Ethanol Extract Of Rhizome Research Articles

Formulation and Production of Ethanol Extract Derived from Black Turmeric (Curcuma caesia Roxb) for use as an Antibacterial Hand Sanitizer Spray

Formulation and production of an ethanol extract derived from black turmeric (Curcuma caesia roxb) for use as an antibacterial hand sanitizer spray were successfully performed. The method used is the maceration method with 96% ethanol solvent. Formulation of rimpang kunyit hitam (Curcuma caesia roxb) ethanol extract was formulated into four formulas: without extract, 10%, 8%, and 6% ethanol extract. The results showed that the ethanol extract of black turmeric rhizome with the phytochemical screening method contained flavonoids and alkaloids, which had antibacterial activity. Formulation of rimpang kunyit hitam ethanol extract in hand sanitizer spray with a concentration of 10% has a more significant inhibition zone compared to other concentrations, namely 9.9 mm in Escherichia coli and 9.8 mm in Staphylococcus aureus bacteria.

In Vitro Cytotoxicity and Antimicrobial Activity against Acne-Causing Bacteria and Phytochemical Analysis of Galangal (Alpinia galanga) and Bitter Ginger (Zingiber zerumbet) Extracts.

Galangal (Alpinia galanga (L.) Willd) and bitter ginger (Zingiber zerumbet (L.) Roscoe) are aromatic rhizomatous plants that are typically used for culinary purposes. These rhizomatous plants have many biological properties and the potential to be beneficial for pharmaceutics. In this study, we evaluated the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities, with a specific focus on acne-causing bacteria, as well as the phytochemical constituents, of different parts of galangal and bitter ginger. The rhizomes, stems, and leaves of galangal and bitter ginger were separately dried for absolute ethanol and methanol extractions. The extracts were used to evaluate the antioxidant activity using a DPPH radical scavenging assay (0.005-5000 μg/mL), antimicrobial activity against acne-causing bacteria (0.50-31.68 mg/mL), and in vitro cytotoxicity toward human keratinocytes and fibroblasts (62.5-1000 μg/mL), as well as analyses of bioactive phytochemicals via GC-MS and LC-MS/MS (500 ppm). The ethanol and methanol extracts of bitter ginger and galangal's rhizomes (BRhE, BRhM, GRhE, and GRhM), stems (BStE, BStM, GRhE, and GRhM), and leaves (BLeE, BLeM, GLeE, and GLeM), respectively, showed antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. The extracts of all parts of bitter ginger and galangal were greatly antioxidative with 0.06-1.42 mg/mL for the IC50 values, while most of the extracts were strongly antimicrobial against C. acnes DMST 14916, particularly BRhM, BRhE, GRhM, and GRhE (MICs: 3.96-7.92 mg/mL). These rhizome extracts had also antimicrobial activities against S. aureus TISTR 746 (MICs: 7.92-31.68 mg/mL) and S. epidermidis TISTR 518 (MICs: 7.92-15.84 mg/mL). The extracts of bitter ginger and galangal rhizomes were not toxic to HaCaT and MRC-5 even at the highest concentrations. Through GC-MS and LC-MS/MS analysis, phytochemicals in bitter ginger rhizome extracts, including zerumbone, tectorigenin, piperic acid, demethoxycurcumin, and cirsimaritin, and galangal rhizome extracts, including sweroside and neobavaisoflavone, were expected to provide the antioxidant and anti-microbial activities. Therefore, the results suggest that the bitter ginger and galangal extracts could be natural anti-acne compounds with potential for pharmaceutic, cosmetic, and aesthetic applications.

Determination of Total Phenolic Content of Ethanol Extract of Black Turmeric Rhizome (Curcuma caesia Roxb.) by Folin-Ciocalteu Method Spectrophotometrically

Due to the high concentration of secondary metabolites present in nearly every part of the plant, black turmeric (Curcuma caesia Roxb.), a traditional medicinal plant, may provide a natural supply of antioxidants. The objective of this research is to determine the total phenolic content of the black turmeric rhizome ethanol extract using UV-Vis spectrophotometry. The extraction was performed by macerating the material in a solution consisting of 70% ethanol. We employed the Folin-Ciocalteu method to ascertain the total phenolic content, which was then represented as gallic acid equivalent (GAE). The research revealed that there were 192 mg GAE/g of total phenolic content in the ethanol extract of black turmeric rhizome. According to the metrics measuring total phenolic content, the black turmeric rhizome ethanol extract may have antioxidant properties. This study provides important information about black turmeric's antioxidant potential which can be used to develop herbal products based on this plant.

Formulation, characterization, and antibacterial testing of cream supplemented with Aloe vera (Aloe vera L.) gel and Nutgrass (Cyperus rotundus L.) rhizome ethanol extract

Various brands and forms offer a wide array of cream-based cosmetic products. However, only some of these products meet safety specifications. <em>Aloe vera</em> and nutgrass, two plants rich in bioactive compounds, possess anti-inflammatory, soothing, and antibacterial properties, making them ideal for health-safe cosmetic formulations. This research was conducted to develop antibacterial cream formulations incorporating these natural additives. The study focused on quality, organoleptic testing, and the formulated cream's antibacterial assessment. The research methodology encompassed several key processes: preparation of <em>Aloe vera</em> gel and nutgrass rhizome ethanol extract, formulation of the cream, quality testing by SNI 16-6069-1999 standards, organoleptic testing as per SNI 01-2346-2006, and antibacterial activity testing using <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em> ATCC 25923 and <em>Escherichia coli</em> ATCC 25922 bacterial strains. Results indicated that the cream formula enriched with <em>Aloe vera</em> gel and nutgrass rhizome ethanol extract meets the standards for skin-lightening creams and exhibits significant antibacterial capabilities. Furthermore, it was observed that the antibacterial effectiveness of the cream increases with the concentration of the nutgrass rhizome ethanol extract. These findings highlight the potential for integrating natural ingredients into modern cosmetic formulations, providing therapeutic and aesthetic benefits. This approach not only ensures compliance with safety standards but also leverages the natural properties of <em>Aloe vera</em> and nutgrass to enhance the product's functionality in skin care applications

Antibacterial Test Of Ethanol Extract Gel Preparation Kencur Rhizome (Kaempferia Galanga) Against Staphylococcus Epidermidis

Staphylococcus epidermidis is one of the bacteria that causes acne. infections can be treated by using natural antibiotics. galangal rhizome (Kaempferia galanga L.) contains chemical compounds including flavonoids, saponins, tannins, alkaloids and terpenoids/steroids where these active compounds have an antibacterial function that can overcome acne problems on the surface of the skin. Galangal rhizome ethanol extract gel preparations were made with 3 variations of concentration (10%, 15% and 20%). The aim of this research was to determine whether the ethanol extract gel preparation of kencur rhizome (Kaempferia galanga L.) had antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus epidermidis and to determine the physical quality of the gel preparation. The method used is an experimental laboratory which is useful for determining the effect of ethanol extract of kencur rhizomes with concentrations of 10%, 15% and 20% on Staphylococcus epidermidis bacteria in gel preparations. The antibacterial test was carried out using the well diffusion method. The antibacterial test results with concentrations of 10%, 15% and 20% respectively were 13.68; 13.60 ; 14.24 mm has an influence on the inhibition zone of Staphylococcus epidermidis bacteria. The research results showed that a concentration of 20% had the highest bacterial inhibitory power.

Anti-inflammatory activity of combination of ethanol extracts of ginger (Zingiber officinale) and bangle (Zingiber cassumunar) in carrageenan-induced rats

Background: Inflammation is an essential innate immune response aimed at antigen elimination and preventing their spread. Ginger (Zingiber officinale) and bangle (Zingiber cassumunar) rhizomes have been empirically utilized as medicinal components due to their anti-inflammatory potential. However, the combined efficacy of these rhizomes has not been previously explored. Objective: This study aimed to assess the anti-inflammatory activity of a combination of ginger and bangle rhizome extracts. Method: Ginger and bangle rhizomes were individually subjected to extraction through maceration with 96% ethanol, followed by purification with n-hexane. The anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated via motility tests on subjects administered orally with 1% CMC-Na (control), diclofenac sodium (4.5 mg/kg body weight), ginger ethanol extract (200 mg/kg body weight), bangle ethanol extract (400 mg/kg body weight), and a combination of both extracts (100:200 mg/kg body weight). Observations were made over 6 hours, with motility scores subsequently analyzed using ANOVA and the LSD test for statistical significance. Results: Treatments involving ginger extract, bangle extract, and their combination significantly improved motility scores compared to the negative control. Furthermore, these treatments displayed no significant difference in effectiveness compared to the diclofenac sodium group (p > 0.05). Conclusion: The combined ethanol extracts of ginger and bangle rhizomes demonstrate anti-inflammatory activity comparable to diclofenac sodium, as evidenced by motility score evaluations. This suggests their potential as alternative anti-inflammatory agents.

In-vitro Anti-inflammatory Activity for Combination of Ethanol Extract from Sappan Wood (Caesalpinia sappan L.) and Red Ginger Rhizome (Zingiber officinale Roxb.)

Sappan wood and red ginger rhizome have been utilized as herbal medicine due to their anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-microbial, analgesic, and immunomodulatory activities. Previous study revealed that sappan wood and red ginger rhizome showed good anti-inflammatory activity. However, the studies are focused on single extract. There are no research about combining the sappan wood extract and red ginger rhizome extract for antiinflammatory agent. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the anti-inflammatory activity of the combination of sappan wood and red ginger rhizome ethanol extracts for antiinflammatory properties using red blood cell (RBC) membrane stabilization test. The tested samples consisted of sappan wood ethanol extract, red ginger rhizome ethanol extract, combination formulas (F1, F2, and F3), and positive control (diclofenac sodium). F1 comprises a 1:1 mixture of ethanol extract of sappan wood and red ginger rhizome, while F2 and F3 are composed of 2:1 and 1:2, respectively. The IC50 values for sappan wood ethanol extract, red ginger rhizome ethanol extract, and formulas F1, F2, and F3 were 47.63, 181.26, 101.93, 94.98, and 104.98 ppm, respectively. Statistical analysis using the one-way Anova followed by the Games-Howell post-hoc test revealed a statistically significant difference (p < 0.05) in the IC50 of each sample. For single extracts, sappan wood is better as an anti-inflammatory. Meanwhile, in the formulations, Formula F2 is superior as an anti-inflammatory agent

Biological effects and phytochemical study of the underground part of Iris scariosa Willd. ex Link extract: A new source of bioactive constituents

The expected toxicity and resistance of chemotherapeutic agents necessitate and encourage for the use of natural chemotherapeutic sources of plant origin in the clinical stage of cancer therapy. Plants of the genus Iris (Iridaceae) used by local populations for the treatment of cancer, bacterial and viral infections. In this study, an ethanol extract of rhizomes of I. scariosa was prepared and tested for the cytotoxicity using the MTT assay. The extract exhibited the most potent cytotoxicity against the breast cancer cell line MCF7 (IC50 = 9.28 ± 0.49 μg/ml, selectively index ˃5), and induced apoptosis in MCF7 lines. Notably, the extract significantly inhibited the colony formation of MCF7 and HepG2 cancer cells at a concentration range from 10.6 to 85.0 μg/ml, including non-toxic concentrations for HepG2 cells. The ethanol extract was analyzed by HPLC, revealed the identification of 5 secondary metabolites (quercetin, rutin, myricetin, apigenin, artemisetin), the content of which was shown to reach around 15% of the extract. The petroleum ether (PE) part of the extract (yield 2.62%) was analyzed by GC–MS. The composition of tert-butyl methyl ether (TBME) part of the extract (yield 23.72%) was studied. Total of 15 individual compounds: two benzophenones, eight isoflavones, four flavones and a (2R)-flavanone were isolated. The pentamethoxyflavone artemisetin and flavanone pinocembrin were isolated for the first from Iris sp. The readily available isoflavones from the TBME part of extract (irilone, iriflogenin, irigenin and tectorigenin) may serve as new leads for the discovery of anticancer drugs.

Ameliorative effect of Curcuma longa against arsenic induced reproductive toxicity in Charles Foster rats

The present study aims to develop the antidote against arsenic induced male reproductive toxicity in animal models. The study was carried out on Charles Foster Rats after the approval from Institutional Animal Ethics Committee. A total of n=18, rats (12 weeks old) of an average weight of 160 ± 20 g were used for the study. The study group included n=6 control and n= 12 treated with sodium arsenite orally at the dose of 8mg/Kg b.w daily for 40 days. The n= 6 animals were dissected and rest n=6 was administered orally with Curcuma longa rhizome ethanolic extract at the dose of 600mg/Kg b.w per day for 40 days. At the end of the entire experiment, all the animals were dissected out and their reproductive organs were taken out, especially epididymis for sperm counts, sperm motility, sperm mortality, sperm morphology. The blood samples were collected for the hormonal assay (testosterone and luteinizing hormone), as well as for hematological and biochemical analysis. The study showed, high magnitude of degeneration in the reproductive organs of the rats in the arsenic treated group. There were degenerative fluctuations in the sperm counts, sperm motility, sperm mortality, sperm morphology and in the hormonal parameters, as well as in the hematological and biochemical parameters in the arsenic treated rats. But, after the administration of Curcuma longa, there was significant amelioration in all these parameters. Therefore, the present study shows that Curcuma longa plays vital role to combat arsenic induced male reproductive toxicity.

In-vivo Pharmacological Evaluation of Analgesic Activity of Ethanolic Extract of Doronicum hookeri Clarke Rhizomes in Wistar Rats

A number of plants are used traditionally in different medical conditions by practitioners of traditional medicines but their claim is not yet evaluated scientifically in laboratory animals. Based on the ethnomedical claims made by the Unani health practitioners, the Clarke rhizomes of Doronicum Hookeri was evaluated for analgesics activity in rats to confirm its claim. The successive plant extraction was carried out using Soxhlet apparatus by employing ethanol as a solvent of the dried rhizomes of Doronicum Hookeri. The % yield of extracted compound was 28.27% w/w. The qualitative preliminary phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, saponins, tannins, flavonoids, glycosides, phenolic content, terpenoids and volatile oils in the rhizomes of ethanolic extract of D. Hookeri. The extract was orally administered in rats at low dose and high dose (200 mg/kg, 400 mg/kg) and was evaluated using Eddy’s Hot Plate Method in rats for analgesics activity. Diclofenac sodium (50 mg/kg) and was taken as a standard drug. The maximum possible analgesia % of ethanolic extract of rhizomes of D. Hookeri were found to be highest at a dose of 400mg/kg which showed 68.95% and 80% analgesia at 45 minute and 60 minute which when compared to Diclofenac sodium showed 73.28% and 85.71% at 45 minute and 60 minutes. The analgesic efficacy of ethanolic extract of rhizomes of D. Hookeri showed significant analgesic activity (p<0.04) in dose dependent manner at different time intervals of 0, 15, 30, 45 and 60 min. This asserts ethnomedical claims of some tribes regarding the analgesic activity of this plant.
 Keywords - Analgesics, eddy’s hot plate, D. Hookeri, Diclofenac sodium.

In vitro Antimicrobial Activity Test of Zingiber officinale var. rubrum Rhizome Extract against Methicillin-Sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) and Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)

Highlights: Staphylococcus aureus, particularly MRSA, had developed rapid resistance against antibiotics like beta-lactams. Red ginger is believed to be antibacterial against MSSA and MRSA in vitro. Red ginger rhizome extracts displayed weak activity against MSSA and MRSA. Abstract Introduction: Red ginger (Zingiber officinale var. rubrum) is a traditional herb that is believed to possess antibacterial properties. Throughout the years, Staphylococcus aureus has developed resistance to a broad range of antibiotics, including beta-lactams, particularly in the form of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). As treatment options dwindle, it is urgent to formulate novel antibiotics. This study aimed to examine the antibacterial activity of the ginger rhizome ethanol extract against Methicillin-Sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) and MRSA. Methods: This study was performed according to the post-test-only control group design. Through a good diffusion assay, the anti-MSSA and anti-MRSA activity of the red ginger extract concentrations (100%, 50%, 25%, 12.5%, and 6.25%) was observed by measuring the diameter of the clear inhibition zones. Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and an antibiotic disc were added as control groups. Results: The red ginger extracts produced inhibition zones on both MSSA and MRSA. However, the antibacterial activity was considered weak (<12 mm). The concentration of the extract appeared to linearly affect its antibacterial activity against MSSA and MRSA. On MSSA, the 12.5% extract results differed significantly from those of the 100% and 50% extracts. Meanwhile, on MRSA, the extracts seemed to yield significantly different outcomes when compared to each other, except for the comparisons between 50%-25% and 12.5%-6.25%. Conclusion: Zingiber officinale var. rubrum rhizome extracts showed weak antibacterial activity against MSSA and MRSA.

Phytochemical Composition and Toxicological Profiling of Curcuma longa (Turmeric) Root Extract in Rats

Background: Curcuma longa Linn (turmeric) is a common medicinal plant used in Africa for the treatment of diseases. In this study, its extract was evaluated to ascertain its phytochemical composition and toxicity in wistar rats.
 Methods: The prepared rhizome ethanol extract was first subjected to preliminary phytochemical evaluation and then lethal dose (LD50) test. In the sub-acute toxicity test, 20 adult wistar rats assigned to 4 groups of 5 rats each were administered oral graded doses of the extract. Group 1 served as control while groups 2, 3 and 4 received 250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg body weight of the extract over a period of 28 days, after which blood samples were collected for haematological and serum biochemical analyses.
 Results: Results obtained from the phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of saponins, tannins, phenolics, flavonoids, steroids, terpenoids, cardiac glycosides and alkaloids in extract, with alkaloids being most abundant (41.20+0.53 mg/100g) and terpenoids, the least (3.98+0.03 mg/100g). Lethal dose value for the extract was found to be >5000mg/kg body weight. Results of sub-acute toxicity evaluation of the extract showed no deleterious effect on liver and kidney function parameters with these parameters being not significantly different from their control values (p<0.05). Treatment with the extract also caused significant hypolipidemia (p<0.05) but increased the values of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. The activities of antioxidant enzymes and red blood cell counts were also significantly increased following treatment with the extract, especially at higher dose levels.
 Conclusion: Therefore, we conclude that C. longa extract may be safe for use in the treatment of diseases when administered via the oral route.

Effectiveness of Ethanol Gel and Essential Oil of Kencur Rhizome (Kaempferia galanga L.) base Karbopol against Propionibacterium acnes

Kencur rhizome (Kaempferia galanga L.) is an aromatic herbal plant as antibacterial and anti-inflammatory. This study aims to determine the physical quality and effectiveness of gel preparations of ethanol extract and essential oil of kencur rhizome based on carbopol inhibiting Propionibacterium acnes bacteria. This study used a Randomized Block Design (RAL) with 2 different treatments of 5 levels each, namely ethanol extract gel treatment and essential oil extract gel with concentrations of 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50%. The results of the gel formulation of extracts and essential oils based on carbopol showed pH, texture, spreadability and adhesiveness according to the quality standards of topical preparations. The antibacterial inhibition of the gel was moderate at 50% extract concentration (11.41 mm); and 50% essential oil (9.04 mm). Positive control treatment inhibited growth by 15.84 mm while negative control showed no response. The extract gel and essential oil of galangal rhizome had a significant effect but were less effective in inhibiting P. acnes bacteria. Adding the maximum concentration of extract and essential oil can optimize acne healing.

Exploring neuroprotective activity of ethanolic rhizome extract of Alpinia calcarata in cisplatin-induced peripheral neuropathy in rats

Exploring neuroprotective activity of ethanolic rhizome extract of Alpinia calcarata in cisplatin-induced peripheral neuropathy in rats

50% ethanol extract cytotoxic test of temulawak on MCF-7 breast cancer cells

According to WHO, the number of breast cancer sufferers always increases from year to year. One of the medicinal plants used is temulawak. The levels of active compounds in plants can differ depending on several factors, one of which is the planting location, therefore research was conducted on the cytotoxicity of 50% ethanol extract of temulawak rhizomes from 5 regions on MCF-7 breast cancer cells in vitro using the MTT-Assay method. Temulawak used in this research comes from 5 regions in Indonesia, namely Tembalang, Wonogiri, Jambi, Sumba and Sukabumi. Cytotoxic testing of 50% ethanol extract of temulawak rhizomes used 6 concentrations, namely 500; 250; 125; 62.5; 31.25; and 15,625 ppm. The IC50 value obtained from 50% ethanol extract of temulawak rhizomes from Tembalang, Wonogiri, Jambi, Sumba and Sukabumi at MCF-7 was 109; 550.9; 622.3; 341.6; and 116.5 ppm. The results of the cytotoxic test showed that the 50% ethanol extract of temulawak rhizomes from Tembalang obtained the best IC50 value compared to temulawak rhizome extracts from other areas.

Apoptosis Induction of SKOV-3 Ovarian Cancer Cells from Pacing Rhizome (Costus speciosus) Through the Modulation of BAX and P53 Genes Expression

Costus speciosus or Pacing has been investigated to have cytotoxic effect on several human cancer cells. Current was conducted to determine the cytotoxic activity of ethanol extract of the Pacing rhizome (EP) on SKOV-3 ovarian cancer cells, to investigate EP’s effect on BAX and p53 expression, and predict the inhibition activity on intrinsic pathway. EP were extracted using maceration method with 70% ethanol. The cytotoxic effect was performed using MTT Assay with various concentrations (375 μg/mL, 250 μg/mL, 62.5 μg/mL, 31.25 μg/mL, and 7.8125 μg/mL). The ability of EP to induce apoptosis in SKOV-3 cells was measured using flow cytometry. The BAX and p53 gene expressions on SKOV-3 cells were detected with RT-qPCR after treatment of EP with concentrations of ¼ IC50, ½ IC50, and IC50. The ability of diosgenin to interact with BAX and p53 can be seen from the interaction with the MCL-1 protein and was predicted with molecular docking. The results showed that IC50 of cytotoxic activity was 69.143 μg/mL. EP could induce apoptosis on SKOV-3 cells and can induce BAX and p53 protein expressions. The docking results show that diosgenin has the potential to act as an antagonist for the MCL-1 protein, it can increase apoptosis.Keywords: apoptotic, Costus speciosus extract, SKOV-3, p53, BAX.

ANALYSIS ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY AND TOTAL FLAVONOID CONTENT COMBINATION OF ETHANOL EXTRACT OF KENCUR RHIZOME (Kaempferiae Galanga L.) AND TAPAK DARA LEAF (Catharanthus Roseus) USING DPPH METHOD

Background: Kaempferia galanga L and Catharanthus roseus leaves are natural ingredients that can be used as a source of antioxidants because they can reduce oxidative damage to the body due to free radicals. The aim of this research was to determine whether the ethanol extract of kencur rhizome and tapak dara leaves alone or combined has antioxidant properties that are able to fight free radicals. Methods: The method used to test antioxidant activity uses the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1 picrylhydrazyl) method. Results: the single ethanol extract of tapa dara leaves has antioxidant activity with an IC50 value of 32.17 ppm and is classified as very strong, while the single extract of kencur rhizome has antioxidant activity with an IC50 value of 17.30 ppm. and is classified as very strong. On the other hand, a mixture of ethanol extracts of tapak dara leaves and kencur rhizomes in a ratio of 1:2 showed very strong antioxidant activity, with an IC50 of 15.65 ppm. A mixture of tapak dara leaves and kencur rhizomes in a ratio of 2:1 showed very strong antioxidant activity with an IC50 value of 9.15 ppm. A mixture of galangal rhizome extract and tapak dara leaves in a ratio of 2:1 produces maximum antioxidant activity. This combination has very strong antioxidant activity compared to the individual forms of these compounds and is almost as strong as vitamin C which has an IC50 value of 5.30 ppm. Conclusion: : the combination of galangal rhizome extract and tapak dara leaves in a ratio of 2:1 produces very strong antioxidant activity compared to the single form of both.

Comparative Study of Liposomal and Ethosomal Formulations of Curcuma heyneana Rhizome Extract in a Transdermal Delivery System.

This study aimed to develop an anti-aging nanoformulation with Curcuma heyneana extract as bioactive substance. Curcuma heyneana Valeton & Zipj extract has been proven in previous research to have antioxidant, anti-ageing, anti-inflammatory, and wound healing properties, which makes it a potential bioactive material for anti-ageing and sunscreen cosmetic products. Phytoantioxidants need to penetrate into deeper skin layers to ensure effectivity. Thus, a transdermal delivery system is needed to deliver the extract to a deeper skin layer. The objective of the study was to compare the permeability and anti-ageing activity of liposomal and ethosomal formulations of C. heynena rhizome ethanolic extract. In this study, C. heyneana extract was loaded into a phospholipid vesicular system in the form of liposome and ethosome formulations using the ethanolic injection method. The anti-ageing activity was assessed by analyzing the epidermal thickness, number of sunburn cells, distance between collagen fibres, and number of fibroblasts. While the histologic specimen scoring was carried out for the in vivo penetration study. The ethosomal formulation had been found to have better penetration ability since it was able to reach the lower dermis area compared to the liposomes, which only reached the upper dermis. The ethosomal formulation of C. heyneana extract exhibited a better anti-ageing activity based on the parameters of epidermal thickness, sunburn cell count, fibroblast count, and the distance between collagen fibres in rat skin histology. Ethosomes have been found to be a more proficient carrier system for transdermal delivery of C. heyneana extract compared to liposomes. Meanwhile, their penetration correlated with the effectivity of the formulation, suggesting that the vesicular system enhanced the penetration ability of the extract.

Formulation and Evaluation of Antimicrobial Potential of Glycerosomes Containing Allium sativum, Zingiber officinale Extracts

The aim of the present investigation is to evaluate the antimicrobial potential of A. sativum and Z. officinalis extracts mediated glycerosomes formulation by thin film of lipid hydration method. The water content present in the A. sativum and Z. officinale was 42.3 and 27.2 % respectively. The yield of A. sativum and Z. officinale extract using ethanol as solvent through the Soxhlation process was found to be 4.7 ± 1.05 and 12.7 ± 1.108 % respectively. The crude drug of A. sativum and Z. officinale showed foreign organic was found to be 0.2 and 0.21 % and volatile oil was found to be 1.8 and 2.4 % only. The ash study revealed that total, acid-insoluble, water-soluble, and sulfated ash values were for the crude drugs of A. sativum and Z. officinale. The ethanol extracts showed maximum extractive yield. The phytochemicals detected in A. sativum bulb ethanol extract are Alkaloids, Carbohydrates, Cardiac glycosides, Phenols, Sterols, Triterpenoids, Saponins, Flavonoids, and Fixed oils and in Z. officinale rhizome ethanol extract are Alkaloids, Carbohydrates, Cardiac glycosides, Anthraquinone glycosides, Proteins and Amino acids, Triterpenoids, Saponins, Flavonoid, and Fixed oils. The prepared glycerosome was spherical with a slightly irregular shape. The negative potential of glycerosomes demonstrates the greater stability of the vesicular dispersion. The ASEE glycerosome formulations (F1 and F2) exhibited better antibacterial activity and greater antifungal activity against the gram-negative bacteria in comparison with the ZOEE glycerosome formulations (F3 and F4). The present research work strongly concluded that the A. sativum and Z. officinale and their glycerosome formulations are good candidate drugs and formulations for the safe and effective treatment of microbial infections

Hedychium coronarium J.Koenig produced extracellular and intracellular anti-tuberculosis activity with morphological alteration of the tubercle bacillus

Hedychium coronarium J.Koenig (Zingiberaceae) is a medium-sized aromatic rhizomatous perennial monocotyledonous plant. The rhizome of H. coronarium is reported in traditional medicine for its use in the treatment of tonsillitis, bronchitis, cough, fever and other respiratory disorders. The present work was carried out to evaluate anti-mycobacterial activity of the ethanolic extract of rhizomes of H. coronarium against respiratory pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) with its safety assessment and action on morphology of the bacilli. Anti-mycobacterial activity was assessed using the in-vitro resazurin microtiter plate assay (REMA). The plant extract was further evaluated for its cytotoxicity against human THP-1 macrophages. Ex-vivo intracellular anti-TB activity was also determined using Mtb infected macrophage culture model. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to examine the morphological changes in Mtb in the presence of plant extract.H. coronarium exhibited promising antimycobacterial activity against drug sensitive Mtb H37Rv and multi drug resistant (MDR) clinical isolates of Mtb with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values ranging from 15.62 to 31.25 µg mL−1. The IC50 (50% inhibitory concentration) of plant extract on THP-1 was found at higher concentration than MIC values against Mtb, indicating that the mammalian cells were not adversely affected at concentrations which are effective against Mtb. The plant extract displayed intracellular killing of bacilli inside the infected macrophages. H. coronarium also produced morphological alteration of the bacilli after 48 and 72 h of treatment. In this study, we conclude that H. coronarium has promising in-vitro and ex-vivo intracellular activity against Mtb and it also displayed activity against rifampicin and isoniazid resistant clinical isolates of Mtb without affecting eukaryotic cells.