Concentrations Of Ethanolic Extract Research Articles

In Vitro Anthelmintic Activity of Orthosiphon aristatus (Blume) Miq Leaves Against Haemonchus contortus

Haemonchosis is an infection caused by the Haemonchus contortus worm, a blood-sucking gastrointestinal parasite that can also infect humans. Orthosiphon aristatus (Blume) Miq leaves have been shown to have anthelmintic activity due to the presence of saponins, flavonoids, and tannins. This study aimed to determine the anthelmintic activity of ethanol extract of Orthosiphon aristatus (Blume) Miq leaves against H. contortus. The infective H. contortus larvae were divided into six treatment groups: a 0.5% ethanol extract concentration group, a 1% ethanol extract concentration group, a 2% ethanol extract concentration group, a 4% ethanol extract concentration group, a positive control group (+), and a negative control group (-), each with four replicates. The study was conducted in six hours, with observations made at the 1st, 2nd, 4th, and 6th hours. The results showed that the death of the larvae increased with higher ethanol extract concentrations and longer exposure to the ethanol extract of Orthosiphon aristatus (Blume) Miq leaves. The time of death for infective H. contortus larvae given the ethanol extract of Orthosiphon aristatus (Blume) Miq leaves was at the 4th hour, and the effective dose of the ethanol extract as an anthelmintic was at the concentration of 0.5%. Keywords: Anthelmintic, Haemonchus contortus, Orthosiphon aristatus

In vitro Study of the Synergistic Effect of Different Concentrations of Chlorhexidine Mouthwash and Ethanolic Extract of Pinus Gerardiana on Oral Pathogens (Streptococcus Mutans and Candida Albicans)

Introduction: Tooth decay is the most common chronic disease in the world. Streptococcus mutans is the most important bacteria that cause tooth decay. The most common chemical method to prevent tooth decay is using mouthwash. Chlorhexidine is used as a standard mouthwash. The use of herbal compounds with antibacterial effect is preferable to chlorhexidine due to less side effects. The purpose of this study was to investigate the combination of different concentrations of chlorhexidine mouthwash and ethanol extract of Pinus gerardiana medicinal plant on oral pathogens (Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans). Method: A combination of different concentrations of chlorhexidine mouthwash and ethanol extract of Pinus gerardiana medicinal plant was prepared and its effect in different dilution against Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans was investigated by disc diffusion, well diffusion, and prevention of biofilm formation methods. Results: The results of disc diffusion, well diffusion, and biofilm method showed that the ethanolic extract of Pinus gerardiana medicinal plant alone had no significant antimicrobial effect on Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans and it was not comparable to chlorhexidine. Conclusion: According to the findings of this study, the antibacterial and antifungal effects of chlorhexidine gradually increased with the increase in concentration, and 0.2% chlorhexidine had the highest inhibitory effect on bacteria and fungi under the present study.

ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF ETHANOL EXTRACT OF KERSEN LEAF (Muntingia calabura L.) TOWARDS Escherichia coli BACTERIA

Escherichia coli is a bacteria that causes infection. In Indonesia, it has been reported that Escherichia coli is resistant to several types of antibiotics; therefore, other alternatives are needed to inhibit the growth of this Escherichia coli. One alternative method is to use medicinal plants, such as cherry leaves, which contain flavonoids, saponins, and tannins as antibacterials. Aim to determine the antibacterial activity of an ethanol extract of cherry leaves (Muntingia calabura L.) against Escherichia coli bacteria. The research used a post-test-only control group design. This study contained 7 groups: 1 positive control group, 1 negative control group, and 5 treatment groups. The treatment group consisted of an ethanol extract of cherry leaves with concentrations of 1%, 2%, 4%, 8%, and 10%. The control group was a positive control (K(+) with co-trimoxazole and a negative control (K(-) namely dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) at 10%. The data used was One-way ANOVA. The results of this study were the average zone of inhibition. The largest is at a concentration of 10%, namely 6 mm, while the smallest average inhibition zone is at a concentration of 4%, namely 4.37 mm. Concentrations of 2% and 1% do not indicate the presence of an inhibition zone. From these results it is concluded that there are significant differences between The concentration of cherry leaf ethanol extract against Escherichia coli bacteria and the minimum inhibitory level of cherry leaf ethanol extract against Escherichia coli bacteria is at a concentration of 4% with an average inhibition zone of 4.37mm.

Spectrophotometry and Histological Staining Potential of Ethanol Extract of brassica Oleracea (Red Cabbage) on Selected Organs of Sprague Dawley rat

Objective: Plants with coloring and dyeing effects have widely been used in histological staining. Natural dyes are less expensive, nontoxic, renewable and sustainable resources, with minimal environmental impact compared to synthetic stains. Red cabbage is one of such natural dyes. The red color of the red cabbage derived from anthocyanin pigments confers a great advantage to red cabbage. In this study, the physiochemical and spectrophotometric characteristics of red cabbage as well as its histological staining potentials on various tissues were carried out to determine its tissue specificity. Methods:The ethanol extract of red cabbage was prepared using 100% ethanol, then pH, spectrophotometry, and concentration of the red cabbage ethanol extract were measured before the solution was divided into two equal volumes, and one part was added with 2ml glacial acetic acid while the other part was added with 10g of aluminum sulfate. The two solutions were used to stain 10% neutral-buffered formalin-fixed, paraffin-wax-embedded tissue sections separately. Stained sections were viewed with a photomicroscope. Results: The ethanol extract was acidic at a pH of 4.89 and the spectrophotometry graph showed 3 peak absorbances at the wavelengths of 395nm, 545nm and 670nm. The maximum absorbance was 0.795 at the wavelength of 395nm and this is indicative of the pigment cyanidin which is the anthocyanin present in red cabbage. The red cabbage ethanol extract with both glacial acetic acid and aluminum sulfate showed good histological details in tissues of kidney, stomach, lungs, liver, spleen, small intestine and skin. There was no difference between the red cabbage ethanol extract and the conventional hematoxylin and eosin stain (P>0.05). Our study showed that red cabbage ethanol extract with acetic acid and aluminum sulfate is stable at 4oC, with color amber to light gold with a pH of 4.89 and a concentration of 1000 which gave good histological details. In general, our result indicates that red cabbage ethanol extract is an efficient stain for histological tissue structures and can be used as an eco-friendly alternative to eosin. Conclusion: Red cabbage ethanol extract stained basic structures of the cell such as the cytoplasm, muscle fibers and mucins. Therefore, red cabbage ethanol extract can be used in histological staining when appropriate modifications are done.

In Vitro and in Silico Analysis of α -Amylase Inhibitory Activity of Ethanolic Extract of Adhatoda vasica Leaves.

Diabetic individuals have a higher probability of suffering from illness and death due to small blood vessel-related problems such as retinopathy, neuropathy, nephropathy, and stroke than other complications. There are many synthetic anti-diabetic agents available, but these can be expensive and have undesirable pathological effects. The enzyme α-amylase (hydrolase), catalyzes the hydrolysis of starch to maltose and glucose via the cleavage of α-1,4-glucosidic linkages. Diabetes mellitus patients may benefit from a therapeutic strategy that involves slowing the hydrolysis of starch by inhibiting the activity of α-amylase. Thus, looking for cost-effective, natural, and safe antidiabetic agents is essential. This study aims to screen phytoconstituents and evaluate the in-vitro and in-silico α-amylase inhibitory activity of the ethanolic extract of Adhatoda vasica leaves. The extraction of Adhatoda vasica leaves was performed using ethanol via the Soxhlet extraction process. Different concentrations (100μg/mL to 1000μg/mL) of ethanolic extract, Acarbose, and Sitagliptin, were prepared and evaluated for α-amylase inhibitory activity using the spectrophotometric method. Molecular docking (AutodockVina 1.2.0) and toxicity profiling (SToPToX web server) studies were performed. The ethanolic extract of Adhatoda vasica leaves showed the highest percentage inhibition against α-amylase (56.763 ± 0.0035) at a concentration of 1000μg/mL. The in-silico study supported this inhibitory activity. Vasicoline (C5) and Quercetin (C9), the active constitute of Adhatoda vasica, showed the best binding energies of -8.3 and -8.0Kcal/mol, respectively against α-amylase enzyme (PDBID: 4W93). A toxicity study revealed the safety profile of the plant extract. It was concluded that Adhatoda vasica leaves possess some bioactive compounds that are responsible for controlling blood glucose levels, and their identification, purification, and isolation may lead to the development of new therapeutic agents with fewer side effects than the available drugs.

UJI AKTIVITAS ANTIBAKTERI EKSTRAK ETANOL dan FRAKSI DAUN SEMBUNG (Blumea balsamifera L.) TERHADAP BAKTERI Staphylococcus epidermidis

Sembung Leaves (Blumea balsamifera L.) is a plant with many properties, one of which is antibacterial. Sembung leaves have several chemical compounds such as tannins, saponins, and flavonoids which function as antibacterials. This study aims to determine the diameter of inhibition zone, the value of Minimum Inhibition Concentration (MIC) dan the value of Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) of ethanol extract, n-hexane fraction, ethyl acetat fraction and water fraction of sembung leaves (Blumea balsamifera L.) against the staphylococcus epidermidis bacteria. Antibacterial testing by using disc diffusion dan solid dilution methods. Ethanol extract and fractions of sembung leaf (Blumea balsamifera L.) that has been obtained are diluted with a concentration of 10%, 25%, and 50%. The positive control as clindamycin 1% and DMSO as the negative control. The results showed that ethanol extract of sembung leaves (Blumea balsamifera L.) can inhibit the growth of Staphylococcus epidermidis bacteria at a concentration of 10% which is 8,1 mm, concentration of 25% which is 9,13 mm, concentration of 50% which is 10,1 mm. The n-hexane fraction can inhibit Staphylococcus epidermidis bacteria at a concentration of 10 % which is 6,1 mm, concentration of 25% which is 7,11 mm, concentrarion of 50% which is 7,21 mm. The ethyl acetate fraction can inhibit Staphylococcus epidermidis bacteria at a concentration of 10% which is 9,1 mm, concentration of 25% which is 11,16 mm, concentration of 50% which is 12,26 mm. The water fraction there is no inhibition zone diameter. The MIC of ethanol extract of sembung leaves is 10%, n-hexane fraction is 25% and ethyl acetate fraction is 10%. The MBC of ethanol extract was at a concentration of 25%, n-hexane fraction at a concentration of 50% and ethyl acetate fraction at a concentration of 10%.

UJI SPF (Sun Protaction Factor) KRIM EKSTRAK ETANOL DAUN BINAHONG (Anredera cordifolia (Ten.) Steenis) SECARA IN VITRO DAN IN VIVO PADA KULIT PUNGGUNG KELINCI

The harmful effects caused by solar UV radiation cause sunburn. Using sunscreen is one way to protect the skin from the harmful effects of UV rays. Binahong leaves (Anredera cordifolia (Ten.) Steenis) have alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, steroids, and terpenoids which are helpful as sunscreens. This study aims to determine whether the extract and cream formula of binahong leaves has the potential as sunscreen in vitro and in vivo and the SPF, Tp(%), Te(%), and MED values. Binahong leaf extract was macerated with 96% ethanol. The SPF test uses a UV-VIS spectrophotometer with a 290-320 nm wavelength. Results were analyzed using ANOVA. They made sunscreen using various concentrations of binahong leaf ethanol extract 0.85, 0.95, and 1%. Sunscreen was tested in vitro and in vivo on rabbit test animals. The in vitro test results of the binahong leaf extract yield an SPF value of 45.7 ± 1.76 (ultra protection), Tp (%) of 10.39 ± 1.14 (fast tanning), and Te (%) of 15.49 ±1.74 (sunblock), in vivo, the extract has a MED value of 0 and FIII (1%) cream of binahong leaf extract is the best preparation because it has physical quality that meets the requirements, with an SPF value of 43.8 ± 1.88 (ultra protection), Te (%) was 18.96 ± 1.04, and Tp (%) was 28.00 ± 1.65, in vivo the extract had a MED value of 0.

Comparison of the Antibacterial Efficacy of Bamboo Shoot Ethanol Extract With Chlorhexidine Mouth Rinse Against Salivary Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus acidophilus: An Ex Vivo Study.

Background Dental caries is the most prevalent polymicrobial oral infectious disease tormenting individuals' healthy lifestyles and presents a significant public health problem. The objective of this study was to evaluate and compare the antibacterial properties of different concentrations of bamboo shoot ethanol extract with chlorhexidine mouth rinse on isolates of salivary Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) and Lactobacillus acidophilus (L. acidophilus). Materials and methods Non-stimulated salivary samples from 30 young adults were treated ex vivo with bamboo shoot ethanolic extract at concentrations of 30 µg/ml, 40 µg/ml, 50 µg/ml, and 60 µg/ml. The colony-forming units were quantified by measuring the number of viable bacterial cells. Inhibition zones were evaluated using the agar diffusion method. One-way ANOVA and post-hoc test were used to analyze the significant difference between variables using SPSS version 22.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY). Results The mean zone of inhibition with bamboo shoot ethanolic extract against salivary S. mutans (23.00 ± 0.816) and L. acidophilus (22.00 ± 0.816) total counts was closest to the control chlorhexidine (S. mutans =22.00 ± 0.876 and L. acidophilus =21.10 ± 0.876). A greater activity against S. mutans and L. acidophilus is seen in the zone of inhibition of the 60 µg/ml experimental concentration of bamboo shoot ethanolic extract, with a significant difference in the disc diffusion assay. Conclusion The treatment with bamboo shoot extract was equivalent effective in the mentioned bacterial species. Clinical relevance It can be assured that preventive measures like mouth rinse and dentifrices compromising bamboo shoots, a potential dental biomaterial, would be optimistic agents for caries control, including the cariostatic effect.

Total Phenolic, Flavonoid, and LC-MS Analysis of the Ethanolic Extract of Matoa (Pometia pinnata) Leaves from Kudus, Central Java, Indonesia

Matoa (Pometia pinnata) is a plant used as a floral identity in Indonesia, especially in Papua. Local people use boiled water from matoa leaves, which is believed to treat hypertension. Matoa leaves are traditionally used as a therapeutic agent for burns and wounds in Indonesia. Phytochemical screening of matoa leaf extract contains secondary metabolite compounds, including flavonoids, steroids, tannins, and saponins. So far, many of these activities have been reported from the polyphenol group. This research aimed to identify the phytochemical composition of matoa leaves from Kudus in the ethanolic extract using LC-MS. The total phenolic content of ethanol extract using the Folin Ciocalteu method was 35.689 ± 0.726 mg GAE/g extract. The total flavonoid content of ethanol extract using the AlCl3 colorimetric method was 1.384 ± 0.012 mg QE/g extract. Twelve compounds could be identified in the ethanol extract of matoa leaves. The phenolic compounds were vanillin, p-hydroxybenzaldehyde, p-Coumaroyl glycolic acid, syringic acid, gallic acid, phenol, and vanillic acid. The flavonoid compounds were identified as epigallocatechin and apigenin -7-O-diglucuronide. The organic compound was identified as jasmonic acid. The aromatic compound was identified as benzene. Besides, tannin compounds were also identified. The major compounds in matoa leaves from Kudus, Central Java, are vanillin, phenol, and benzene.

Analysis of Compound Content of Ethanol Extract of Butterfly Pea Flower (Clitoria ternatea L.) Using Thin Layer Chromatography Method: A Systematic Literature Review

The butterfly flower (Clitoria ternatea L.) is an herbal plant that is widely used in traditional medicine in Indonesia. The chemical compounds in butterfly pea flowers are thought to have various biological activities, such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and antidiabetic. Analysis of the compound content in butterfly pea flower extract can be done using various methods, one of which is thin layer chromatography (TLC). The literature search process was carried out on various databases (PubMed, Web of Sciences, EMBASE, Cochrane Libraries, and Google Scholar) analysis of the compound content of ethanol extract of butterfly pea flowers using the thin layer chromatography method. This study follows the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analysis (PRISMA) recommendations. The ethanol extract of butterfly pea flowers contains various groups of secondary metabolite compounds, such as flavonoids, saponins, terpenoids and tannins. These compounds are thought to have various biological activities, such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and antidiabetic.

2-(2-Phenylethyl)chromones increase in Aquilaria sinensis with the formation of agarwood.

Obtained from Aquilaria Lam. and Gyrinops Gaertn., agarwood is a prestigious perfume and medicinal material in the world. Its primary chemical constituents and indicators of agarwood's development are 2-(2-phenylethyl)chromones (PECs). However, how PECs affect its quality, accumulation, and transformation pattern is still unclear. The present study investigated this issue by monitoring resin filling in agarwood generated by the whole-tree agarwood-inducing technique over a span of a year, observing the ethanol extract concentration at different sampling times, and statistically examining PECs in agarwood from each sampling period. In agarwood, the resin accumulated over time, except during the 4th-6th month due to the creation of a barrier layer. The relative content of total PECs demonstrated an overall increase throughout the year but a decrease from the 4th month to the 6th month, and the relative content of 19 PECs that persisted throughout the year was positively correlated with the content of ethanol extracts. In addition, the process of chromone accumulation was accompanied by the production and transformation of different types of chromones, with flindersia type 2-(2-phenylethyl)chromones, epoxy-2-(2-phenylethyl)chromones, and diepoxy-2-(2-phenylethyl)chromones being the major chromone components; in addition, the content of 5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-2-(2-phenylethyl)chromones kept increasing after 6 months of agarwood formation. Three main trends were identified from 58 analogs of PECs, each with notable variation. The first type had the highest content at the beginning of resin formation. The second type had the highest content at 6 months and then started to decrease, and the third type had a slowly increasing content. As a whole, this study systematically investigated the accumulation of PECs during injury-induced agarwood production in A. sinensis, which is of scientific significance in resolving the transformation of PECs and revealing the secret of agarwood formation.

Aktivitas Penghambatan Ekstrak Etanol Biji Asam Gelugur (Garnicia atroviridis) terhadap Pertumbuhan Bakteri Escherichia coli dan Staphylococcus aureus

This study aims to determine the inhibitory activity of ethanol extract from tamarind seeds against the growth of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria at various concentrations. This study used a randomized complete block design with 1 factor, namely the concentration of tamarind seed extract with 6 levels, namely A1 (0.5%), A2 (1%), A3 (1.5%), A4 (2%), A5 (2.5%), A6 (3%). Each treatment was repeated 3 times. Research evaluation includes qualitative phytochemical tests and antioxidant activity against ethanol extract of gelugur acid seeds and bacterial inhibition. The results showed that in the ethanol extract of tamarind seeds there are phytochemical compounds which include flavonoids, saponins, tannins, and terpenoids. And has antioxidant activity of IC 50 = 15.77 ppm. Tamarind seed extract affects the growth of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. The minimum concentration of ethanol extract of tamarind seeds that can inhibit Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria is 0.5% with inhibitory zones of 15.6 mm and 10.9 mm respectively.

Antibacterial activities of three species of mangrove leaves extract against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli

The increasing incidence of infections and drug resistance has led scientists to seek approaches towards medicinal plants that are potentially effective against many microorganisms. Therefore, this study was planned to assess the antibacterial activity of 3 mangrove species (Scyphipora hydrophylaceae C.F.Gaertn., Lumnitzera littorea (Jack) Voigt and Avicennia alba Blume) against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli bacteria. This study used the disc diffusion method to measure the diameter of inhibition at several concentrations of mangrove leaf ethanol extracts, namely 15%, 10%, 5%, 2.5%, 1.25% and 0.625% b/v as well as positive control cefadroxil for bacteria and DMSO as negative control. The test results showed that ethanol extracts of mangosteen leave Scyphipora hydrophylaceae C.F.Gaertn and Lumnitzera littorea (Jack) Voigt had a solid response to Escherichia coli bacteria and moderate potential against S. Aureus bacteria—no antibacterial activity against both test bacteria for Avicennia alba mangrove. This study concludes that Scyphipora hydrophylaceae C.F.Gaertn and Lumnitzera littorea (Jack) Voigt have potent antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, but Avicennia alba has no antibacterial activity.

Hedera helix (Wall Ivy) leaf ethanol extract shows cytotoxic and apoptotic effects in glioblastoma cells by generating reactive oxygen species

Aim: Glioblastoma, known for its aggressiveness, accounts for most malignant gliomas and the efficiency of its treatment is still not enough showing remarkably poor prognosis even though a complex treatment approach. Hedera helix is an evergreen plant mostly known for its effects on respiratory function, especially in chronic bronchial asthma, as well as its antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and potential antitumor properties, while its effect on glioblastoma cancer and the underlying mechanism has not been elucidated yet. The aim of this study was to examine the anti-cancer properties of Hedera helix (common ivy) in relation to its ability to induce cytotoxicity, apoptosis, and reactive oxygen species production in glioblastoma (U87) cells. Material and Methods: The leaves’ ethanol, methanol, and water extracts were analyzed for phenol, flavonoid, and antioxidant levels through photometric methods. Then, different concentrations of ethanol extract were applied to U87 cells for 24 hours and analyzed for cytotoxic, apoptotic, and ROS-generating effects by measuring the luminometric intracellular ATP amount, Acridine Orange/Ethidium Bromide double staining, and DCFH-DA methods, respectively. Results: Phenol, flavonoid, and antioxidant results of all three extracts show that ethanol was best for extraction. The results showed that Hedera helix ethanol extract had dose-dependent cytotoxic and apoptotic effects with increased intracellular ROS levels. Conclusion: These results concluded that high doses of Hedera helix ethanolic extract may exhibit anti-cancer effects through pro-oxidant activity.

Antifungal activity testing of curry leaf ethanol extract on the growth of Pityrosporum ovale and Candida albicans fungus

Background: The curry leaf is an Indonesian plant commonly utilized as a spice. Curry leaves are abundant in secondary metabolites, which endow this plant with numerous advantages, including antibacterial and antifungal properties, as well as the ability to reduce blood sugar levels and blood pressure. The objective of this study is to assess the efficacy of an ethanol extract derived from curry leaves in suppressing the proliferation of Pityrosporum ovale and Candida albicans fungus. Methods: The symbiotic properties and phytochemical composition of curry leaf simplisia were examined. The antifungal efficacy of the ethanol extract derived from curry leaves was evaluated against Pityrosporum ovale and Candida albicans using the disc diffusion method. Calculate the precise values of the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). Results: The simplisia of curry leaf fulfills the criteria for simplisia characterization. Curry leaves possess a variety of secondary metabolite chemicals, including alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, glycosides, steroids, and triterpenoids. The activity against the inhibition of fungal growth of Pityrosporum ovale and Candida albicans can suppress fungal growth with inhibition zone diameters measuring 6.93±0.15 mm and 7.27±0.47 mm, respectively. The minimum lethal concentration of leaf ethanol extract for Pityrosporum ovale fungi is 8.75%, resulting in a decrease of 98.25%. For Candida albicans fungi, the minimum lethal concentration is 12.5%, resulting in a reduction of 98.37%. Conclusions: The ethanol extract derived from curry leaves has the ability to hinder the proliferation of Pityrosporum ovale and Candida albicans fungus.

Phytochemical Screening Analysis and Determination of Total Flavonoids and Total Phenolics Content of Ethanol Extract of Sungkai Leaf (Penorema canescens Jack) from Samarinda City

Sungkai is a plant that contains compounds such as flavonoids, tannins, phenolics, saponins, steroids, and terpenoids, which have the potential to develop native Indonesian herbal medicines to treat the prevention and treatment of various diseases. This research aimed to analyze phytochemical screening and the total flavonoid and phenolic content in sungkai leaves originating from Samarinda City. This research method was carried out by extracting sungkai leaves with 96% ethanol and evaporating them with a vacuum rotary evaporator. Sungkai leaf extract was analyzed for phytochemical screening using the tube method with color testing from various reagents and total phenolic and flavonoid content testing using the colorimetric method using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer. The results of the phytochemical screening showed that the ethanol extract of sungkai leaves from Samarinda City was positive for containing flavonoids, saponins, alkaloids, phenolics, and steroids. The results of determining the flavonoid and phenolic content of sungkai leaf ethanol extract were 18,210 ± 0.271 mg QE/g sample and 33,666 ± 1.052 mg GAE/g sample.

Antimicrobial Effects of Propolis Ethanol Extract Tetragonula laeviceps Against Bacteria Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus

Staphylococcus aureus bacteria, especially Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), is one of the main causes of antibiotic resistance. MRSA is a bacteria that is resistant to the ?-lactam class of penicillin antibiotics. MRSA infections can cause a variety of health problems, including skin infections, pneumonia, and bacteremia. This problem requires alternative resources that can be an option. Propolis from the stingless bee species Tetragonula laeviceps can be a potential alternative for treating MRSA infections. This research is classified as a true experiment with a posttest control group design. The concentration of propolis ethanol extract tested was 20%; 10%; 5%; 2.5%; 1.25%; and 0.625% in the diffusion and dilution methods. These two methods provide assessment output in the form of inhibition zone diameter, minimum inhibition concentration, and minimum bactericidal concentration. The data obtained will be tested statistically using One-way Anova and Fisher's exact tests. Test results show that the ethanol extract of Tetragonula laeviceps propolis has an antimicrobial effect against MRSA bacteria. The diffusion test showed that the average diameter of the inhibition zone formed by the ethanol extract of propolis successively from a concentration of 20% to 1,25% with six repetitions was 12.7 ± 1.23 mm; 11.36 ± 0.67 mm; 10.24 ± 0.61 mm; 7.59 ± 1.69 mm; and 6.5 ± 1.14 mm. From these averages, the One-Way Anova test revealed a statistically significant difference in the diameter of the inhibition zone (F(7,40) = [ 192.79], p = 0.000).

Antibacterial Activity of Andaliman Ethanol Extract (Zantoxylum Acanthopodium Dc.) Against Porphyromonas Gingivalis Bacteria

Periodontitis is a destructive inflammatory disease of the supporting tissues of the teeth that causes further damage to the periodontal ligament, alveolar bone to the formation of pockets, and decreased gums caused by the bacterium Porphyromonas gingivalis. The most common and frequent periodontal disease is chronic periodontitis which is caused by the accumulation of plaque and calculus. Alternative treatment using herbal ingredients such as andaliman fruit (Zantoxylum acanthopodium DC.) has therapeutic benefits because of its broad biological activity, and lower side effects. Andaliman fruit (Zantoxylum acanthopodium DC.) contains active compounds such as phenolic compounds, saponins, flavonoids, tannins, triterpenoids, steroids, and alkaloids that act as antibacterial. The aim of this study was to determine the minimum inhibitory level (MIC) and minimum killing rate (MBC) of andaliman fruit ethanol extract against Porphyromonas gingivalis bacteria. The research procedure used for the MIC and MBC tests was broth microdilution and the number of colonies was counted using the total plate count (TPC) with variations of 6 concentrations of andaliman fruit ethanol extract with 10% DMSO solvent and 0.2% Chlorhexidine. Statistical analysis in this study was performed using Levene Statistics and Post Hoc Dunnet T3. The ethanol extract of andaliman fruit has a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and a minimum killing concentration (MBC) against the growth of Porphyromonas gingivalis bacteria. The minimum inhibitory concentration in the ethanol extract of andaliman fruit was at a concentration of 25%, while the minimum killing concentration was at a concentration of 100%.

Effect of ethanolic extract of propolis on antibacterial and microshear bond strength of glass-ionomer restorations to dentin

ObjectivesThis study was conducted to evaluate the effect of ethanolic extract of propolis on antibacterial and microshear bond strength of glass ionomer restorations to dentin. Materials and methodsConventional glass ionomer cement (Equia forte, GC Tokyo, Japan), resin-modified glass ionomer (Fuji II LC, GC Tokyo, Japan) and propolis powder (dried extract from honey bees) materials were used in this study. Both conventional glass ionomer and resin-modified glass ionomer were modified by two different concentrations of ethanolic extract of propolis (10 % and 25 % EEP). For antibacterial test, Streptococcus mutans strain was spread on agar petri dishes using a sterile swab. Discs of both glass ionomer restorative materials (without adding EEP, with 10 % EEP and with 25 % EEP) were fabricated within the agar plates. Antibacterial activity was evaluated by measuring the inhibition zones around each disc. For microshear bond strength test, 60 healthy human permanent molars were prepared by cutting occlusal surface and expose the dentin at the height of contour of all teeth then conditioned using poly acrylic acid conditioner, both glass ionomer restorative materials (without adding EEP, with 10 % EEP and with 25 % EEP) were mixed and applied on conditioned dentin surface by using tygon tube. Microshear bond strength was evaluated by the universal testing machine. ResultsTwo-way ANOVA test revealed that both glass ionomer type and different concentrations of EEP had significant effect on the antibacterial test results and microshear bond strength values (p < 0,05). Glass ionomer restorative material with 25%EEP had the highest antibacterial values whereas glass ionomer restorative material without modifications (control groups) had the lowest values. Resin-modified glass ionomer without any modification (control group) had the highest bond strength while resin-modified glass ionomer with 25%EEP had the lowest bond strength. ConclusionsIncorporation of ethanolic extract of propolis to glass ionomer restorative material increases the antibacterial effects of both conventional GIC and RMGI. Inspite of this advantage, it seems that it has deleterious effect on microshear bond strength to dentin.

Assessment of wound healing action of ethanolic extract of Melaleuca bracteata leaf

The objective of the present investigation was to evaluate the wound healing action of Melaleuca bracteata leaf extract in rats. The powdered leaves were defatted with petroleum ether and extracted with ethanol using soxhlet apparatus. The extraction yield was found to be 21.4%. The total phenolic content of ethanolic extract of M. bracteata was 74.27±0.59 GAE mg/g. The topical application of 5 % w/w of the Melaleuca bracteata extract containing ointments on the wound resulted in an enhanced and statistically significant (p &lt; 0.05) wound healing activity in vivo using the excision model. The plant extract exhibited 80.104 ± 5.86 % contraction of wound on the 20th day whereas only 47.739 ± 5.46 % contraction of wound was found in the control animals. The occurrence of tannins in the ethanolic extract could be attributed for the effective wound healing action by the ethanolic extract.