Ethanol Extract Of Rhizome Research Articles

Amelioration of carbon tetrachloride induced oxidative stress in kidney and lung tissues by ethanolic rhizome extract of Podophyllum hexandrum in Wistar rats

. 70% ethanolic extract exhibited significant antioxidant activity in the tissues by showing increased levels of proteins, reduced glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), catalase (CAT), and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) as well as decreased levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS). The 70% ethanolic extract at a dose level of 20, 30 and 50 mg/kg-day, showed a dose dependent restorative activity against CCl

6]-Dehydroshogaol, a minor component in ginger rhizome, exhibits quinone reductase inducing and anti-inflammatory activities that rival those of curcumin

Quinone reductase (QR) inducing activity, a biomarker for Phase II enzyme induction, was detected in a crude ginger rhizome ethanolic extract using a murine hepatoma cell (Hepa 1c1c7) bioassay. An ethyl acetate-partitioned fraction became enriched in QR inducing activity with a CD value (concentration required to double QR specific activity) of 7 μg/ml and was further separated by silica flash chromatography. The four major fractions recovered exhibited CD values ranging 10–20 μg/mL for QR inducing activity. 1H NMR analysis revealed an abundance of gingerols in the first 3 fractions, and this led to a comparative assessment of QR inducing and anti-inflammatory activities among [6]-gingerol and structurally related vanilloids from ginger and other spices. [6]-Dehydroshogaol (DHSG), a minor component of fresh ginger, had QR inducing activity (CD = 8.4 μM) of comparable potency to the well known cancer preventive agent, curcumin (CD = 4.3 μM). In contrast, [6]-gingerol the major pungent component of ginger showed less potent QR inducing activity (CD = 55 μM) and capsaicin exhibited the weakest inducing activity (CD = 103 μM). [6]-Shogaol, [6]-DHSG and curcumin were also potent inhibitors of nitric oxide (NO) synthesis, inhibiting 50% NO evolution in activated macrophages at levels of 10–12 μM (IC 50 values). Comparatively, IC 50 values for [6]-gingerol and capsaicin were about an order of magnitude greater (less potent) at 90 μM and 169 μM, respectively. This appears to be the first report of biological activities of [6]-DHSG, and Phase II enzyme-inducing ability of shogoal and gingerol.

Study the antinociceptive effect of the Zingiber officinale ethanolic extract and Vitamin C in rats

The present study was designed to investigate the antinociceptive activity of seperate andcombined treatments of ethanol extract of Zingiber officinale rhizomes and vitamin C onvisceral nociception induced by intraperitoneal injection of 2% acetic acid which producedwrithing in rats. The preliminary chemical tests were performed on the extract and revealed thepresence of flavanoids, alkaloids and tannins. Visceral nociceptive responses including thelatency time to beginning of the first writhe, number of writhes per hour and the inhibitionpercentage of writhing. Seperate i. p. injection of ethanol extract of Zingiber officinale at dose of25 and 50 mg/kg BW caused significant (P<0.01) increase in latency time and significant(P<0.01) reduction in writhing number. Seperated i. p. injection of vitamin C at dose of 10mg/kg BW caused significant (P<0.05) reduction in writhing number, whereas, i. p injection ofvitamin C at dose of 15 mg/kg BW produced significant prolongation in latency time andreduction in writhing number (P<0.01). Combined treatment with ethanol extract ofZingiber officinale at dose of 25 mg/kg BW and vitamin C at dose of 10 mg/kg BW. i.p.produced significant suppression (P<0.01) in pain responses as compared with the effect of thesame doses when used each seperately. It is concluded that both ethanol extract of Zingiberofficinale rhizomes and vitamin C are able to suppress visceral pain, and vitamin C potentiatesthe antinociceptive effect of the ethanol extract of Zingiber officinale rhizomes

Hypoglycemic and antioxidant effects of Rheum franzenbachii extract in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats

The hypoglycemic and antioxidant effects of ethanol extract from the roots and rhizomes of Rheum franzenbachii Münt. (Polygonaceae) were evaluated in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Effects of repeated oral administration of ethanol extract (125, 250, and 500 mg/kg body weight) on the plasma glucose level (PGL), oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), malondialdehyde (MDA), reduced glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) in diabetic rats were examined. It was found that administration of ethanol extract (125, 250, and 500 mg/kg) produced a significant fall in PGL, AUC, and MDA, while elevating the GSH levels and SOD and CAT activities in diabetic rats. The dose of 500 mg/kg was identified as the most effective dose, with a decrease of 65.8 and 44.0% in PGL and MDA, and elevation of 72.6, 75.0, and 51.5% in GSH level and SOD and CAT activities, respectively, after 14 days of ERF administration in diabetic rats. Moreover, the OGTT studies showed a maximum reduction in PGL and AUC. From the active extract of Rheum franzenbachii, two stilbenes, desoxyrhapontigenin (1) and desoxyrhaponticin (2), were isolated as major constituents. The present study concludes that the ethanol extract of roots and rhizomes from Rheum franzenbachii had significant hypoglycemic and antioxidant effects.

Kaempferia galanga L. Rhizome As a Potential Dental Plaque Preventive Agent

Dental plaque prevention can be achieved by inhibition of mouth cavity microbes to built biofilm. Kaempferia galanga rhizome has been known as a potential antibacterial agent. This research aimed to reveal the potency of Kaempferia galanga extract and essential oil as anti plaque active agents, based on their in vitro inhibitory activity against the planktonic growth and biofilm of Streptococcus mutans ATCC 21752. Kaempferia galanga extract was obtained by defatting dried-pulverized samples in petroleum ether prior to immersion in 70% ethanol. The fresh rhizome was steam-hydro distilled for 6 h to yield the essential oil. Antibacterial and anti biofilm assays were measured by micro dilution technique on polystyrene 96-wells micro titer plates at 37°C. The percentage of inhibition was calculated by comparing the absorbance of samples to the vehicle (control) measured by micro plate reader at 595 nm. Biofilms formed were first stained by 1% crystal violet. The above assays were performed in triplicates. This study revealed that both K. galanga rhizome essential oil and ethanolic extract showed antibacterial and antibiofilm activity towards S. mutans. The ethanol extract showed MIC90 value at 0.091% w/v and MBC at 2.724% w/v for antibacterial activity; IC50 at 0.048 % w/v for anti biofilm formation activity; and EC50 at 0.052%w/v for biofilm degradation activity. Until the highest concentration tested (0.6%w/v), the MIC90 and MBC values of the essential oil were not revealed, but higher biofilm inhibitory activity i.e. IC50 at 0.025 % w/v; and EC50 at 0.034 %w/v were observed. Key words: biofilm inhibitor, antibacterial, Kaempferia galanga

Attenuation of acute and chronic restraint stress-induced perturbations in experimental animals by Zingiber officinale Roscoe

Ethanolic extract of rhizomes of Zingiber officinale was investigated on anoxia stress tolerance test in Swiss mice. The animals were also subjected to acute physical stress (swimming endurance test) to gauge the anti-stress potential of the extract. Further to evaluate the anti-stress activity of Z. officinale in chronic stress condition, fresh Wistar rats were subjected to cold restraint stress (4° for 2 h) for 10 days. Stimulation of hypothalamus pituitary adrenal axis in stressful condition alters plasma glucose, triglyceride, cholesterol, BUN and corticosterone levels. There is also alteration in the blood cell counts. Pretreatment with the extract significantly ameliorated the stress-induced variations in these biochemical levels and blood cell counts in both acute and chronic stress models. The extract treated animals showed increase in swimming endurance time and increase in anoxia tolerance time in physical and anoxia stress models, respectively. Treatment groups also reverted back increase in liver, adrenal gland weights and atrophy of spleen caused by cold chronic stress and swimming endurance stress models. The results indicate that ethanolic extract of Z. officinale has significant adaptogenic activity against a variety of biochemical and physiological perturbations in different stress models.

Effect of Carum carvi and Curcuma longa on hormonal and reproductive parameter of female rats.

Rhizome of Curcuma longa and seeds of Carum Carvi a folk medicinal plant used as have antifertility potentials. Present investigation study the effect of both the plant on hormone and reproductive parameter of female rat. The aqueous and ethanolic extract of rhizome of Curcuma longa and seeds of Carum Carvi used for testing antifertility activity in female rat. Aqueous and ethanolic extract of plants were administered orally to female rat for 30 consecutive days. Estrous cycle, reproductive hormones (LH, FSH and estrogen) and weight of reproductive organ were studied in both control and extract-administered groups by using standard methods . The female albino rats after oral administration of different doses of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Carum carvi and Curcuma longa, showed a significant antifertility activity. FSH and LH level was significantly decreased in both drugs while amount of estrogen in ethanolic extract of both the drugs treated animals was found to be increased.The blockage of estrus phase induced by treatment of aqueous and ethanolic extract of both drug. They also increase the weight of ovary, uterus and body weights while uterine weight in immature rats increased in extract treated group. The present study which was undertaken to find endocrinological and physiological changes in the reproductive system of female albino rats after oral administration of different doses of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Carum carvi and Curcuma longa, showed a significant antifertility activity. Keywords: Antifertility; Estrogenic, Reproductive, Curcuma longa and Carum carvi

Anticonvulsant Effect of Cyperus rotundus Linn Rhizomes in Rats

Objective : To evaluate the anticonvulsant effect of Cyperus rotundus Linn rhizomes against maximal electroshock (MES) and pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) induced tonic seizers in albino rats. Materials and methods : Ethanol extract of Cyperus rotundus Linn rhizomes were obtained by continuous hot soxhlet extraction. The extract was assessed for anticonvulsant activity by measuring (sec) the duration of tonic flexion, tonic extensor, clonus, stupor and recovery phase in rats. Results : Phytochemical investigation of ethanol extract revealed the presence of flavonoids, vitamins and carbohydrates. The ethanol extract (100 mg / kg, p.o.) reduced hind limb extension and duration of convulsion significantly, (P < 0.001) which was comparable to standard drug phenytoin (25 mg / kg, i.p.) and diazepam (4 mg /kg, i.p.) respectively. Conclusion : The ethanol extract of Cyperus rotundus rhizomes is worthwhile to develop the potent phytoconstituent for treatment of epilepsy and the flavonoids present in ethanol extract could be attributed for anticonvulsant activity.

Hepatoprotective effect of Picrorrhiza kurroa on antioxidant defense system in antitubercular drugs-induced hepatotoxicity in rats.

The hepatoprotective effect of the ethanol extract of Picrorrhiza kurroa rhizomes and roots (PK) on liver mitochondrial antioxidant defense system in isoniazid and rifampicin-induced hepatitis in rats was investigated. In liver mitochondria of antitubercular drugs administered rats, a significant elevation in the level of lipid peroxidation with concomitant decline in the level of reduced glutathione and in the activities of antioxidant enzymes was observed. Co-administration of PK (50 mg/kg/day for 45 days) significantly prevented these antitubercular drugs-induced alterations and maintained the rats at near normal status.

Antiperoxidation activity of triterpenoids from rhizome of Anemone raddeana

Four triterpenoid compounds hederacolchiside E (1), hederasaponin B (2), raddeanoside 20 (3) and raddeanoside 21 (4) were isolated from ethanol extracts of rhizome of Anemone raddeana Regel. The effects of these triterpenoids on superoxide generation, tyrosyl phosphorylation of proteins and translocation of cytosolic compounds, such as p47(phox), p67(phox) and Rac to the cell membrane in human neutrophils was investigated. The superoxide generation induced by N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP) was slightly suppressed by hederasaponin B, raddeanoside 20 and raddeanoside 21 in a concentration dependent manner. The superoxide generation induced by arachidonic acid (AA) was suppressed by hederasaponin B and raddeanoside 21 significantly. fMLP- and AA-induced tyrosyl phosphorylation and translocation of the cytosolic proteins: p47(phox), p67(phox), and Rac to the cell membrane were suppressed in parallel with the suppression of stimulus-induced superoxide generation.

New Acetylenic Norlignan Compounds from Rhizomes of Curculigo crassifolia

Two pairs of diastereoisomeric acetylenic norlignan compounds with PhCH(OR1)CH(OR2)CH2C≡CPh skeleta: (1R, 2R)-1-O-methylnyasicoside (1) and (1S, 2R)-1-O-methylnyasicoside (2), and (1R, 2R)-crassifogenin D (3) and (1S, 2R)- crassifogenin D (4), were isolated from the ethanolic extract of rhizomes of Curculigo crassifolia. Compounds 3 and 4 are new and their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic evidence and comparisons with literature data.

The activity of galanga (Alpinia galanga) rhizome extract against the growth of filamentous fungi Aspergillus spp. that produce aflatoxin and Fusarium moniliforme

Galanga (Alpinia galanga L.) rhizome was known to inhibit the growth of pathogenic fungi. The antifungal substances of galangal rhizome were found from their volatile oil. The objectives of this experiment were to study the ethanol extract of galangal rhizome against the growth of filamentous fungi Fusarium moniliforme, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus terreus, and Aspergillus niger that produce mycotoxin, especially aflatoxin, based on biomass and colony area and to determinate minimum growth inhibitory concentration the extract of galangal rhizome. The extract of galangal rhizome was significant (p&lt;0.05) effective against biomass of F. moniliforme and A. flavus. The extract of galangal rhizome however was significant (p&lt;0.05) effective against colony area of F. moniliforme, A. flavus and A. niger. The minimum growthinhibitory concentration of extracts galangal rhizome against the growth of A. flavus, F. moniliforme and A. niger were 816, 1,682, and 3,366 mg/L repectively.© 2008 Jurusan Biologi FMIPA UNS SurakartaKey words: Aspergillus spp., Fusarium moniliforme, galangal rhizome extract, minimum growth inhibitory concentration

Antihepatotoxic effect of Picrorhiza kurroa on mitochondrial defense system in antitubercular drugs (isoniazid and rifampicin)-induced hepatitis in rats

Oxidative stress is one of the mechanisms with a central role involved in the pathogenesis of antitubercular drugs (isoniazid and rifampicin)-induced hepatitis. In the present study the antihepatotoxic effect of the ethanol extract of Picrorhiza kurroa rhizomes and roots (PK) on liver mitochondrial antioxidant defense system in antitubercular drugs (isoniazid and rifampicin)-induced hepatitis in rats has been investigated. In liver mitochondria of antitubercular drugs administered rats, a significant elevation in the level of lipid peroxidation with concomitant decline in the level of reduced glutathione and the activities of antioxidant enzymes was observed. Co-administration of PK (50 mg/kg/day for 45 days) significantly prevented these antitubercular drugs-induced alterations and maintained the rats at near normal status. The results of the present investigation indicated that the hepatoprotective effect of the ethanol extract of P. kurroa rhizomes and roots (PK) might be ascribable to its membrane-stabilizing action and/or antioxidant property. Key words: Picrorhiza kurroa, antihepatotoxic activity, antitubercular drugs, mitochondria, lipid peroxidation, antioxidant system.

Novel Nortriterpenes from Phlomis umbrosa

We isolated 8 novel 28-noroleanane-derived spirocyclic triterpenoids with unusual skeleton structures, phlomisone (1), phlomistetraol A (2), phlomistetraol B (3), phlomistetraol C (4), phlomispentaol (5), phlomishexaol A (6), phlomishexaol B (7), and phlomisin (8), from the ethanol extract of Phlomis umbrosa rhizomes. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic methods, including 1D, 2D nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), high-resolution mass spectrometry (HR-MS), and X-ray analyses. Compounds 1-3, 5, and 7 exhibited positive cytotoxic activities against the carcinoma cell lines Hela and L929 in vitro, and these bioactive data suggested that the C-18 and C-21 positions had oxygenated functions that can improve the activity of the compound.

Anti-diabetic Properties of Chrysophanol and Its Glucoside from Rhubarb Rhizome

An ethanol extract of rhubarb rhizome exhibited marked glucose transport activity in differentiated L6 rat myotubes. Activity-guided fractionation resulted in the isolation of two anthraquinones, chrysophanol-8-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside (1) and chrysophanol (2). The anti-diabetic effect was examined by glucose transport activity, glucose transporter 4 (Glut4) expression in myotubes, and the level of insulin receptor (IR) tyrosine phosphorylation as influenced by tyrosine phosphatase 1B, each of which is a major target of diabetes treatment. Chrysophanol-8-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside up to 25 microM dose-dependently activated glucose transport in insulin-stimulated myotubes. Increased tyrosine phosphorylation of IR due to tyrosine phosphatase 1B inhibitory activity with an IC50 value of 18.34+/-0.29 microM and unchanged Glut4 mRNA levels was observed following chrysophanol-8-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside treatment. Chrysophanol up to 100 microM exerted mild glucose transport activity and elevated the tyrosine phosphorylation of IR via tyrosine phosphatase 1B inhibition (IC50=79.86+/-0.12 microM); Glut4 mRNA expression was also significantly increased by 100 microM. The ED50 values of the two compounds were 59.38+/-0.66 and 79.69+/-0.03 microM, respectively. Therefore, these two anthraquinones from rhubarb rhizome, chrysophanol-8-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside and chrysophanol, have mild cytotoxicity and anti-diabetic properties and could play metabolic roles in the insulin-stimulated glucose transport pathway.

Evaluation of estrogenic activity of alcoholic extract of rhizomes of Curculigo orchioides

The rhizomes of Curculigo orchioides Gaertn. (Amaryllidacea) is an important Ayurvedic as well as Unani drug. It is present in several drug formulations used in the treatment of menorrhagia and other gynecological problems. In this study, we conducted a comparative study of estrogenic activity of alcoholic extract of Curculigo orchioides with diethylstilbestrol in bilaterally ovariectomized young albino rats. Bilaterally ovariectomized albino rats were divided into five groups ( n = 9) receiving different treatments, consisting of vehicle (0.6% w/v sodium carboxy methyl cellulose), ethanolic extract of rhizomes of Curculigo orchioides at three different doses (viz., 300, 600, 1200 mg/kg body weight) and standard drug diethylstilbestrol (DES) at a dose of 2 mg/kg body weight. All these were administered orally daily for 7 days. Estrogenic activity was assessed by taking percentage vaginal cornification, uterine wet weight, uterine glycogen content and uterine histology as parameters of assessment. Alcoholic extract of Curculigo orchioides showed a significant increase in percentage vaginal cornification, uterine wet weight ( P < 0.001), uterine glycogen content ( P < 0.001) and a proliferative changes in uterine endometrium compared to the control.

Effect of Curculigo orchioides rhizomes on sexual behaviour of male rats

The rhizomes of Curculigo orchioides have been traditionally used as aphrodisiac. In the present study ethanolic extract of rhizomes was evaluated for its effect on sexual behavior in rats. Administration of 100 mg/kg of extract change significantly the sexual behavior as assessed by determining parameters such as penile erection, mating performance, mount frequency and mount latency. Moreover a pronounced anabolic and spermatogenic effect was evidenced by weight gains of reproductive organs. The treatment also markedly affected sexual behavior of animals as reflected in reduction of mount latency, an increase in mount frequency and enhanced attractability towards female. Penile erection index was also incremented in treated group.

Effects of Rhodiola imbricata on Dermal Wound Healing

Rhodiola imbricata (Crassulaceae) is a perennial herb growing at high-altitude (4000 - 5000 m) in the western Himalayas. The present study was aimed at investigating the healing efficacy of R. imbricata rhizome ethanol extract using a rat excision wound model. The extract was found to be rich in polyphenols. The extract treated wounds were found to heal much faster as indicated by the improved rate of wound contraction and decreased time taken for epithelialization (11.33 vs. 18.33 days in the untreated group). The extract treatment increased cellular proliferation and collagen synthesis at the wound site, as evidenced by the increases in DNA, protein, hydroxyproline and hexosamine contents in comparison to a positive control treated with povidone-iodine ointment. These results were also supported by histological examinations. Furthermore, the treatment also caused an increase in antioxidant and a decrease in lipid peroxide levels in the granulation tissue. The results suggest that R. imbricata rhizome ethanol extract possesses a significant wound healing activity.

Effects of Astilbe thunbergii rhizomes on wound healing : Part 1. Isolation of promotional effectors from Astilbe thunbergii rhizomes on burn wound healing

The dried rhizomes of Astilbe thunbergii (Sieb. et Zucc) Miq (Saxifragaceae) have been traditionally used for the treatments of a sword cut, wound bitten by animals, frost-bite, burn, suppurative dermatitis or skin inflammatory diseases from the Tang period (about 8th century) in China. The physiological actions, especially the wound-healing effects of this drug are not yet well understood. In this study, we examined the effects of an ethanol extract of Astilbe thunbergii rhizomes on burn wound healing in mice. The topical application at a dose of 100 mg ointment per wound of 70% ethanol extract (0.5 or 1.0% (w/w) ointment) of this drug promoted the burn wound healing. The ethanol extract was divided into two fractions (ethyl acetate-soluble and -insoluble fractions), and it was found that the topical application at a dose of 100 mg ointment per wound of the ethyl acetate-soluble fraction (0.5 and 1.0% ointment) promoted the burn wound healing. Based on this finding, we attempted to isolate the active substance(s) from the ethyl acetate-soluble fraction. Three active substances 1, 2 and 3, were obtained from A. thunbergii rhizomes as promotional effectors of burn wound healing in mice. Based on the analysis of 1H and 13C NMR spectra, compounds 1, 2 and 3 were identified as eucryphin ( 1), bergenin ( 2) and astilbin ( 3), respectively. The effective dose (ED 50) of compounds 1, 2 and 3 on burn wound healing were 4, 190 and 64 μg/wound, respectively. Among these three compounds, eucryphin ( 1) promoted the burn wound healing most strongly.

Two New Phenolic Glycosides from Rhizomes of Curculigo crassifolia

Curculigo crassifolia (Bak.) Hook. f. (Hypoxidaceae) is a tall perennial herb used as a folk medicine to treat child pneumonia by local people in Yunnan Province. Two new phenolic glycosides named crassifoside C (1) and crassifoside D (2) were isolated from the ethanolic extract of rhizomes of Curculigo crassifolia, and their structures were identified by 2D-NMR spectroscopic techniques and chemical transformations. In addition, seven known compounds (3 - 9) were isolated and identified by spectroscopic analysis and comparison of their spectral data with those reported previously.