Eternal Vigilance Research Articles

The Americas

Books reviewed: A Continent Defined: North American Exploration 2. Edited by John Logan Allen Cartographic Encounters: Perspectives on Native American Mapmaking and Map Use. Edited by G. Malcolm Lewis A History of the United States. By Philip Jenkins The Degradation of American History. By David Harlan An Emotional History of the United States. Edited by Peter N. Stearns and Jan Lewis Merchants and Empire: Trading in Colonial New York. By Cathy Matson Revolution, Romanticism, and the Afro‐Creole Protest Tradition in Louisiana, 1718–1868. By Caryn Cossé Bell A Country Between: The Upper Ohio Valley and its Peoples, 1724–1774. By Michael N. McConnell A Handbook of American Military History: From the Revolutionary War to the Present. Edited by Jerry K. Sweeney A Republic of Men: The American Founders, Gendered Language, and Patriarchal Politics. By Mark E. Kann Recollections of the Early Republic: Selected Autobiographies. By Joyce Appleby Civic Wars: Democracy and Public Life in the American City in the Nineteenth Century. By Mary P. Ryan Pistols and Politics: The Dilemma of Democracy in Louisiana's Florida Parishes, 1810–1899. By Samuel C. Hyde, Jr Party Ideologies in America, 1828–1996. By John Gerring Daniel Webster: The Man and his Times. By Robert V. Remini The Voyage of the Frolic: New England Merchants and the Opium Trade. By Thomas N. Layton Shadrach Minkins: From Fugitive Slave to Citizen. By Gary Collison Henry Hughes and Proslavery Thought in the Old South. By Douglas Ambrose Reluctant Witnesses: Children's Voices from the Civil War. By Emmy E. Werner The Confederate War. By Gary W. Gallagher Lee: The Soldier. Edited by Gary W. Gallagher Six Armies in Tennessee: The Chickamauga and Chattanooga Campaigns. By Steven E. Woodworth Shook over Hell: Post‐traumatic Stress, Vietnam, and the Civil War. By Eric T. Dean Jr ‘Right or Wrong, God Judge Me’: The Writings of John Wilkes Booth. Edited by John Rhodehamel and Louise Taper Cullen Montgomery Baker: Reconstruction Desperado. By Barry A. Crouch and Donaly E. Brice The Rise of the National Guard: The Evolution of the American Militia, 1865–1920. By Jerry Cooper Unsentimental Reformer: The Life of Josephine Shaw Lowell. By Joan Waugh Two Rooms: The Life of Charles Erskine Scott Wood. By Robert Hamburger The Important Things of Life: Women, Work and Family in Sweetwater County, Wyoming, 1880–1929. By Dee Garceau The Common Ground of Womanhood: Class, Gender, and Working Girls' Clubs, 1884–1928. By Priscilla Murolo Women and Warriors of the Plains: The Pioneer Photography of Julia E. Tuell. By Dan Aadland Theodore Roosevelt, American Politician: An Assessment. By David H. Burton The War to End All Wars: The American Military Experience in World War I. By Edward M. Coffman Reel Patriotism: The Movies and World War I. By Leslie Midkiff DeBauche The USA and the World, 1917–45. By Peter Brett Keeping the Covenant: American Internationalists and the League of Nations, 1920–1939. By Warren F. Kuehl and Lynne K. Dunn Lindbergh. By A. Scott Berg Roosevelt and the Munich Crisis: A Study of Political Decision‐making. By Barbara Rearden Farnham Facing Fearful Odds: The Siege of Wake Island. By Gregory J. W. Urwin Eternal Vigilance? 50 Years of the CIA. Edited by Rhodri Jeffreys‐Jones and Christopher Andrew Useful Adversaries: Grand Strategy, Domestic Mobilization, and Sino‐American Conflict, 1947–1958. By Thomas J. Christensen Sex among Allies: Military Prostitution in US–Korea Relations. By Katherine H. S. Moon Kennedy. By Hugh Brogan The Kennedy Obsession: The American Myth of JFK. By John Hellmann Kennedy: The New Frontier Revisited. Edited by Mark J. White Rites of Passage: A Memoir of the Sixties in Seattle. By Walt Crowley The Scar that Binds: American Culture and the Vietnam War. By Keith Beattie Burning the Flag: The Great 1989–90 American Flag Desecration Controversy. By Robert Justin Goldstein ‘Your Fyre Shall Burn No More’: Iroquois Policy toward New France and its Native Allies to 1701. By José António Brandão Life and Religion in Louisbourg, 1713–1758. By A. J. B. Johnston Shock Army of the British Empire: The Canadian Corps in the Last 100 Days of the Great War. By Shane B. Schreiber La France et le Canada: d'une après‐guerre à l'autre (1918–1944). By Philippe Prévost The Economic Aspects of Spanish Imperialism in America, 1492–1810. By John R. Fisher ‘Tiger in the Stars’: The Anatomy of Indian Achievement in British Guiana 1919–1929. By Clem Seecharan

Secrecy, democracy and the European Union: the Statewatch campaign

If the price of liberty is eternal vigilance, it is the work of Statewatch and its tenacious director, Tony Bunyan, that keeps us alert to the inroads that the EU, through its closed, secretive and unaccountable decision- making procedures, is making into democracy. The documentation that follows is taken from Statewatch's ongoing campaign against EU secrecy, and is based on its submissions to the European Ombudsman.

Eternal vigilance--mortality in children with growth hormone deficiency

Eternal vigilance--mortality in children with growth hormone deficiency

Eternal vigilance--mortality in children with growth hormone deficiency.

Eternal vigilance--mortality in children with growth hormone deficiency.

General surgeons in the world of gatekeepers

Iam extremely honored to be speaking before my friends about some issues that are of critical interest to each of us, issues that we must tackle both individually and together if the role of the general surgeon in today’s society is to retain its significance. Since our meeting in Tucson last year, a great change has taken place in this country’s medical profession. Twelve months ago, doctors in the United States were carefully preparing themselves for the interface with government and the proposed health care reform. But that reform never happened. Since President Clinton’s so-called managed competition disappeared, it has been replaced with unbelievable speed by the appearance of new managed-care entities all over the country. Sometimes we are probably tempted to think that the difficulties our profession faces today are unique, the result of a government that has changed. But history tells us otherwise. The government has long been involved in our work, and only in the more recent generations has that relationship become more adversarial. Thirty-six years ago, in 1958, my father, Ken Sawyer, stood before this very organization and delivered his presidential address.’ The fact that he did that is another reason why I’m honored to be here before you all today. But more important, the core of his message was not all that different from what you will hear from me over the next few minutes. The title of his 1958 address was “Eternal Vigilance,” and it centered on the need to be organized and work together in the face of governmental changes affecting our calling as surgeons. For him, it was the threat of socialized medicine. For us, it is the threat of managed competition and managed care. Before I get into those topics and where we should consider taking ourselves in the future in light of them, however, I think it is appropriate to touch on a couple of historical footnotes about the Southwestern Surgical Congress, and its important role in organized medicine in this country. Nearly half a century ago, in 1948, three surgeons-Dr. B.T. Beasley of Atlanta, Dr. R.L. Saunders of Memphis, and Dr. Walter Stuck from here in San Antoni-attended the meeting of the Southeastern Surgical Congress in Hollywood, Florida. There, they acknowledged that the Southwest was

Commentaries on Collection Bias - Collection Bias: Eternal Vigilance the Price of Liberty; Collection Bias: What's Right; Adequate Representation and Numeric Equivalency: How Much Is Enough?

Commentaries on Collection Bias - Collection Bias: Eternal Vigilance the Price of Liberty; Collection Bias: What's Right; Adequate Representation and Numeric Equivalency: How Much Is Enough?

A new comprehensive anaesthetic record.

Eternal vigilance and strict attention to detail are the 'sine qua non' of safe anaesthesia with the contemporaneous anaesthetic record being the documentation. As an alternative to the manifold and often inadequate forms currently in use, a new rapidly completed anaesthetic record incorporating a comprehensive checklist is presented. Guidelines of the Faculty of Anaesthetists, Royal Australasian College of Surgeons are met. It is argued that the chart improves safety not only by its direction to attention during the peroperative visit and equipment check, but also by its demand for the ongoing attention of the anaesthetist. Reservations are expressed about 'black box' recording by trend printout and a perspective for computerised and automated anaesthetic records is also discussed.

“The Price of Liberty is Eternal Vigilance”

“The Price of Liberty is Eternal Vigilance”

The One and Many Worlds of Advertising

Most regulations affecting advertising are local whereas advertising itself is going international. How much can advertisers use the same advertisements, claims, media, sales promotions and agencies around the world? Based on IAA surveys, this report discusses the variety of national rules pertaining to pre-clearances, sales promotions, comparisons and advertising to children, as well as the use of foreign languages, materials and foreign-owned agencies in advertising. The overall situation is not that bad but eternal vigilance against excessive regulation is in order.

Complications in surgery for stomal recurrences.

Stomal recurrences are diffuse epidermoid carcinomas of the tracheostoma. There is a 8.3% incidence associated with patients having a total laryngectomy. Most can be prevented by several prophylactic measures; however, surgery may be required. The procedure advocated is mediastinal dissection and its surgical technique is outlined. Recently the use of the pectoralis myocutaneous flap has greatly diminished morbidity and mortality associated with this procedure. The complications that may be encountered with mediastinal dissection have been categorized and analyzed. The dynamic interplay of these complications is stressed. Separately, each complication is formidible, but collectively, they may be overwhelming. This entire web of complications is synergistic and at times fatal. In essence, the motto of the surgeon when operating on a patient with a stomal recurrence should be eternal vigilance.

Haugeans, Rappites, and the Emigration of 1825

by INGRID SEMMINGSEN translated by C.A. CLAUSEN i Haugeans, Rappites, and the Emigration of 1S25 In movement its origin bore and the later impress development of its the founder Haugean and movement bore the impress of its founder and leader, Hans Nielsen Hauge (1772-1824), a farmer's son from Tune in 0stfold, on the east side of the Oslo fjord, who worked as a lay preacher at a time when such activity was forbidden by law. The Conventicle Act of 1741 decreed that religious gatherings, conventicles, could be held only under the supervision of the pastor and preferably in his actual presence. According to the prevailing view the pastor was the only person who, through proper studies, could correctly interpret the teachings of the Lutheran State Church. He was the mediator between God and man who had the sole right to administer the sacraments, and as a public official he was accountable to the state for the Christian indoctrination of his flock. As the result of a visionary experience, Hauge came to feel that he had a divine call which made it mandatory for him to break this law and proclaim the word of God directly among his fellowmen. In his interpretation of the Gospel there were obvious elements of North European eighteenth-century pietism. He felt that people had to be awakened to a consciousness of their sins be3 Ingrid Semmingsen fore they could begin to gain salvation through the grace of God. Hauge's religious teachings were therefore also attacks on the rationalism of the state church and its ministers. According to Hauge's views, they doled out stones instead of bread and failed miserably to provide their parishioners with the one thing needful - the word of God pure and undefiled, and, above everything else, a personal religious experience. Despite these pietistic elements, Hauge did not turn his back on the practical problems of society. Quite the contrary. As the Norwegian historian Halvdan Koht has pointed out, a battle was always being waged in Hauge's soul between two apparently conflicting views: in the first place, the need of a personal conversion and the abandonment of a sinful life; and second, his bent toward productive activity. He was a consistent advocate of diligence and hard work. Sloth and sluggishness were a sin in his eyes. His followers were urged "to be good stewards of earthly goods." This view reflected the existence of class conflict and social ambition. Hauge had perceived that the "worldly-minded" had secured power by controlling economic enterprises - and he was specific: " . . .as for instance commerce, and other large industrial undertakings." Hauge felt that society could be reformed if truly spiritual people entered such activities. Nor was he a stranger to the idea that if various economic undertakings prospered for him and his followers then this was a sign of divine blessing - but at the same time he was aware of the danger of being ensnared by the sinful world. Eternal vigilance was therefore of the essence. In this view the Haugeans were at one with the early Puritans of New England. During the years 1796-1804, when he was permitted to work more or less freely between brief periods of imprisonment, Hauge managed to inspire a movement 4 EMIGRATION OF 1825 which encompassed most of Norway. Through his many journeys, often afoot but also by boat along the coast, he won numerous followers - practically all of them rural people or people of rural origin who lived in towns or villages and earned their livelihood as craftsmen or petty traders. There were Haugean groups of various sizes in the small Norwegian cities, especially those on the coast such as Stavanger, Bergen, and Trondheim.1 Through his travels, but also through an extensive correspondence and his printed works - which he sold or gave away - Hauge became the active center in a network of personal and informal contacts. Some of Hauge's letters were addressed to "my beloved fellow believers" or to "my dearly beloved brothers and sisters in Christ and those who are called to become such," without any definite address. They were to circulate from one group to another. Other letters were specified...

Thoughts on Some Conceivable Ecodisasters

Even if, as many of us believe, ‘there is time to avoid the abyss’ of non-survival, there is no time for complacency. Rather is there need for eternal vigilance, scientific monitoring, international legal and other enlightened controls, and often very costly action. For Man is inexorably changing the world, though often insidiously and quite unintentionally. Already he has the knowledge and wherewithal to control his numbers, effects, and very destiny, maintaining the biosphere for himself and to some extent for Nature; but has he the collective wisdom? And what are the limits of his folly? It might be thought that many of our chosen items touched on above are either local or not concerned with the environment as a whole, and hence would not constitute real ecodisasters; but when we look just a little ‘below the surface’, we realize that they could engender in the long run quite disastrous effects on the habitat and life support system of Man which, with his present all-too-heavy impress, could mean the far wider environment of Nature and even the entire biosphere. Meanwhile Man's objective in this age of ecological enlightenment should surely be to maintain optimum diversity in the biosphere—with due emphasis on the ‘optimum’ having regard to the direct needs of Nature as well as of himself.With Man now the unquestioned superdominant of the world, yet continuing to increase his numbers to the extent of projected doubling in 30–40 years and doubling again thereafter, there are thrust upon us an ever-increasing number and burden of conceivable ecodisasters, many of which we have touched on above. Others can already be foreseen and yet others will doubtless emerge. None seems inevitable in itself, at least in widespread magnitude, and few appear to be at all likely; but still something has got to happen to check the projected mounting demomass, and it seems reasonable to expect it to be one or more of cur listed conceivabilities. Which this may turn out to be, presumably sparking otheis and altogether changing the world even more precipitously than has been the case of late, we can only conjecture.

The Value of Analogical Models in Science

No one denies that scientists frequently use bodies of knowledge from already-explored fields of inquiry as models as they argue analogically in the attempt to build new theories in other fields; however, there appears to be considerable controversy about the values of the analogical models when once the new theories are complete. One school of thought has it that although acquaintance with a theory's analogical models might serve a useful pedagogical value—helping to introduce the novice to complex ideas—essentially such acquaintance is theoretically superfluous, and is indeed often dangerously misleading. Thus, R.B. Braithwaite cautions us that “The price of the employment of models is eternal vigilance,” and Mario Bunge states flatly that:In factual science analogy and analogical inference are welcome as theory construction tools. By the same token they are signs of growth, symptoms that the theory is still in the making rather than mature. A mature classical electrodynamics has no need for elastic tubes of force: the field—a non-mechanical substance—suffices for all purposes, the mechanical analogies being regarded as removable appendages.

Eternal Vigilance—The Price of Liberty

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Eternal Vigilance in Science

Eternal Vigilance in Science

Firecracker Injuries of the Eye

An exploding firecracker drove a large plastic fragment into the eye of a 9-year-old boy. Eventual extrusion of this intraocular foreign body necessitated removal of the eye. The eye of another boy was ruptured by a firecracker a few days before the fourth of July, resulting in permanent severe visual loss. Eternal vigilance in prohibiting the sale of firecrackers is necessary to prevent such injuries.

Unpublicized results.

Freedom of the press is one of our country's indispensable blessings. The news media are the senses of a democracy. The senses are of value, as we all know, even when they include not only touch, sight and hearing, but also pain perception and smell. Thomas Jefferson correctly identified "eternal vigilance" as "the price of freedom," and vigilance without senses is difficult to imagine.Yet who in the medical profession has not lately been distressed by the spate of gaudy reporting that has attended medical progress as well as unproved experimentation? Lest anyone ask him who has not sinned to . . .

Public health and the Vietnam returnee.

To the Editor:— In comment on the article by COL J. Greenberg Public Health Problems Relating to t'he Vietnam Returnee (207:697, 1969), I suspect that syphilis will prove a significant problem. While in naval service, I treated a number of young men evacuated from Vietnam service, who had low-titer positive tests for syphilis. Their histories were quite similar in that they had not had syphilis before and now had positive fluorescent treponomal antibody absorption tests (FTA-ABS). They had neither signs nor symptoms of disease. All gave a history of urethritis treated with a short course of tetracycline. In short, they had gone directly into early-latent syphilis. Although the armed services do not punish men for contracting venereal disease nowadays, many servicemen at home and abroad tend to avoid military physicians when they suspect such diagnoses. The control of venereal disease requires eternal vigilance, a very high degree of suspicion,

Responsibility of a physician in a program for eradication of syphilis.

CONTROL of venereal diseases can be attained only at the price of eternal vigilance in terms of case finding and treatment. The recent rising incidence of syphilis was anticipated and warned against by some of those who had a role during the golden decade of syphilis control beginning in 1936. 1 As activity in case finding developed and progressed in those years, the incidence of syphilis decreased. The even lessened incidence during the war years was contributed to by men entering the armed forces and the enforced hospitalization of prostitutes for so-called rapid treatment with oxophenarsine HCl (Mapharsen) given as an intravenous drip. When the veterans returned and the controlled treatment of prostitutes ceased, the incidence of syphilis rose quite markedly. Then penicillin, having become available, permitted adequate short-term and completed treatment, with the result of a lessened incidence of infectious relapse, thereby reducing the major reservoir of infection

Twelve Women in the First Days of the Confederacy

TWELVE WOMEN IN THE FIRST DAYS OF THE CONFEDERACY Isabel Quattfebaum Gbeat bejoicings swept through the South when the Southern states seceded from the Union. The rationale of the rejoicing may have been strained, but many people were extravagant in their praise of secession and of the Confederacy. Quickly did they turn against the Union flag, now termed"thatoldstripedrag," and as quickly did they give credence to fantastic accounts of the horrors of "Yankeedoodledum," as one diarist termed Northern territory. The optimism which prevailed in the South at the outbreak of the war is weU illustrated in the diaries of twelve Southern women. For example , Mrs. CorneUa McDonald wrote that, in I860, "the opinion was almost unanimous that separation was inevitable, but that it would be peaceful; that the importance of the supply of cotton was such that the North dared not go to extremities. And if it did, that'Europe and the rest of the world would interfere."1 To the young Southern women the outbreak of war was a time of gaiety. Sarah Morgan Was interested in the Louisiana regiment stationed in her native Baton Rouge and in the young officers who came to her parties. Even when Louisiana seceded from the Union on January 24, 1861, Sarah wrote: "We did not trouble ourselves with gloomy anticipation, for many strangers visited the town, and our parties, rides, and walks grew gayer and more frequent."2 Secession was the first serious problem which concerned the women. At first Sarah Morgan in Louisiana and EUza Frances Andrews and her father in Georgia did not want secession. Miss Andrews agreed with her father that it was "a pity to break up a great nation about a parcel of Born in Columbia, South Carolina, Miss Quattlebaum holds degrees from Wake Forest College and Emory University. She is at present a history instructor at Herschel V. Jenkins High School, Savannah, Georgia. 1 CorneUa Peake McDonald, A Diary with Reminiscences of the War and Refugee Life in the Shenandoah VaUey, 1860-1865, ed. Hunter McDonald (Nashville, 1934), p. 13. Hereafter cited as McDonald, Diary. 2 Sarah Morgan Dawson, A Confederate GirTs Diary, ed, James I. Robertson, Jr. (Bloomington, Ind., 1960), p. 5. Hereafter cited as Dawson, Diary. 370 Africai savages, if we had known any other way to protect our rights/* Mrs. Miry Boykin Chesnut dreaded "this break with so great a power as the United States."4 Kate Cumming was the only diarist who asserted that theSouth probably had no lawful right to secede, for she knew that the natbn was stronger when united, but she agreed to secession, since there \ws "no happiness in union without concord."5 Sarah Morgan prophesed that after the South had righted its wrongs it would re-enter the Unrai on more favorable terms. She did not think that the Confederacy couU standbyitself. "It is arope of sand, this Confederacy, founded onthedcctrineof Secession, andwill notlast many years—notfive."6 The women justified secession but wanted to leave the Union without war, îruelty, or bloodshed. They were puzzled that the North would not let tlem go in peace. To insure lasting peace and good wiU, the South and North must be separate nations. This is what Judith McGuire thought as she wrote on May 4, 1861: "Why cannot we part in peace?"7 Mrs. Chesnut said that the South separated from the North because of incompatibility of temper. "We are divorced, North from South, because we have hated each other so. If we could only separate poUtely, andnothaveja horridfight fordivorce." After Manassas hadbeen fought and war begsai in earnest, she added: "We would only be too grateful to be left alone. Only let us alone. We ask no more, of Gods or men."8 None of the women in the spring of 1861 realized the extent of the approaching war. Mrs. Chesnut and Mrs. McGuire thought war could be averted, since Fort Sumter had been won without a casualty. Mrs. Catherine Edmondston thought her husband, while coUecting troops anddrillingthem in North Carolina, was merelybeingprepared. "As the price of Liberty is eternal vigilance, perhaps he is only laying down his purchase moneyJ She visited Mount Pleasant early in 1861...