation conditions and sample preparation. Recently, albumin nanoparticles have been prepared, for technological purposes, by irradiation of protein solutions in the presence of a high amount of ethanol.The radiation-induced crosslinking process in the protein nanoparticle preparation is a matter of study; therefore in the present work different experimental data and reported results are evaluated in order to discuss the radical reactions involved in this process.According to a quantitative analysis of solvent radiolysis, based on reported data and some key experimental determinations, the hydroxyethyl radicals and solvated electrons are the main radiolysis species present in the media. Selected free amino acids dissolved in water with a high amount of ethanol were gamma-irradiated to study the gradiation of modification by radiolysis, using UV-vis and fluorescence spectroscopy as well as HPLC-EIS-MS/MS. Amino acids such as alanine, tyrosine and phenylalanine showed a low degree of chemical modifications; meanwhile, histidine, cystine and tryptophan were modified by solvent radiolysis. Using SDS-PAGE, it is demonstrated the participation of reducible chemical bridges in the nanoparticle stabilisation. A prototypical model of the crosslinking process involved in albumin nanoparticle preparation is discussed in the base to (i) SDS-PAGE analysis of protein composition of albumin nanoparticle under reductive and non-reductive conditions; (ii) radiolysis effect onto some free amino acid solutions in the same experimental conditions; and (iii) analysis of reported studies of reductive radical stress onto albumin.

Numerical Analysis of Low Speed Pre-Ignition and Knock Process in Downsized Turbocharged Direct Injection Engines with Ethanol-Gasoline Blends

The feasibility of the calculation model and calculation methods is verified by engine bench test and visual rapid compression machine (RCM) test as reported in this paper. Using AVL software FIRE, the processes of low speed preignition (LSPI) and super knock triggered by the oil particles have been studied by numerical analysis of downsized turbocharged direct injection (DI) engines with different proportions of ethanol-gasoline blended fuel and different operating conditions (1200 r·min−1, 1600 r·min−1). The results show that the E10 and E20 fuel engines produce super knock successively; with the increase of the ethanol proportion, even if the LSPI phenomenon (1200 r·min−1) still occurs and leads to the subsequent knock process, the pressure rise amplitude is obviously reduced, and no super knock phenomenon occurs at the time when the ethanol proportion reaches 30%; there is no LSPI phenomenon in the engine after the blending rate is above 50%. The overall conclusion is that there must be LSPI before the super knock in ethanol-gasoline blended fuel downsized turbocharged DI engines, but the LSPI not always lead to super knock. With the increase of ethanol proportion, even if the LSPI occurs in the engine cylinder, it only causes regular knock.