Ethanol Gasoline Mixtures Research Articles

Temperature Influence on Phase Stability of Ethanol-Gasoline Mixtures

The article investigates phase stability of ethanol-gasoline mixtures depending on their composition, water concentration in ethanol and ethanol-gasoline mixture and temperature. There have been determined the perfect functioning conditions of spark ignition engines fueled with ethanol-gasoline mixtures.

Phase Stability of Monoatomic Alcohol-Gasoline Mixtures for Different Compositions and Hydrodynamic Conditions

The article investigates phase stability for the mixtures of monoatomic alcohols (ethanol, butanol) with gasoline in the presence of water. There have been determined the optimal storage conditions of mixtures depending on their composition and mixing conditions. The positive influence of butanol on the phase stability of ethanol-gasoline mixtures was detected.

Kinetic Modeling of the Oxidation of Ethanol and Gasoline Surrogate Mixtures

The kinetic characterization of the oxidation of ethanol–gasoline mixtures is of interest due mainly to its role in sustainable combustion processes. The aim of this paper is to revise and validate a kinetic mechanism of ethanol combustion inside a general scheme able to describe the pyrolysis and oxidation of hydrocarbons. Model predictions and experimental measurements are discussed and successfully compared across a wide range of operating conditions. This study moves from the detailed analysis of species profiles of ethanol oxidation in jet-stirred, flow reactors and laminar flames to global combustion properties (ignition delay times and laminar flame speeds) by referring to a large set of literature data; the analysis is then extended to the effect of ethanol on the combustion of ethanol–gasoline mixtures. The large experimental data set discussed in this paper includes very recent measurements and covers a wide range of operating conditions. The chemical effect of ethanol on the combustion properties of ethanol–gasoline mixtures is also highlighted.

Rapid and quantitative detection of ethanol proportion in ethanol–gasoline mixtures by Raman spectroscopy

The paper reports a Raman spectral in-situ detection technique to measure the ethanol proportion in an ethanol–gasoline mixture rapidly and quantitatively. The transformed information of Raman spectra for different mixtures of gasoline and ethanol have been observed and recorded. The relative intensity ratio of two typical Raman peaks for ethanol and gasoline satisfies a linear relation with a variation in volume ratio which could be used as a quantitative measure. This method, compared with the direct intensity measurement of a Raman peak, may not only eliminate the random measurement error due to dark current, but also confirm the accurate the proportion of ethanol and gasoline.

Polymeric electronic gas sensor for determining alcohol content in automotive fuels

In this paper we describe the electrosynthesis of poly[(2-bromo-5-hexyloxy-1,4-phenylenevinylene)-co-(1,4-phenylenevinylene)] (BHPPV-co-PPV), a novel conducting copolymer, and its application as active layer of a chemiresistive gas sensor suitable for quantification of ethanol present in ethanol–gasoline mixtures normally present in the fuel tanks of flex-fuel vehicles. This information is crucial for the smooth operation of the engine since it permits optimal air:fuel ratio regulation. The sensor consists of an interdigitated electrode coated with a thin polymer film doped with dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid. On exposure to fuel vapours at room temperature, the device presents a linear correlation between its electrical conductance and the ethanol concentration in the fuel.

Application and Development of Biomass Fuels for Transportation in China

Biomass fuels have become a big concern due to the large increase in green house gases and the rapid rise of petroleum prices around the world. This paper reviews recent developments in biomass fuels, such as ethanol and biodiesel, in China. Ethanol-gasoline mixture (E10) for vehicles is currently distributed in nine provinces while biodiesel is under development. One way to extend the application of ethanol is to burn it in diesel engines to lower soot emissions. The effects of the different methods blending ethanol with fossil diesel, and blending biodiesel with fossil diesel and ethanol-diesel on the combustion and emissions are investigated. The test results show that ethanol and biodiesel can be mixed with fossil diesel to greatly reduce particulate matter and soot emissions from diesel engines. But the application of ethanol blending with fossil diesel is more difficult than that of ethanol blending with gasoline, and biodiesel blending with fossil diesel. The dual-fuel injection of ethanol and diesel systems has the highest smoke reduction effect for a high ethanol fraction.

Molar enthalpy of vaporization of ethanol–gasoline mixtures and their colloid state

Vapour pressure measurements are used to evaluate the enthalpy of vaporization of ethanol–gasoline mixtures. Partial molar values are also derived. The dispersed structure of ethanol–gasoline fuel is studied for the first time using the method of correlation spectroscopy of scattered light. A large range of dispersed particle sizes in different alcohol–gasoline systems is found. The dependence of the mean radius of drops on ethanol content is determined. It is found that coalescence phenomenon occurs in the systems when extra ethanol is added.

Effects of an ethanol-gasoline mixture: results of a 4-week inhalation study in rats

The inhalation toxicity of an ethanol-gasoline mixture was investigated in rats. Groups of 15 male and 15 female rats were exposed by inhalation to 6130 ppm ethanol, 500 ppm gasoline or a mixture of 85% ethanol and 15% gasoline (by volume, 6130 ppm ethanol and 500 ppm gasoline), 6 h a day, 5 days per week for 4 weeks. Control rats of both genders received HEPA/charcoal-filtered room air. Ten males and ten females from each group were killed after 4 weeks of treatment and the remaining rats were exposed to filtered room air for an additional 4 weeks to determine the reversibility of toxic injuries. Female rats treated with the mixture showed growth suppression, which was reversed after 4 weeks of recovery. Increased kidney weight and elevated liver microsomal ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) activity, urinary ascorbic acid, hippuric acid and blood lymphocytes were observed and most of the effects were associated with gasoline exposure. Combined exposure to ethanol and gasoline appeared to exert an additive effect on growth suppression. Inflammation of the upper respiratory tract was observed only in the ethanol-gasoline mixture groups, and exposure to either ethanol and gasoline had no effect on the organ, suggesting that an irritating effect was produced when the two liquids were mixed. Morphology in the adrenal gland was characterized by vacuolation of the cortical area. Although histological changes were generally mild in male and female rats and were reversed after 4 weeks, the changes tended to be more severe in male rats. Brain biogenic amine levels were altered in ethanol- and gasoline-treated groups; their levels varied with respect to gender and brain region. Although no general interactions were observed in the brain neurotransmitters, gasoline appeared to suppress dopamine concentrations in the nucleus accumbens region co-exposed to ethanol. It was concluded that treatment with ethanol and gasoline, at the levels studied, produced mild, reversible biochemical hematological and histological effects, with some indications of interactions when they were co-administered.

A simple impedance method for determining ethanol and regular gasoline mixtures mass contents

A simple electric impedance sensor embedded in ethanol and regular gasoline blends for determining mass ratios was built and tested in the present work. It was carried out a quantitative evaluation of mixtures for several fuel mass ratios in the temperature range of −10 to 40 °C. A non-linear dimensionless electrical conductivity–fuel mass ratio correlation was obtained for a 0–100% ethanol mass content in gasoline. Tests at different temperatures showed that the temperature had an important influence over the mixture bulk conductivity and sensor signal. This work was carried out following the Brazilian automotive industry trend of using ethanol–gasoline mixtures at any proportion to power passenger automobile engines.

Quantification of 2,4-dinitrophenyl-hydrazones of low molecular mass aldehydes and ketones using HPLC

This study was undertaken to evaluate the HPLC separation and quantification of several low molecular mass aldehydes and ketones, which may be produced during combustion in alcohol-fueled automobiles, by means of their dinitrophenylhydrazone derivatives. Stationary phases (ODS), mobile phase components (acetonitrile or methanol with water) and detection sensitivity at 254 and 365 nm were evaluated. Separation of eight dinitrophenylhydrazones could be achieved in approximately 20 minutes using a Zorbax ODS or a Supelcosil LC-PAH column with a MeOH:H2O (75∶25 v/v) mobile phase. Complete separations were not obtained with either a Nova-Pack C-18 or an Ultrasphere ODS column. The use of acetonitrile-water mobile phases produces poorer resolution at all compositions tested. Quantification of the compounds by several methods was compared, with the lowest standard deviations being seen with the external than 1.5 pmol for each of the 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazones in the test solution. The method is being applied to the analysis of aldehydes and ketones in the exhaust of automobile engines fueled by ethanolgasoline mixtures.