Ethanol Extract Of Plant Research Articles

Acute oral toxicity assessment of ethanolic extract of Cassia auriculata linn whole plant in Albino mice

The current study was conducted to assess the safety of an ethanol extract of the Cassia auriculata linn entire plant by detecting its potential toxicity following acute administration in Swiss albino mice. For the acute investigation, an ethanol extract of Cassia auriculata linn entire plant was supplied to albino mice in a single dose of 0-2000 mg/kg via feeding. After feeding, behavioral changes, adverse effects, and death were assessed for up to 14 days. Histopathological examinations were performed 14 days following oral dosing. At the end of the observation period, animals were sacrificed. In an acute investigation with ethanol extract of Cassia auriculata linn, the whole plant showed no behavioral alterations indicating detrimental effects or deaths. There were no significant differences in organ weights or gross necropsy between the treatment and control groups. The ethanol extract of Cassia auriculata linn entire plant can be deemed relatively harmless at the oral dose tested because it did not induce any mortality or unfavorable behavioral changes in albino mice, according to a necropsy investigation in acute toxicity.

Phytochemical Screening and Antibacterial Potency of Aspilia africana Leaves and Gardenia jasminoides Root Extracts

The increasing resistance of pathogenic bacteria to conventional antibiotics has necessitated the search for alternative antimicrobial agents, particularly from plants. This study investigates the phytochemical composition and antibacterial activity of ethanol and n-hexane extracts of Aspilia africana leaves and Gardenia jasminoides roots. Phytochemical screening was carried out using standard methods. The extracts were tested against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Bacillus subtilis using the disc diffusion method and Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) determination. The phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, and terpenoids in varying concentrations across both plant extracts. The ethanol extract of Aspilia africana exhibited the highest flavonoid content (12.38%), while Gardenia jasminoides roots had a significantly higher tannin concentration (23.68%) in the ethanol extract compared to Aspilia africana (0.12%). Alkaloids and saponins were also abundant in Gardenia jasminoides roots (5.37% and 9.85%, respectively), particularly in the ethanol extract. Both plant extracts demonstrated significant antibacterial activity, with the ethanol extracts showing higher potency. The results of the antimicrobial analysis showed that the ethanol extracts of both plants demonstrated greater antimicrobial efficacy, particularly at higher concentrations. Gardenia jasminoides root extract showed inhibitory activity against all tested bacteria at 50mg/l and lower concentrations. Similarly, the n-hexane extract exhibited antibacterial activity, albeit less potent than the ethanol extract. In conclusion, the results indicate that both plant species possess potent antibacterial properties, particularly in ethanol extracts, supporting their traditional use in treating bacterial infections and justifying further research into their medicinal applications.

Isolation and characterization of Streptococcus agalactiae inducing mass mortalities in cultured Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) with trials for disease control using zinc oxide nanoparticles and ethanolic leaf extracts of some medicinal plants

BackgroundStreptococcus agalactiae (Group B streptococcus, GBS) induces a serious infection that can harm not only aquatic life but also humans and other animals. In a fish farm in southern Egypt, Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) has developed an epidemic with clinical symptoms resembling piscine streptococcosis.ResultsInitial microscopic inspection of the affected fish brain and kidney indicated the presence of Gram-positive cocci. S. agalactiae was effectively isolated and identified using nucleotide homology of the 16S rRNA and species-specific PCR. The partial 16S rRNA sequence was deposited in the GenBank database at the NCBI and given the accession number MW599202. Genotyping using RAPD analysis indicated that the isolates in the present study belonged to the same genotypes and had the same origin. The challenge test, via immersion (9.2 × 107, 9.2 × 106, and 9.2 × 105 CFU/ml for 1 h) or intraperitoneal injection (4.6 × 107, 4.6 × 106, and 4.6 × 105 CFU/fish), elicited clinical symptoms resembling those of naturally infected fish with a mortality rate as high as 80%. The ability to create a biofilm as one of the pathogen virulence factors was verified. Zinc oxide nanoparticles and the ethanolic leaf extracts of nine medicinal plants demonstrated considerable antibacterial activities against the tested S. agalactiae strain with low minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBC) and minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC). The ethanolic leaf extracts from Lantana camara and Aberia caffra showed potent antibacterial activity with MBC values of 0.24 and 0.485 mg/ml, and MIC values of 0.12 & 0.24 mg/ml, respectively.ConclusionThis study isolated S. agalactiae from O. niloticus mortalities in a fish farm in Assiut, Egypt. The pathogen persists in fish environments and can escape through biofilm formation, suggesting it cannot be easily eliminated. However, promising findings were obtained with in vitro control employing zinc oxide nanoparticles and medicinal plant extracts. Nevertheless further in vivo research is needed.

Protective effect of evodiamine on acetic acid-induced gastric ulcers in rats through regulation of ROS/ICAM1/Nrf2 signaling pathway

Purpose: To investigate the anti-inflammatory and antiprotozoal effects as well as chemical profile of ethanol extracts of Hedyotis diffusa (Rubiaceae) (HDE) and Scutellaria barbata (Lamiaceae) (SBE). Methods: Dried whole plants collected in Vietnam were extracted with ethanol (30 and 96 %) by maceration for 4 weeks. The resulting extracts obtained after evaporating the solvent were stored in a refrigerator at 4 oC. Mouse carrageenan-induced inflammation and mouse macrophage cell line RAW264.7 were used to assess the in vivo and in vitro anti-inflammatory activities, respectively, while ciliate, Tetrahymena pyriformis was used to determine antiprotozoal effects. Ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS) was employed to analyze the chemical profiles of the extracts. Results: All the extracts manifested anti-inflammatory effects in vitro and in vivo. The HDE exhibited significantly higher in vitro anti-inflammatory activity than SBE (p < 0.05). Furthermore, in vivo antiinflammatory activity was higher in SBE compared to HDE. Both extracts exhibited antiprotozoal effects. The 96 % ethanol extract of both plants were more active than the 30 % ethanol extracts. Analysis by UHPLC‐Q‐TOF- MS revealed the presence of chrysin, apigenin and apigenin derivatives, naringenin, wogonin, quercetin and quercetin derivatives, as well as scutellarin. Conclusion: The HDE and SBE extracts from Vietnam exhibit significant in vivo and in vitro antiinflammatory activities and in addition, antiprotozoal activity against Tetrahymena pyriformis. These plants, therefore, are potential sources of antiprotozoal agents.

Phytochemical and pharmacological evaluation of bacopa monniera for anti – anxiety activity

Anxiety, a common emotional response to stress, involves numerous brain regions and neurotransmitters, including the amygdala, prefrontal cortex, and hippocampus, and is partially by genetic, environmental, and biological factors. This study evaluates Bacopa monnieri, a herb known in Ayurvedic medicine for its cognitive-enhancing and adaptogenic properties, as a potential anti-anxiety agent. The plant's ethanolic extract revealed a variety of phytochemicals, including alkaloids, flavonoids, and saponins. Acute toxicity studies indicated a high safety margin with an LD50 exceeding 2000 mg/kg body weight. The anti-anxiety effects were assessed using three established models. In the Elevated Plus-Maze Test, Bacopa monnieri significantly reduced anxiety levels in mice, comparable to the standard anxiolytic benzodiazepine. The Hole-Board Test showed increased head-dipping and rearing behaviors, while reducing immobility, suggesting anxiolytic activity. The Light-Dark Exploration Test demonstrated the herb's ability to decrease anxiety-related behaviors, including a reduction in rearing in dark compartments and increased exploration of light areas. These findings provide scientific validation for Bacopa monnieri's traditional use in treating anxiety and support its potential as an effective and safe anti-anxiety agent in managing central nervous system disorders.

Determination of insecticidal potential of selected plant extracts against fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) larvae

The fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith), is a devastating pest that attacks a wide range of crops, including sugarcane, rice, and maize. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the toxicity potential of native plant extracts (Azadirachta indica, Eucalyptus globulus, Parthenium hysterophorus, Cannabis sativa, Citrullus colocynthis, Nicotiana tabacum) against S. frugiperda. Four different concentrations (50, 100, 200, and 400 ppm) of the ethanolic plant extracts was evaluated against S. frugiperda third-instar larvae to determine their median lethal concentration (LC50). After 72 h of exposure, the LC50 values of A. indica, E. globulus, P. hysterophorus, C. sativa, C. colocynthis, N. tabacum, and positive control (Spinetoram) were 186.104, 518.438, 320.027, 334.259, 252.651, 720.980 and 189.369 ppm respectively. The maximum percent mortality was caused by the highest concentration (400 ppm) of A. indica (64 ± 0.18), E. globulus (48 ± 0.22), P. hysterophorus (56 ± 0.18), C. sativa (56 ± 0.18), C. colocynthis (60 ± 0.00), and N. tabacum (40 ± 0.28), after 72 h of treatment while Spinetoram induced 100 ± 0.00 percent mortality of S. frugiperda and only 4 ± 0.18 percent mortality was recorded in a control group. Results showed that all plant extracts were found to be effective against S. frugiperda. The compounds from the two most effective ethanolic plant extracts were identified by using Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis (GC-MS). The key compounds identified in neem leaf extract and kortuma fruit extract are predominantly biologically active molecules. Many of them were volatile compounds that belonged to different chemical categories, such as fatty acids, hydrocarbons, esters, terpenoids, phenolic compounds, and amines. Terpenes exhibited a wide range of different biological activities, such as serving as insecticides and antifeedant. The presence of various functional groups in the plant extract was determined by conducting a Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). Farmers should employ these kinds of environmental friendly insecticides to lessen the impact of fall armyworm because these products are cheaper to use and better for the economy and the environment.

Antidiabetic and Antihyperlipidemic Activity of Ethanolic Extract of Mentha viridis in Alloxan Induced Diabetic Rats

This research was designed to examine the phytochemicals of Mentha viridis (M. viridis) ethanolic extract and the antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemic activities in alloxan-induced animal models. Diabetes was induced chemically by administering a unit dose of alloxan at 120 mg/kg BW. After alloxan induction, hyperglycemic rats were dealt with ethanolic extract of leaf and whole plant, metformin, and a mixture of leaf extract with metformin and whole plant extract with metformin for two weeks. Ethanolic extract of leaf and whole plant, metformin, and a combination of both leaf and whole plant extract with metformin therapies reduced glucose levels in the blood compared with the diabetic negative control group after two weeks of treatment. However, among the therapies, the ethanolic leaf extract and the combination of whole plant extracts with metformin were found to be the most effective (p<0.05), with reductions of 62.82% and 72.89%, respectively. After diabetes induction, the serum level of TG (triglycerides), TC (total cholesterol), LDL-C (low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol) escalated notably (p<0.05), and HDL-C (high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol) level decreased remarkably (p<0.05) in hyperglycemic rats as opposed to healthy normal rats. Ethanolic leaf extract and a combination of whole plant extract with metformin significantly minimized the elevated extent of TG and LDL-C. They surged HDL-C, but the TC level was reduced by whole plant extract only after two weeks of treatment. The standard procedures were used to identify the phytochemical compounds of the medicinal plant M. viridis. The phytochemical compounds such as alkaloids, resins, tannins, phenols, flavonoids, steroids, and terpenoids appeared in the ethanolic leaf extract of M. viridis. The findings suggest that M. viridis might provide better glycemic control and hypolipidemic effect in diabetic rats when administered alone or combined with oral antidiabetic agents. Incorporating M. viridis extract with metformin in improving hyperglycemic and hyperlipidemic conditions in diabetic rats proves that M. viridis has a synergistic effect, which could enhance the antidiabetic activity of oral hypoglycemic agents.

In-vitro Antifungal Activity of Ethanol Plant Extracts of Moringa oleifera, Vernonia amygdalina and Ocimum gratissimum against Some Clinical Candida Species

In-vitro Antifungal Activity of Ethanol Plant Extracts of Moringa oleifera, Vernonia amygdalina and Ocimum gratissimum against Some Clinical Candida Species

Discovery of Active Antibacterial Fractions of Different Plant Part Extracts of clove (Syzigium aromaticum) Against Streptococcus mutans

Nowadays, dental cavities caused by Streptococcus mutans are a major focus of research in Indonesia. While several antibiotics are available to combat this bacterium, concerns about antibiotic resistance have prompted researchers to explore natural remedies. Clove (Syzigium aromaticum) is a commonly studied natural remedy against dental cavities and S. mutans. Among the different parts of the clove plant, clove bud is the most widely used against dental cavities or S. mutans, and the potential of other clove parts has not been thoroughly explored. Identifying which parts of the clove plant have higher concentrations of active ingredients and exhibit the strongest antibacterial activity is important. Therefore, this study evaluated the antibacterial activity of three different parts, i.e., leaf, stems, and buds of the clove plant ethanolic extracts against S. mutans. The ethanolic extracts of clove leaf, stems, and buds were prepared using the maceration method with 70% ethanol, and their activity against S. mutans was tested using the disc diffusion method at three different concentrations (10%, 5%, 2.5% b/v). Fractionation was carried out using hexane and water to obtain two fractions: hexane and water fraction. These fractions were then subjected to antibacterial assays. The ethanolic leaf, stems, and bud extracts exhibited varying antibacterial activity levels. The best activity was observed with the 10% clove bud ethanolic extract, which produced an inhibition zone of 20.83 ± 0.77 mm. The leaf and stem extracts showed inhibition zones of 16.38 ± 3.84 mm and 17.95 ± 5.15 mm, respectively. Furthermore, the hexane-soluble fraction of the clove bud displayed the highest activity with an inhibition zone diameter of 23.7 ± 3.21 mm at 10%. This activity was twice as high as ampicillin, used as the positive control. In conclusion, clove bud remains the best source of antibacterial compounds against S. mutans. Fractionation of the bud extract using hexane can significantly enhance its activity. Further investigation should be conducted to optimize the effectiveness of this active fraction for use as an anti-dental caries treatment.

Antilipidemic Effect of Ethanolic Extract of Aloe barbadensis Gel, Cymbopogon citratus Leaves and Its Combination on Alloxan Induced Diabetic Rats

This research sought to investigate the antilipidemic effect of ethanolic extract of Aloe barbadensis, Cymbopogon citratus leaves and its equal combination on induced-alloxan diabetic rat. Plants like Aloe barbadensis and Cymbopogon citratus are commonly used as home remedies for some diseases such as diabetes thereby making them alternative medicines. Ethanolic extract of both plants was extracted using 70% ethanol. The effect of glibenclamide, ethanolic extract of A. barbadensis gel, C. citratus leaves and its combination after 21 days experimental study showed a significantly increased (P<0.05) high density lipoprotein (HDL) in the induced rats when in comparison with the normal control and diabetic untreated rats. The low density lipoprotein (LDL) significantly showed a (P<0.05) decrease in the rats treated with A. barbadensis gel, C. citratus leaves and its combined extract compared with those treated with standard drug. The serum total cholesterol (TCHOL), triglyceride (TG) and very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) significantly showed a (P<0.05) decrease in the rats treated with A. barbadensis gel, C. citratus leaves and its combined extract compared with diabetic untreated rats. This research revealed that ethanolic extract of A. barbadensis, C. citratus and its combination has antilipidemic effects and holds potential as an alternative therapy for its management.

In vivo and in silico elucidation of possible potential and mechanisms involved in the analgesic action of ethanolic extract of Lavandula Stoechas.

Our research focused on plant's ethanolic extract Lavandula stoechas flower part to investigate the potential analgesic effects and possible pathways involvements. Four experimental tests were performed on Swiss albino mice with five animals in each group at different doses (50, 100, and 200mg/kg); formalin test, tail-flick test, acetic acid-induced writhing, and hot-plate test. The opioidergic, noradrenergic, cholinergic, and K channel blockers in the analgesic actions were also carried out for the potential route involvement. The percentage inhibition for abdominal writhing's and formalin activity showed a dose-dependent manner for early and late phases reducing abdominal writhing's and time period of licking, respectively. Tail immersion and hot-plate test demonstrated a substantial and dose-dependent increase in the latency time and time period of paw liking and jumping response respectively. GC-MS showed the abundantly present compounds were octadecatrienoic acid (34.35%), n-hexadecanoic acid (12.98%). In silico analyses have revealed three compounds that had good interactions with 6y3c receptor proteins, demonstrating strong binding affinities and satisfying docking parameters. Overall, these studies showed that ethanolic extract of L. stoechas is an important medicinal plant, with both central and peripheral antinociceptive and analgesic activities supporting its traditional use for therapeutic purposes.

Larvicidal activity of Sauromatum venosum tuber extract against Culex spp.

Mosquitoes act as the vectors of a variety of diseases that have serious health consequences for humans. In order to stop the spread of disease through mosquitoes, plant extracts have been used as a secure and environmentally friendly alternative to chemical pesticides. Plants produce secondary metabolites that inhibit the growth of insects and exhibit larvicidal activities. In the current study, the Bioefficacy of ethanolic extract of Sauromatum venosum was tested against the fourth instar larva of Culex spp. The LC50 value of ethanolic extract of Sauromatum venosum was 55.571 ppm. The mortality of larvae was examined after 96hours of exposure. The results revealed the promising potential larvicidal properties of the ethanolic extracts of Sauromatum venosum plant against the fourth instar larvae of Culex spp. It has been concluded from this research that larvicidal activities of ethanolic extracts of Sauromatum venosum are due to the presence of phytochemical constituents in it which were confirmed by FTIR spectrum.

Qualitative Analysis and Anti-oxidant Potential of Ethanolic Extract ofManilkara zapota (L.) P. Royen Leaves

Background: The normal metabolic functioning of aerobic cells is related to free radical formation. The oxygen utilized in the cell growth gives rise to a number of oxygen free radicals. Further, these oxygen free radicals interact with lipidic molecules to produce hydroxyperoxides and various other peroxides also, radicals like superoxide, hydroxyls, and lipoid peroxides, which lead to cytotoxicity due to their interaction with biological systems. The uncontrolled generation of free radicals may lead to various diseases and disorders like prostate cancer, coronary heart disease and also ageing. The therapeutic potential of the plant M. zapota has been demonstrated in various diseases, such as cancers (e.g., breast, prostate, cervical, and hepatocellular cancer), diabetes mellitus, arthritis, bacterial infections, and gastrointestinal disorders (e.g., diarrhea and ulcers) and many medical conditions. The main phytocomponents of this plant are polyphenols, alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids, saponins, triterpenoids, carbohydrates, tannins, and sterols. Objective: The objective of this study is to investigate qualitative analysis and anti-oxidant potential of ethanolic extract of Manilkara zapota (L.) P. Royen Leaves. In demand to minimize the damage caused by free radicals. It is very essential to develop such antioxidants which protect the body from the effect of free radicals and also do not cause much harm to the human body. The main phytocomponents of the plant are polyphenols, alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids, saponins, triterpenoids, carbohydrates, tannins and sterols which are responsible for antioxidant activity. Materials and Methods: Phytochemical screening methods, Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and Hydrogen Peroxide scavenging assay for analysis of an ethanolic extract of plant leaves. Results and Discussion: Antioxidant activity was determined by a hydrogen peroxide assay. Plant extract was examined using phytochemical screening, GC-MS analysis, and FTIR spectra. The plant extract showed hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity (IC50 = 16.45 μg/ml) compared to the IC50 values of standard ascorbic acid (IC50 = 9.079 μg/ml). Conclusion: The present study concluded the antioxidant and phytochemical assessment of the ethanolic extract of the leaves of Manilkara zapota. The results of the present research study demonstrated that the antioxidant activity of the plant extract was strong as compared to ascorbic acid.

Eliciting Callus Cultures for the Production of Cytotoxic Polyphenolics from Maesa indica Roxb. Sweet.

Maesa indica Roxb. Sweet is a shrub known for its richness in secondary metabolites. A callus culture protocol was established to enhance its chemical profile. Sixteen elicitation culture treatments were evaluated, and we confirmed that the treatment of 200 mg/L polyethylene glycol (4000) coupled with exposure to 30 W UV irradiation for 60 min (PEG4) resulted in the highest total phenolic and total flavonoid contents, which were 4.1 and 4.9 times those of the plant ethanolic extract and 4.9 and 4.8 times those of a control sample, respectively. The phenolic compounds in the different treatments were identified qualitatively and quantitatively using the LC-ESI-MS/MS-MRM technique. Molecular docking studies of the phenolic compounds were conducted using MOE software and revealed that rutin showed the highest binding affinity toward the anti-cancer target (p38α MAPK). The cytotoxicity of the ME and PEG 4 treatment was tested against colon, breast, prostate, lung, and liver cell lines using an MTT assay. The highest cytotoxic effect of PEG4 was against prostate cancer with an IC50 value of 25.5 µg/mL. Hence, this study showed enhanced secondary metabolite accumulation and identified the phenolic compounds in the 16 treatments. The cytotoxicity assay highlighted the possible cytotoxic effect of the PEG4 treatment, and we recommend further investigations into its activity.

Photoactive metabolite mediated photodynamic therapy of Rhabdomyosarcoma cell lines using medicinal plants and Doxorubicin co-treatments

BackgroundMedicinal plant-mediated combinational therapies have gained importance globally due to minimal side effects and enhanced treatment outcomes compared to single-drug modalities. We aimed to analyze the cytotoxic potential of each conventional treatment i.e., photodynamic therapy (PDT), chemotherapy (doxorubicin hydrochloride; Dox-HCl) with or without various concentrations of medicinal plant extracts (PE) on soft tissue cancer Rhabdomyosarcoma (RD) cell line.MethodsThe Rhabdomyosarcoma (RD) cell line was cultured and treated with Photosensitizer (Photosense (AlPc4)), Chemo (Dox-HCl), and their combinations with different concentrations of each plant extract i.e., Thuja occidentalis, Moringa oleifera, Solanum surattense. For the source of illumination, a Diode laser (λ = 630 nm ± 1 nm, Pmax = 1.5 mW) was used. Photosensitizer uptake time (∼ 45 min) was optimized through spectrophotometric measurements (absorption spectroscopy). Drug response of each treatment arm was assessed post 24 h of administration using 3-(4, 5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2, 5- 5-diphenyl-2 H- tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay.ResultsPE-mediated Chemo-Photodynamic therapy (PDT) exhibited synergistic effects (CI < 1). Moreover, Rhabdomyosarcoma culture pretreated with various plant extracts for 24 h exhibited significant inhibition of cell viability however most effective outcomes were shown by low and high doses of Moringa oleifera compared to other plant extracts. Post low doses treated culture with all plant extracts followed by PDT came up with more effectiveness when compared to all di-therapy treatments.ConclusionThe general outcome of this work shows that the ethanolic plant extracts (higher doses) promote the death of cancerous cells in a dose-dependent way and combining Dox-HCl and photo-mediated photodynamic therapy can yield better therapeutic outcomes.

Three new chemical constituents of Senecio raphanifolius

Three new constituents, 4a-hydroxy-1-methyl-4,4a,8,8a-tetrahydro-1 H-isochromene-3,7-dione (1), 1-(2-(prop-1-en-2-yl)-3-((3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydro-2 H-pyran-2-yl)oxy)-2,3-dihydrobenzofuran-5-yl)ethan-1-one (2), and 5-(hydroxymethyl)-2,3-dihydro-1 H-pyrrolizin-1-one (3), together with 3 known flavonoids (4-6), 6 organic acids (7-12), 1 glycoside (13), and 2 terpenoids (14-15) were isolated from the 50 % ethanol extract of the whole plant of Senecio raphanifolius Wall. ex DC. The structures of these novel compounds were determined using high-resolution electrospray ionization–mass spectrometry and NMR, mainly using 2D NMR. The anti-inflammatory activities of compounds 1-3 were evaluated based on their ability to inhibit nitric oxide (NO) production in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. Compound 1 could reduce NO levels and had an inhibition rate of 42.86 % at 100 µM.

Black Fruit Plant (Haplolobus Monticola) Ethanolic Extract as a Good Source of Chemical Compound Content with The Potential as A Safe Antioxidant and Antibacterial Agent

Black fruit is a native Papuan plant that faces extinction if it is not propagated. The availability of scientific information on the potential use of black fruit can help proliferate this plant. This study investigates the potential of black fruit plants in the leaves and flesh of the fruit using extraction, characterization, and extract activity testing. Extraction was carried out by maceration using a 96% ethanol solvent. Characterization was carried out by FTIR, UV-Vis spectrophotometers, and phytochemical screening. The antioxidant activity test was carried out by the DPPH method, the antibacterial test was carried out by the well diffusion method, and the toxicity test was carried out by the BSLT (Brine Shrimp Lethality Test) method. The results showed that the ethanol extract of black fruit flesh separated into two layers when stored in the refrigerator, while the leaf extract did not. Leaf extract is richer in phytochemical content compared to fruit flesh. Antioxidant and antibacterial activities were higher in leaf extracts than in fruit pulp extracts. Toxicity test results showed that the ethanol extract of black fruit leaves has the potential to be used as a food additive for antioxidant and antibacterial properties. The potential benefits of the ethanol extract of black fruit leaves and flesh can encourage cultivation and post-harvest management of this plant.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an Effective Indicator for Screening of Quorum Sensing Inhibition by Plant Extracts

Quorum sensing is a well-known mechanism used by many bacteria to control important virulence factors through the production and subsequent response to N-acylhomoserine lactones (AHLs). Quorum sensing inhibition (QSI), targeting AHL-dependent signalling, has been reported as a strategy for the control of bacterial pathogenicity. Thus, this study aimed at investigating the capability of Pseudomonas aeruginosa as an indicator to rapidly screen for potential QSI caused by plant extracts based on pigment inhibition. Four ethanolic plant extracts including: dried flower buds of clove (Syzygium aromaticum L), bark of cinnamon (Cinnamomum cassia L), leaves of moringa (Moringa oleifera Lam), and Al-Gutub (Tribulus terrestris L) dried fruits were investigated for their QSI ability in comparison with furanone (the known QS inhibitor). Agar well diffusion assay was used, in which the indicator isolate, P. aeruginosa, was inoculated onto Pseudomonas special agar medium containing 8 mm wells to load different concentrations of the plant extracts along with furanone or phosphate buffered saline (negative control). The results showed that furanone was successful in inhibiting the pyocyanin pigment of P. aeruginosa without interfering with the bacterial growth, this verified the ability of this bacterium as a potent QS indicator organism. Importantly, clove extract at different concentrations caused complete inhibition of the pyocyanin pigment with little impact on the bacterial growth. On the use of cinnamon, only the high concentrations showed clear dye inhibition of the indicator organism. Moringa also caused certain degree of dye inhibition but only at high concentrations. Conversely, Al-Gutub neither affected on the pyocyanin production nor on the bacterial viability. In conclusion, P. aeruginosa isolate, pyocyanin producer, was successful in the screening of QS inhibitors. This simple study recommends the use of such isolate without relying on the import of certain strains of Chromobacterium violaceum, Pseudomonas aureofaciens, or Agrobacterium tumefaciens‎‎‎‎‎.

Analisis Metabolit Sekunder Daun Brucea javanica [L] Merr dari Dua Tempat Berbeda di Pulau Timor

The leaves of Brucea javanica [L] Merr have long been utilized as an alternative medicine for a variety of illness. Although a number of investigations have been conducted to ascertain the advantages and composition of secondary metabolites in this plant's leaves, nothing has ever been published on the particular study conducted on the island of Timor. The purpose of this study was to ascertain which secondary metabolites were present in the leaves of this plant that was grown in two distinct locations on Timor Island. The findings of this study will be used as an empirical basis for future investigations into the use of herbal remedies. The study's findings demonstrated that while flavonoids and alkaloids weren't present from the plant's ethanol extract, it did contain highly concentrated terpenoids and tannins at both locations. In contrast, saponin content was only discovered in leaves collected from the neighbourhood of Fatumnutu. The spectrophotometer test revealed that the ethanol extract of Bruce planta javanica [L] Merr from Noelbaki Village had a greater secondary metabolite absorption value compared to plant extract from Fatumnutu Village. The absorption values for tannin and alkaloid showed the largest overall variation in absorption levels, varying by around 0.513% and 0.68% for each constituent. In the meantime, there is a 0.513% variation in tannin compounds between the two sites. In order to ascertain the bioactivity of this plant's leaf extract for the creation of herbal medicines in Indonesia, more investigation is required into the variations in saponin levels and absorbency levels of secondary metabolite compounds from the two locations.

Diterpenoid alkaloids from Delphinium trichophorum

The ethanol extract of the whole plant of Delphinium trichophorum Franch was subjected to a phytochemical study, leading to the isolation of ten unprecedented diterpenoid alkaloids, including nine delnudine-type C20-diterpenoid alkaloids named trichophodines A–I and one kusnezoline-type C20-diterpenoid alkaloid named trichophozine A. Additionally, seven known compounds were also identified. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of extensive spectroscopic analysis, including HSQC, HMBC, 1H–1H COSY, NOESY and X-ray crystallographic analysis. Most isolated compounds were screened for inhibitory activities against LPS-induced NO production in RAW 264.7 macrophage cells and acetylcholinesterase inhibitory effects. Guan-fu base V exhibited potent inhibitory activity against acetylcholinesterase, demonstrating an inhibitory rate of 53.81% at a concentration of 40 μM.