Ethanol Extract Of Flowers Research Articles

Biological Activities of Aerial Parts Extracts of Euphorbia characias.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-HIV, and cholinesterase inhibitory activities of aqueous and alcoholic extracts from leaves, stems, and flowers of Euphorbia characias. The extracts showed a high antioxidant activity and were a good source of total polyphenols and flavonoids. Ethanolic extracts from leaves and flowers displayed the highest inhibitory activity against acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase, showing potential properties against Alzheimer's disease. Antimicrobial assay showed that leaves and flowers extracts were active against all Gram-positive bacteria tested. The ethanolic leaves extract appeared to have the strongest antibacterial activity against Bacillus cereus with MIC value of 312.5 μg/mL followed by Listeria monocytogenes and Staphylococcus aureus that also exhibited good sensitivity with MIC values of 1250 μg/mL. Moreover, all the extracts possessed anti-HIV activity. The ethanolic flower extract was the most potent inhibitor of HIV-1 RT DNA polymerase RNA-dependent and Ribonuclease H with IC50 values of 0.26 and 0.33 μg/mL, respectively. The LC-DAD metabolic profile showed that ethanolic leaves extract contains high levels of quercetin derivatives. This study suggests that Euphorbia characias extracts represent a good source of natural bioactive compounds which could be useful for pharmaceutical application as well as in food system for the prevention of the growth of food-borne bacteria and to extend the shelf-life of processed foods.

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Magonia pubescens A.St.-Hil (Sapindaceae) (‘tingui’) is a typical medicinal plant of the Cerrado biome. This plant is used as a larvicide and employed in poison fishing. However, little is known of its secondary metabolites. In this study, it is described for the first time as the volatile constituents of M. pubescens, collected via headspace. Qualitative phytochemical analyses were performed. In addition, the antioxidant activity of the ethanol extracts of flowers and leaves were evaluated, and the total flavonoids were quantified. The ethanol extracts of flowers (12.67 ± 0.05 rutin equivalent (EQ) g-1) and leaves (11.81 ± 0.05 rutin EQ g-1). The leaf extracts exhibited higher IC50 values (18.14 ± 0.02 rutin EQ g-1) than did the flower extracts (31.19 ± 0.05 rutin EQ g-1). Twenty volatile compounds were identified in M. pubescens flowers through gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS), being identified as benzilic acid (17.9%) and styrene (13.9%) as the major compounds. The antioxidant activity of M. pubescens could be related to the presence of flavonoids and tannins, but further studies need to be conducted to fully understand that correlation. The identified volatiles have the potential to be used in the cosmetics industry due to their socio-economic relevance, and the may also contribute to the understanding of the reproductive success of this species. Key words: Magonia pubescens, ‘tingui’, headspace, phytochemical screening, gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS).

Induction of apoptotic death of human hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) cells by ethanolic extract from litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) flower

The cytotoxic activity of litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) flower ethanolic extract (LFEE) against A549 (human lung adenocarcinoma), KB (human nasopharyngeal carcinoma), MCF-7 (human breast adenocarcinoma) and HepG2 (human hepatocellular carcinoma) cells was evaluated. LFEE exhibited better anti-proliferative action against HepG2 cells, which induced G2/M phase arrest and apoptosis in HepG2 cells. HepG2 cells treated with LFEE (0.3 mg/mL) enhanced expressions of p53, tBid, Bad and Bax, along with decreased expressions of Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL, and induced the release of cytochrome c from mitochondria to cytosol. That also accompanied by activation of caspases-3, -8 and -9 and cleavage of poly (adenosine diphosphate (ADP)-ribose) polymerase (PARP); furthermore, down-regulations of phosphoinositide 3 kinase (PI3K), Akt, Akt phosphorylation and Bad phosphorylation could also be observed. Five flavonoids (total amount, 101.07 mg/g dried extract (g DE)), nine phenolic acids (total amount, 55.07 mg/ g DE) and proanthocyanidin A2 (81.20 mg/ g DE) could be determined in LFEE.

Contrasting effects of ethanolic extracts of leaf and flower of Chromolaena odorata against Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) annulatus

In the present study, ethanolic extracts of leaves and flowers of Chromolaena odorata were compared at different dilutions (6.2 mg/mL, 12.5 mg/mL, 25 mg/mL, 50 mg/mL and 100 mg/mL) for their efficacy against ticks. Per cent adult mortality, inhibition of fecundity and hatching of laid ova were studied. Leaf extract did not cause any adult tick mortality. The negative values for the per cent inhibition of fecundity observed with the leaf extract indicatedthat it promoted egg laying. On the contrary, the ethanolic extract of flowers at 10% concentration caused 62% adult tick mortality and 80%inhibition of fecundity. However, both extracts did not produce any change in the hatching of the laid ova by treated ticks.

Phenolic Compounds and Antifungal Activity of <i>Hedera helix</i> L. (Ivy) Flowers and Fruits

Identification and quantitative analysis of the phenolic compounds from Hedera helix L. (ivy) flower and fruit ethanol extracts by LC/MS, in vitro germination and growth inhibition effects on Aspergillus niger, Botrytis cinerea, Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. tulipae, Penicillium gladioli and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum were performed. In the non-hydrolyzed samples of flower and fruit extracts were determined, in different amounts, five polyphenols (p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, rutoside, quercetol and kaempferol) while quercitrin was identified only in the ivy flower extract. The hydrolyzed samples of the same ivy extracts indicated four phenolic compounds (p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, quercetol and kaempferol), in different concentrations, whereas sinapic acid was only detected in the ivy fruit extract. The antifungal activity of the fresh flower extract was stronger than that of the fresh fruit extract and was compared to that of an antimycotic drug.

Hypoglycemic activity evaluation and chemical study on hollyhock flowers

Hollyhock (Althaea rosea (Linn.) Cavan) belongs to Althaea genus, Malvaceae family, is a perennial garden plant distributed throughout the world in warm temperate and tropical regions, which was used as anti-diabetes ingredient in traditional Chinese medicine. In the process of our research, ethanolic extract of hollyhock flower (HFE) was found to decrease serum triglyceride and glucose levels significantly in KK-Ay mice after oral administration for 8weeks. Meanwhile, gene expressions on AMPK, IRS2, PI3K, AKT and GLUT4 in liver were remarkably up-regulated. Three new dihydroflavonol glycosides, named as roseaflavanonolosides A (1), B (2), and C (3), together with two known ones were obtained from HFE. Their structures were elucidated by chemical and spectroscopic methods. Hepatic cell glucose uptake experiment was performed using 2-NBDG as a glucose uptake indicator. At the dosage of 20μg/mL for 1–5, the glucose uptake increasing level was nearly 30%–40% in HepG2 cells. We partly revealed the glucose metabolism regulation effect may relate to dihydroflavonols in hollyhock flower.

ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF ROSA CANINA FLOWERS AGAINST SELECTED MICROORGANISMS

Rosa canina flowers were screened against various plant pathogenic microbial strains to study the antimicrobial properties of the plant. Ethanolic and methanolic extracts of flowers were screened applying agar well diffusion method against two Gram-negative bacteria including Escherichia coli CCM 3988 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa CCM 1960 and three microscopic filamentous fungi strains Aspergillus niger, Fusarium culmorum and Alternaria alternata, respectively. The best antimicrobial effect of ethanolic extract of Rosa canina flowers was found against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and the best antimicrobial effect of methanolic extract of Rosa canina flowers was found against Escherichia coli.

In Vitro antimicrobial activity using ethanolic extract of flower and stem extract ofCassia auriculatalinn.

The present study involves evaluating the invitro antimicrobial activity using ethanolic extract of flower and stem extract of Cassia auriculata linn. The ethanolic extract of both flower and stem extract of Cassia auriculata was found to possess antimicrobial activity against strains of two Gram negative organisms Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and two Gram positive organisms Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis and one fungal pathogen (Candida albicans). The antimicrobial activity of the flower and stem extracts of Cassia auriculata Linn. were evaluated by disc diffusion method and Minimum Inhibitory Concentration assay. The results obtained in the study indicates that the flower and stem extract using ethanol can be a potential source of antimicrobial agents.

Avaliação do potencial biológico da Tabebuia aurea(Silva Manso) como fonte de moléculas bioativas para atividade antimicrobiana, antiedematogênica e antirradicalar

RESUMO As espécies da família Bignoniaceae e do gênero Tabebuia são amplamente utilizadas na medicina tradicional e possuem um forte potencial terapêutico. Diante disso, objetivou-se avaliar o potencial biológico da Tabebuia aurea, determinando a atividade antimicrobiana; por meio do método da microdiluição em caldo, para a determinação da Concentração Inibitória Mínima (CIM); antiedematogênica, pelo ensaio de edema de orelha induzido por capsaicina; e antirradicalar, frente ao radical DPPH. Os extratos etanólicos de T. aurea não evidenciaram citotoxicidade, exceto o extrato etanólico da flor nas concentrações > 0,5 mg mL-1. O extrato etanólico da flor foi ativo com ação bactericida frente a S. epidermidis (CIM de 0,06 mg mL-1) enquanto o extrato etanólico da folha foi moderadamente ativo frente a S. epidermidis (CIM: 0,25 mg mL-1) e S. aureus (CIM: 0,50 mg mL-1) sugerindo ação bacteriostática para ambas as linhagens. Os dois extratos apresentaram ação antiedematogênica, com inibição do edema de 40,50% pelo extrato etanólico da flor e de 41,73% pelo extrato da folha. T. aurea não apresentou atividade antirradicalar. Os resultados comprovam o perfil antibacteriano e antiedematogênico com ausência de citotoxidade pela T. aurea. Sugere-se a continuação dos testes com frações e substâncias isoladas das flores e folhas da referida espécie vegetal, bem como de experimentos in vivo, como forma de agregar evidências visando à busca de novos fitoterápicos.

Antioxidant activity and mineral element contents of Calotropis procera from Iran: a traditional medicinal plant in Middle East

Calotropis procera is a medicinal plant used traditionally in animal and human medicine for its digestive and anti-asthmatic effects. In the present study, antioxidant activity and mineral element contents of the leaves and flowers of C. procera were determined. Different extraction methods that include ethanol, chloroform, and water extraction were used to prepare extracts from the leaves and flowers of this plant. Diphenyl picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method for antioxidant activities and flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS) with microwave digestion for mineral element contents were performed. Aqueous extract of flower was the most potent radical scavenger (IC50 of 85.58 ± 9.41 μg/ml) followed by ethanol extract of flowers (IC50 of 142.95 ± 10.01 μg/ml). In addition, the antioxidant activities of all the flower extracts were significantly higher than that of the leaves (P <0.05). Also, high concentrations of K+ (196.50 ± 10.02 μg/mg) and Ca2+ (108.23 ± 5.30 μg/mg) and low concentrations of Na+, Cr2+, and Fe2+ (0.87 ± 0.04, 2.44 ± 0.17, and 2.63 ± 0.21 μg/mg, respectively) were demonstrated in the leaves of C. procera. Our results provide a support for the use of C. procera in traditional medicine and may be clarified as the cause of its beneficial effects.

Moringa oleifera inhibits growth of Candida spp. and Hortaea werneckii isolated from Macrobrachium amazonicum prawn farming with a wide margin of safety

This study aimed to evaluate the antifungal activity of M. oleifera extracts against fungi isolated from farmed prawns and test the toxicity of the extracts on larvae of Macrobrachium amazonicum. The ethanol extracts of pods, seeds, leaves, stems and flowers and chloroform extract of flowers of M. oleifera were tested against 14 strains of Candida spp. and 10 strains of Hortaea werneckii isolated from farming water and the digestive tract of M. amazonicum. Antifungal activity was determined by microdilution, based on the M27-A3 and M38-A2 CLSI documents. Toxicity was evaluated by exposing larvae of M. amazonicum at concentrations between 10-1000mg mL-1, counting dead larvae (CL50) after 24 hours. The best results were verified with the chloroform extract of flowers, acting against all tested strains, with MICs ranging from 0.019 to 2.5 mg mL-1. Ethanol extracts of leaves, flowers and seeds acted against 22/24, 21/24 and 20/24 strains, respectively. The extract of pods was only effective against strains of Candida spp. (14/24) and extract of stem only against four strains of H. werneckii (4/24). Extracts of seeds, flowers (chloroform fraction), stems and leaves showed low or no toxicity, whereas extracts of pods and flowers (ethanol fraction) showed moderate toxicity. Thus, the antifungal activity of these extracts agaisnt Candida spp. and H. werneckii was observed, a wide margin of safety for larvae of M. amazonicum, demonstrating to be promising for the sustainable management of effluents from M. amazonicum farming

Green synthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles using alcoholic flower extract of Nyctanthes arbortristis and in vitro investigation of their antibacterial and cytotoxic activities.

Here we report the synthesis of silver nanoparticles using ethanolic flower extract of Nyctanthes arbortristis, UVvisible spectra and TEM indicated the successful formation of silver nanoparticles. Crystalline nature of the silver nanoparticles was confirmed by X-ray diffraction. Fourier Transform Infra-Red Spectroscopy analysis established the capping of the synthesized silver nanoparticles with phytochemicals naturally occurring in the ethanolic flower extract of N. arbortristis. The synthesized silver nanoparticles showed antibacterial activity against the pathogenic strain of Escherichia coli MTCC 443. Furthermore, cytotoxicity of the silver nanoparticles was tested on mouse fibroblastic cell line (L929) and found to be non-toxic, which thus proved their biocompatibility. Antibacterial activity and cytotoxicity assay carried out in this study open up an important perspective of the synthesized silver nanoparticles.

Nymphaea rubra ameliorates TNF-α-induced insulin resistance via suppression of c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase and nuclear factor-κB in the rat skeletal muscle cells.

In this work, we demonstrated insulin signaling and the anti-inflammatory effects by the chloroform fraction of ethanolic extract of Nymphaea rubra flowers in TNF-α-induced insulin resistance in the rat skeletal muscle cell line (L6 myotubes) to dissect out its anti-hyperglycemic mechanism. N. rubra enhances the GLUT4-mediated glucose transport in a dose dependent manner and also increases the tyrosine phosphorylation of both IR-β and IRS-1, and the IRS-1 associated PI-3 kinase activity in TNF-α-treated L6 myotubes. Moreover, N. rubra decreases Ser(307) phosphorylation of IRS-1 by the suppression of JNK and NF-κB activation. In conclusion, N. rubra reverses the insulin resistance by the inhibition of c-Jun NH2-Terminal Kinase and Nuclear-κB.

Inhibitory effect of banana (Musa sp. var. Nanjangud rasa bale) flower extract and its constituents Umbelliferone and Lupeol on α-glucosidase, aldose reductase and glycation at multiple stages

Postprandial hyperglycaemia is characterized as the earliest symptom of diabetes and its management attenuates several of the associated secondary complications. In this context, we investigated the role of ethanol extract of banana flower (EF) for its antihyperglycaemic effects. The EF showed a strong inhibition towards α-glucosidase and pancreatic amylase which play a vital role in clinical management of postprandial hyperglycaemia. The major active compounds present in EF were identified as Umbelliferone (C1) and Lupeol (C2) using various spectroscopic methods. C1 (IC50: 7.08±0.17μg/ml) and C2 (IC50: 7.18±0.14μg/ml) were found to inhibit α-glucosidase in a non-competitive mode of inhibition, with low Ki values. Further, in vitro glycation assays showed that EF and its compounds prevented each stage of protein glycation and formation of its intermediary compounds. EF, C1 and C2 also exhibited a potent inhibition on aldose reductase with IC50 values of 2.25±0.29, 1.32±0.22 & 1.53±0.29μg/ml respectively. Our results suggest that, the observed potential of EF in antihyperglycaemic activity via inhibition of α-glucosidase and in antidiabetogenic effect by inhibition of polyol pathway and protein glycation is more likely to be attributed to the presence of C1 and C2.

Effect of meadowsweet flower extract-pullulan coatings on rhizopus rot development and postharvest quality of cold-stored red peppers.

The study involved an examination of the antifungal activity on red peppers of pullulan coating (P) and pullulan coating containing either water-ethanol (P + eEMF) or ethanol extract of meadowsweet flowers (P + eEMF). Pullulan was obtained from a culture of Aureobasidium pullulans B-1 mutant. Both non-inoculated peppers and those artificially inoculated with Rhizopus arrhizus were coated and incubated at 24 °C for 5 days. The intensity of the decay caused by Rhizopus arrhizus in the peppers with P and P + eEMF coatings was nearly 3-fold lower, and in the case of P + weEMF 5-fold lower, than that observed in the control peppers. Additionally, the P + weEMF coating decreased, almost two-fold the severity of pepper decay compared to other samples. The influence of coating of pepper postharvest quality was examined after 30 days of storage at 6 °C and 70%–75% RH. All coatings formed a thin and well-attached additional layer of an intensified gloss. During storage, color, total soluble solid content and weight loss of coated peppers were subject to lower changes in comparison with uncoated ones. The results indicate the possibility of the application of pullulan coatings containing MFEs as an alternative to the chemical fungicides used to combat pepper postharvest diseases.

HEPATOPROTECTIVE ACTIVITY OF IXORA COCCINEA L. IN ANIMAL MODEL

The present study aim was to assess the hepatoprotective effects of an ethanolic extract of Ixora flowers against carbon tetrachloride induced hepatocellular injury in rat s . Healthy male W istar rats (150 - 200 g body weight, 4 - 6 wk old) were used . They were ran domly di vided into eight groups. In the test group, ethanolic flower extract at a dose of 300 mg/kg was administered orally once daily. A single dose of carbo n tetrachloride (CCl 4 , 0.5 ml/kg in olive oil) was administered i.p. to induce hepatotoxicity on the 7 th d ay after half an hour of extract administration. Animals were euthanized 24 h after the administration of CCl 4 . Blood and liver tissue were collected for the assessment of serum levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), TP (Total protein), TB (Total bilirubin) and liver reduced glutathione level. The liver tissue was used for histopathological assessment of liver damage. Pre - treatment of rats with the flower extract of Ixora coccinea (300 mg/kg) orally for 7 days showed sig nificant reduc tion in serum levels of ALT ( P < 0.05) and AST ( P < 0.05) enzymes by 5.5 % and 14 % respectively. TP (Total protein) increased by 96.4 % and TB (Total bilirubin) decreased by 42.8 % and s imilar ly significant reduction was observed ( P < 0.05) in the liver reduced glutathione level by 42.32 % 24 h after the administration of carbon tetrachloride. Histopathological studies provided the evidence that the flower extract possess hepatoprotective activity. The study indicated that under the defined e xperimental conditions ethanolic extract of flowers of Ixora coccinea showed

Antibacterial Effects of Ocimum Sanctum L Leaves, Flowers and Shoots against Bacillus spp from Soil

In this study, the antibacterial activity of various organic solvent extracts of Ocimum sanctum L leaves, flowers and shoots was determined in vitro using agar diffusion method and MIC tested against the isolated soil bacteria. The identified bacteria were Paenibacillussp. L32, Paenibacillussp. BF38, Bacillus megaterium, Terribacillussp. 3LF, Bacillus simplex and Bacillus cereus. Various organic extracts of Ocimum sanctum L revealed a good antibacterial activity against about all bacteria. Results showed that the best extract was methanol because highest inhibition zone were obtained by this extract and all studied bacteria were inhibited. At a concentration of 500 µg/disc, the highest microbial inhibition was found 19.2±.76 mm against Bacillus simplex for methanol extract, 15.7±0.58 mm on Terribacillus sp. 3LF for ethanol extract of flower, 14.0±2.0 mm on Terribacillus sp. 3LF for ethanol extract of leaves, 13.34±0.58 mm on Bacillus megaterium for n-hexane extract and 11.7±0.6 mm on Terribacillus sp. 3LF for chloroform extract, respectively and MIC (64, 128, 256 and 512 µg/ml, respectively). Most of the cases, antibacterial activity with commercial antibiotics such as amoxicillin and erythromycin, organic extracts exhibited similar or higher antibacterial activity than standard drug. The results of this study suggest that the organic extracts of Ocimum sanctum L leaves can be a source of natural antimicrobial agents with potential applications.&#x0D;

Wound Healing Potential of Ethanolic Extract of Tecoma stans Flowers in Rats

Wound Healing Potential of Ethanolic Extract of Tecoma stans Flowers in Rats

연화 및 연화주의 영양성분 및 항산화활성

This study was conducted to investigate the nutritional components and antioxidant activities of Nelumbo nucifera Gaertner flower (lotus flower, LF) and its wine (lotus flower wine, LF wine). The moisture, crude protein, crude fat, crude ash, and carbohydrate contents of the LF were 85.90, 1.91, 0.30, 1.04, and 10.85%, respectively, and of the LF wine, 92.87, 1.70, 0.30, 0.15, and 5.17%, respectively. The total amino acids in the LF and the LF wine were 2,168 and 6,341 mg/kg, respectively. Palmitic acid (38.63%) was a major fatty acid in the crude fat of the LF, and oleic acid (76.24%) was a major fatty acid in the crude fat of the LF wine. The levels of potassium in the LF (390.91±9.60 mg/100 g) and the LF wine (27.40±1.86 mg/100 g) were higher than those of the other minerals. The total phenol and flavonoid contents of both the lotus flower water extract (LFW) and the lotus flower ethanol extract (LFE) were higher than those of the LF wine. In addition, the highest antioxidant activities and ORAC values were obtained from the LFW and the LFE. In conclusion, we found that the LF and the LF wine have potential as natural antioxidants due to their higher bioactive compound contents such as their total phenol and flavonoid contents.

Inhibitory Effect of Litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) Flower on Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Expression of Proinflammatory Mediators in RAW264.7 Cells through NF-κB, ERK, and JAK2/STAT3 Inactivation

Litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) flower ethanolic extract (LFEE) was found to contain five flavanoids [total amount, 102.73 ± 5.50 mg/g of dried extract (gDE)], nine phenolic acids (total amount, 60.31 ± 4.52 mg/gDE), and proanthocyanidin A2 (79.31 ± 2.95 mg/gDE). LFEE was used to evaluate the inhibitory effects on lipopolysaccharide- (LPS-) induced pro-inflammatory mediators in RAW264.7 cells. The results showed that LFEE treatment could suppress the expressions of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), the productions of nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), and the secretions of pro-inflammatory cytokines [interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α)] in the LPS-mediated RAW264.7 cells. The attenuation of LPS-induced inflammatory responses by LFEE was found to be closely related to the inhibition of the translocation of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) p50/p65 subunits correlated with suppression of the activation of the inhibitor of κB kinase (IKK) α/β and downregulation of activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and Janus kinase 2 (JAK2)/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3).