Etching Time Research Articles

Exploring novel methods: Acid treatment, metal nanoparticle doping, and graphene insertion for enhanced electrical conductivity of nm thin PEDOT:PSS films

This study builds upon our previous research aimed at enhancing the electrical conductivity of Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) Polystyrene Sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS). We investigate a range of techniques, including acid treatments, doping with metal nanoparticles (Cu and Ag), deposition of multiple PEDOT:PSS layers, and incorporation of mono/multiatomic layer graphene. Our investigations reveal that optimizing the deposition of PEDOT:PSS multilayers and treating them with nitric acid yields superior results compared to alternative methods employing metal nanoparticles and graphene. This optimized process not only enhances the electrical conductivity of PEDOT:PSS but also offers advantages in terms of reduced errors, increased stability, and cost-effectiveness when compared to the use of graphene layers and metal nanoparticles. Optimization parameters such as spinning speed, etchant concentration, and etching time are crucial factors in achieving these outcomes. Compared to single-layer PEDOT:PSS films of the same thickness, the optimized nine-layer PEDOT:PSS treated with nitric acid demonstrates a significant enhancement of conductivity from 0.18 S/cm to 15,699 S/cm. Furthermore, we address film aging to mitigate reliability issues induced by ambient conditions.

MXene 2D Ti3C2Tx production and spin-orbit effect (SOI) of Ti3C2(OH)2 in the Electronic Structure

Research on new-generation materials to meet the energy needs has begun to attract attention. Energy storage in materials is a general research subject. As a result of the reaction of MAX phase 312 Ti3SiC2 powder with hydrofluoric acid, a new 2D nanosized layered powder called MXene, similar to graphene, was obtained. MXenes, which have been studied in various sectors, especially energy, have attracted the attention of researchers owing to their multilayered structure. When Ti3SiC2 powder was treated with hydrofluoric acid (HF), an accordion-like two-dimensional Ti3C2Tx MXene structure was formed. In MXenes, surface coatings such as –O,–OH, and –F groups, which determine and affect various aspects of 2D materials, such as conductivity, constitute the application area. In this study, Ti3C2(OH)2–O and/or–OH surface terminations were examined using density functional theory (DFT) with the effect of hydrofluoric acid etching time. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM and FESEM) were used to examine the MXene-phase Ti3C2Tx powder and first-principles calculations were performed. The structural and electronic properties of MAX and MXene compounds were obtained. The spin-orbit effect (SOI) was examined in the electronic structure of MXene. The total and partial densities of states (DOS) with and without spin orbit were calculated.

Exploring glass fibers modification conditions and designing lightweight and efficient absorbers based on glass fiber @polypyrrole

Designability of glass fiber (GF) for microwave absorption is frequently neglected in buoyancy matrixes, which overcomes difficulties for their poor polarization loss to realize lightweight and efficient microwave absorption performance. In this study, GF coated with polypyrrole shell (GF@PPy) for multi-layered interface was successfully prepared through surface etching GF and then in-situ growth of PPy. According to the etching process of GF, GF@PPy-t40 (NaOH concentration with 16.67 mol/L, etching time with 40 min) demonstrates the efficient microwave absorption performance. Minimum reflection loss (RLmin) of GF@PPy-t40 (-10.40 dB, 3.0 mm) is 1.5 times that of GF@PPy-w10 (NaOH concentration with 2.78 mol/L) and 1.2 times that of GF@PPy-t60 (etching time with 60 min), which is ascribed to the enhancement of polarized sites caused by surface defects through appropriate etching concentration and time for NaOH. Based on the above etching conditions, we controlled the loading of in-situ polymerized PPy on GF through adjusting the concentration of pyrrole, realizing the impedance matching of 20 wt% GF@PPy in paraffin ring. GF@PPy-c60 (pyrrole concentration as 1.5 g) possesses the best microwave absorption performance, its RLmin is up to −30.40 dB (14.96 GHz, 1.5 mm) and effective absorption bandwidth (EAB) reaches to 4.8 GHz, which is ascribed to its excellent impedance matching. Especially, the density of GF@PPy-c60 can reach to 1.65 g cm−3, which is far below that of commercial GF (2.4–2.7 g cm−3). This modification lighters GF and effectively enhances microwave absorption performance, providing a basis for the radar stealth of GF in the marine environment.

Electrospinning and Partial Etching Behaviors of Core-Shell Nanofibers Directly Electrospun on Mesh Substrates for Application in a Cover-Free Compact Air Filter.

The exposure of workers to propylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate (PGMEA) in manufacturing environments can result in potential health risks. Therefore, systems for PGMEA removal are required for indoor air quality control. In this study, core-shell zeolite socony mobil-5 (ZSM-5)/polyvinylpyrrolidone-polyvinylidene fluoride nanofibers were directly electrospun and partially wet-etched on a mesh substrate to develop a cover-free compact PGMEA air filter. The electrospinning behaviors of the core-shell nanofibers were investigated to optimize the electrospinning time and humidity and to enable the manufacture of thin and light air-filter layers. The partial wet etching of the nanofibers was undertaken using different etching solvents and times to ensure the exposure of the active sites of ZSM-5. The performances of the ZSM-5/PVDF nanofiber air filters were assessed by measuring five consecutive PGMEA adsorption-desorption cycles at different desorption temperatures. The synthesized material remained stable upon repeated adsorption-desorption cycles and could be regenerated at a low desorption temperature (80 °C), demonstrating a consistent adsorption performance upon prolonged adsorption-desorption cycling and low energy consumption during regeneration. The results of this study provide new insights into the design of industrial air filters using functional ceramic/polymer nanofibers and the application of these filters.

Short communication: Inverse correlation between radiation damage and fission-track etching time on monazite

Abstract. In this study, we explored the impacts of radiation damage and chemical composition on the etching time of fission tracks in monazite. Despite the potential of monazite fission-track (MFT) dating as an ultralow-temperature thermochronology, the comprehensive effects of radiation damage and non-formula elements, especially on the etching rate of MFTs, remain unexplored, and established analytical procedures are lacking. We quantified the degree of radiation damage (ΔFHWM) in Cretaceous to Quaternary monazites distributed in the Japan arc through Raman spectroscopy and chemical composition analyses. Subsequently, MFT etching was performed to examine the correlation between these parameters and the etching time. Estimation of the degree of radiation damage showed an increase in radiation damage corresponding to the cooling age of each geological unit. For example, the Toya ignimbrite (ca. 0.1 Ma) and the Kurobegawa granodiorite (< 0.8 Ma), both of which are types of monazite from Quaternary geological units, have ΔFHWM values of 0.27 and 0.55 cm−1, respectively. In contrast, the Muro ignimbrite (ca. 15 Ma) has a ΔFHWM value of 4.01 cm−1, while the Kibe granite and the Sagawa granite, both of which are Cretaceous granitoids, yielded 7.35 and 6.31 cm−1, respectively. MFT etching of these samples according to the existing recipe (6 M HCl at 90 °C for 60–90 min) was completed at 1200, 860, 210, 120, and 90 min for the Toya ignimbrite, Kurobegawa granodiorite, Muro ignimbrite, Sagawa granite, and Kibe granite, respectively. These outcomes highlight an inverse relationship between MFT etching time and the degree of radiation damage in monazite, while the correlation between MFT etching time and chemical composition was unclear. The results affirm earlier considerations that the etching rate of MFTs is strongly influenced by radiation damage. Conversely, young samples with lower levels of radiation damage exhibit higher chemical resistance, suggesting that existing etching recipes may not adequately etch MFTs.

Boosting sodium storage performance of biomass-derived porous carbon anodes by surface functionalized strategy

In order to enhance the sodium ion storage performance of biomass-derived carbon anode materials, a surface functionalization strategy was employed through a simple acid etching method on porous carbon. The resulting functionalized carbon exhibits a hierarchically porous structure, expanded interlayer spacing, and oxygen-containing functional groups. The redox reactions occurring at the surface between Na ions and carbonyl groups provide additional sites for sodium ion storage, thereby improving cycling capacity and rate capability. Theoretical calculations and electrochemical tests further demonstrate that the functionalized carbon can increase the surface-controlled sodium storage capacity by modifying the transport and adsorption processes of sodium ions. After 200 cycles at a current density of 100 mA g−1, the carbon anode, which was surface-functionalized with an etching time of 6 h, achieve a high reversible capacity of 273 mA h g−1. Furthermore, it displays improved rate performance with a capacity of 194 mA h g−1 at a high current density of 2 A g−1 for sodium-ion batteries. This study introduces an effective and general strategy for the cost-effective and large-scale synthesis of carbon anode materials for sodium-ion batteries.

The mechanical and tribological properties of polyether ether ketone coated by diamond-like carbon film with plasma-induced transition layer

Polyether ether ketone (PEEK) has been broadly utilized in aerospace due to its excellent properties. Nevertheless, when applied as sealing components in harsh environments, virgin PEEK still faces defects in mechanical behavior and wear resistance. To address these issues, the deposition of diamond-like carbon (DLC) films has been employed as a viable solution. In this study, the DLC film with plasma-induced transition layer was fabricated on PEEK via direct current magnetron sputtering technology. Compared with previous studies, the evolutions of interfacial structures and plasma-induced layer were investigated, and their roles on the tribological performance of PEEK/DLC were analyzed in detail. Results show that an increase in etching duration promotes the formation of cauliflower pits and enhances the hardness of plasma-induced layer on PEEK, which are facilitated by high-energy plasma bombardment. When the etching time comes to 20 min, these features endow PEEK/DLC with good interfacial adhesion and mechanical properties. Besides, the cauliflower pits could fill debris and help to form graphitized transfer films. The friction coefficient and wear rate of PEEK/DLC both exhibit a declining trend as the etching duration prolongs. Notably, compared to virgin PEEK, the tribological performance of PEEK/DLC with 20-min etching displays lower friction coefficient of 0.2 and lower wear rate of 1.22 × 10−8 mm3/N·m. Finally, a wear failure mechanism for PEEK/DLC with 20-min etching was proposed. This provides a simple and effective approach to improve the tribological behavior of carbon-based films applied on PEEK, it also assists in the development of efficiently wear-resistant materials for aerospace.

Sulfur doping induces internal polarization field in NiFe-LDH for bifunctioanl HER/OER and overall water/simulated seawater splitting

With the development of renewable energy technologies, electrochemical water splitting has been proven to be an effective strategy for energy conversion. Especially, exploring a bifunctional material for electrochemical water splitting devices is vital. Herein, a bifunctional sulfur-doped NiFe-LDH (NFS) through one-step chemical oxidation-assisted etching route was successfully synthesized at room temperature. Moreover, the effects of the component of the etching solution and etching time on the catalytic performance were systematically investigated, so as to explore the optimal synthetic route. The resulted NFS catalyst depicted obvious nanosheets based 3D open structure, which was demonstrated to provide abundant electrochemical active sites, facilitate the rapid diffusion of ions and improve the electrical conductivity as well as the catalytic stability. Electrochemical tests showed that the overpotential of the as-prepared catalyst was 256 mV for OER and 171 mV for HER at 10 mA cm−2 in 1 M KOH solution, which exhibited excellent bifunctional activity. Furthermore, the electrolyzer was assembled using as-prepared catalyst as both the anode and cathode, which expressed good stability either in 1 M KOH (1.67 V@10 mA cm−2) or in alkaline simulated seawater (1.84 V@10 mA cm−2). To better elucidate the crucial role of sulfur doping in the NFS catalyst to boost HER and OER, both theory and poisoning experiment had been proceeded and verified. All in all, the NFS catalyst with excellent bifunctional activity was synthesized by one-step chemical oxidation-assisted etching route at room temperature, which was promising as candidate to be used in commercial water splitting.

Electromagnetic characterization of MAX phase and MXene in Ti–Al–C ternary system

The present paper set out to investigate the synthesis and electromagnetic characterization of Ti3AlC2 MAX phase and Ti3C2Tx MXene in Ti–Al–C ternary system. In this regard, Ti3AlC2 MAX phase was synthesized using mechanical milling process of TiC, Al, and Ti powder mixtures based on 2TiC–Al–Ti + xAl (x = 0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75 and 1). The HF acidic etching was also employed to synthesize the Ti3C2Tx MXene. Structural and electromagnetic characterizations of the prepared samples were conducted using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and vector network analyzer. The obtained results point to the impossibility of the formation of Ti3AlC2 single-phase structure in stoichiometric system. In other word, development of the Ti3AlC2 single-phase structure is only possible in non-stoichiometric 2TiC–2Al–Ti system. The minimum reflection losses of the prepared Ti3AlC2 MAX phase was estimated to be around −30.73 dB at the matching frequency of 15.25 GHz. The results further revealed that the etching time affects electromagnetic behavior of the MXene. That is, an increase in the etching time brings about a change in the reflection loss (RL) from −24.17 to −5.69 dB within the frequency range of 1–18 GHz.

Low-Cost Preparation of Diamond Nanopillar Arrays Based on Polystyrene Spheres.

Diamond nanopillar arrays can enhance the fluorescence collection of diamond color centers, playing a crucial role in quantum communication and quantum sensing. In this paper, the preparation of diamond nanopillar arrays was realized by the processes of polystyrene (PS) sphere array film preparation, PS sphere etching shrinkage control, tilted magnetron sputtering of copper film, and oxygen plasma etching. Closely aligned PS sphere array films were prepared on the diamond surface by the gas-liquid interfacial method, and the effects of ethanol and dodecamethylacrylic acid solutions on the formation of the array films were discussed. Controllable reduction of PS sphere diameter is realized by the oxygen plasma etching process, and the changes of the PS sphere array film under the influence of etching power, bias power, and etching time are discussed. Copper antietching films were prepared at the top of arrayed PS spheres by the tilted magnetron sputtering method, and the antietching effect of copper films with different thicknesses was explored. Diamond nanopillar arrays were prepared by oxygen plasma etching, and the effects of etching under different process parameters were discussed. The prepared diamond nanopillars were in hexagonal close-rowed arrays with a spacing of 800 nm and an average diameter of 404 nm, and the spacing, diameter, and height could be parametrically regulated. Raman spectroscopy and photoluminescence spectroscopy detection revealed that the prepared diamond nanopillar array still maintains polycrystalline diamond properties, with only a small amount of the graphite phase appearing. Moreover, the prepared diamond nanopillar array can enhance the photoluminescence of diamond color centers by approximately 2 times. The fabrication method of diamond nanopillar array structures described in this article lays the foundation for quantum sensing technology based on diamond nanostructures.

Green, simple, and rapid construction of coating on aramid fiber surfaces and their effects on the mechanical properties of aramid fiber/rubber composite interfaces

First, the surface of aramid fibers (AF) was etched using plasma to enhance the roughness of the AF. The coating was then formed on the surface of the AF by solution dip-coating using a polymerizable deep eutectic solvent (PDES) and in-situ UV cured for 10 s. The study examined the impact of varying etching times on the interfacial properties between AF and natural rubber (NR). The atomic force microscopy images showed that the surface roughness gradually increased with the increase of etching time, and the interphase width gradually increased. A modulus interfacial layer with a platform role was established between high-modulus aramid fibers and low-modulus rubber. And when the etching time was 4 s/cm, the H pull-out force increased by 193.51% compared to the original AF and reached 18.08 N of the maximum strength. Comprehensively comparing the single fiber tensile strength, composite tensile strength and composite fatigue resistance, the AF-reinforced NR composites can be optimized when the treatment time is 3 s/cm. In sum up, this method of constructing a coating on the AF surface by etching first will lead to a great improvement in the interfacial properties between AF and NR, this method enables simple, green and continuous construction of coating on AF surfaces, making them have great application prospects in the field of aviation tires.

Novel photocatalysis-assisted mechanical polishing of laser cladding cobalt-based alloy using TiO2 nanoparticles

This paper presents a novel photocatalysis-assisted mechanical polishing method for cobalt-based alloy cladding layers using TiO2 nanoparticles. By leveraging the active oxygen species generated by the photocatalyst under illuminated conditions, surface oxidation reactions on cobalt-based alloys are initiated, thereby enhancing material removal efficiency. The underlying principles of photocatalytic oxidation are elucidated, particularly the promotion of oxidation by •OH when it interacts with the metal surface, leading to the formation of a CoO oxide film on the cladding layer surface and a subsequent reduction in surface hardness. An experimental platform was established, and research findings identified an etching time of 60 min and a TiO2 concentration of 10 wt% as optimal process parameters. Comparative analysis with pure mechanical polishing and chemical mechanical polishing revealed that photocatalysis-assisted mechanical polishing yielded superior surface roughness of 60 nm and a material removal rate of 63.8 μm/min.

A FeCrAl-Al2O3 Composite Produced Via Laser Powder Bed Fusion of a Mixed Powder for Porous Catalyst Scaffolds

Abstract This study proposes a novel approach for synthesizing and etching bicontinuous FeCrAl-Al2O3 composites as a means for replacing FeCrAl foams as catalyst scaffolds in biodriven alcohol reactors for jet-fuel production. Conventional FeCrAl foams suffer from poor availability and consequent high costs. New additive manufacturing techniques provide an opportunity to produce tailored foams at reasonable times and at acceptable costs. This research aimed to generate a porous FeCrAl structure by etching a bicontinuous FeCrAl-Al2O3 composite produced by laser powder bed fusion of amalgamated FeCrAl and Al2O3 powders. The composite powder for laser powder bed fusion is created by ball-milling FeCrAl and Al2O3 powders. This research focuses on achieving a bi-continuous FeCrAl-Al2O3 structure, essential for the selective removal of the ceramic phase. The influence of laser processing parameters on the microstructure was examined across a range of laser powers (60–120 W) and scan speeds (100–400 mm/s), showing that higher powers and speeds produce finer metal struts. A bi-continuous microstructure was consistently obtained, marking a key achievement. The Al2O3 removal process involved a two-step etching method using hydrochloric and phosphoric acids, tested across various etching times. The alumina phase was reduced from 36 vol% to 17 vol% (corresponding to an increase in porosity from 24 vol% to 43 vol%), showing the potential for use as a porous catalyst scaffold. This research demonstrates the potential for using additive manufacturing to produce porous FeCrAl structures capable of replacing hard-to-source FeCrAl foams.

Low energy alpha particles dose mapping with a combination of CR-39 detector and a high resolution flatbed scanner

The potential of a combination of the well-known CR-39 detector and a high-resolution flatbed scanner for low energy alpha particles dose mapping is investigated. The CR-39 detectors were irradiated with perpendicular incident 4 MeV alpha particles of doses 0.009, 0.018, 0.033, 0.051, 0.067, 0.134, and 0.164 Gy, thereafter, etched in 6.25 N NaOH at 70 °C. The CR-39 detectors were scanned with Canon CanScan 9000F Mark II of spatial resolution of 9600 dpi and color depth of 48 bit. The measurements reveal that the pixel values for different color channels are correlated linearly with 4 MeV alpha particles dose at the etching times of 2 h, 3 h, and 4 h. For blue channel, the maximum sensitivity was −53178 ± 1463 pixel value/Gy at etching time of 4 h, compared to −15290 ± 2004 pixel value/Gy, and −42255 ± 840 pixel value/Gy at 2 h and 3 h respectively, the negative sign indicates the pixel values decrease as the 4 MeV alpha particles dose increases. While for etching times, 5 h and 6 h, the pixel values decrease exponentially as the 4 MeV alpha particles dose increases. For prolonged etching time, the pixel values are non-monotonic function of alpha particles dose. The optical density was evaluated as a function of etching time (removal thickness) of CR-39 irradiated with different doses. For 0.009 Gy, and 0.018 Gy doses of alpha particles, the optical density is linearly correlated with the etching time; for other doses, the optical density is not a monotonic function of the etching time. These new findings pave the way to use the combination of the CR-39 detector and high-resolution flatbed scanner for dose mapping of alpha particles and heavy ions over large-scale areas, applying etching conditions for each particle type and corresponding energy, that produce maximum sensitivity and linearity.

Influence of Carbon Source on the Buffer Layer for 4H-SiC Homoepitaxial Growth.

In this study, we systematically explore the impact of C/Si ratio, pre-carbonization time, H2 etching time, and growth pressure on the buffer layer and subsequent epitaxial layer of 6-inch 4H-SiC wafers. Our findings indicate that the buffer layer's C/Si ratio and growth pressure significantly influence the overall quality of the epitaxial wafer. Specifically, an optimal C/Si ratio of 0.5 and a growth pressure of 70 Torr yield higher-quality epitaxial layers. Additionally, the pre-carbonization time and H2 etching time primarily affect the uniformity and surface quality of the epitaxial wafer, with a pre-carbonization time of 3 s and an H2 etching time of 3 min found to enhance the surface quality of the epitaxial layer.

Rapid preparation of Mo2CTx MXene by hydrothermal etching in ammonium hydrogen fluoride solution

In this paper, we report a novel method to rapidly prepare two-dimensional Mo2CTx MXene in a low-concentration etching solution. By this method, highly pure Mo2CTx MXene was synthesized from Mo2Ga2C by hydrothermal etching at 180 ℃ in the solution of ammonium hydrogen fluoride (NH4HF2). The whole process requires only 2 h and the etching solution concentration is only 1 M. Compared with the acid solutions used in other methods, NH4HF2 used in this method is in solid state and its water solution is mild for handling. Compared with other methods, this method requires a lower concentration of etching solution and a much shorter etching time. The Mo2CTx MXene made this method have comparable microstructure and properties with those made by other methods. The initial discharge capacity as an anode of lithium-ion batteries (LIB) was 139.35 mAh g-1 at 0.1 A g-1. After 150th cycles, the final discharge capacity was 62.42 mAh g-1 at 0.1 A g-1. The electrochemical performance is slightly higher than the sample made by general HF etching. This is the first report to make Mo2CTx MXene from the etching of bifluoride salt. Due to the short etching time and low concentration of the etching solution, this method can rapidly make Mo2CTx MXene at in low cost, which provides a route to explore the large-scale production of Mo2CTx MXene.

Properties investigation of ZnS/porous silicon heterojunction for gas sensing

In this work, the gas sensing properties of ZnS/Porous silicon heterostructures have been investigated. . Zinc sulfide(ZnS) with high gas sensing performance is successfully synthesized over the Porous silicon substrate by the spray pyrolysis method. The properties of the as-prepared samples were characterized X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), Fourier transform spectrum (FTIR) and optical properties. The results reveal that the properties of the ZnS/Porous silicon heterostructures enhanced when the when the ZnS concentration is increased. The performance ZnS/Porous silicon as a gas-sensing show that the maximum sensitivity is found to be 5.11 at ZnS concentration of 0.5 M and etching time of 15 min compared to the other sensitivities. The ZnS-PSi heterojunction based gas sensor may be used for UV-light photo-detectors due to a valuable properties such as high sensitivity and fast response.

Effect of Hydrofluoric Acid Etching Time on Shear Bond Strength of Resin Cement to Different CAD/CAM Ceramic Materials

Effect of Hydrofluoric Acid Etching Time on Shear Bond Strength of Resin Cement to Different CAD/CAM Ceramic Materials

Controlled fabrication of upright and inverted pyramid arrays of silicon via the interaction of copper ions and oxidants in hydrofluoric acid

Recent advances in chemical etching of silicon have allowed its widespread use in the fabrication of microelectronic devices and energy converters, in which shaped silicon exhibits outstanding properties and functions. The texturing process used to fabricate light-trapping structures on silicon surfaces is an indispensable step in preparing solar cells. Here, this manuscript describes the use of a one-step wet chemical etching method with copper as a catalyst to manufacture different structures, including inverted pyramid structures and upright pyramid structures, on silicon surfaces, which can be easily controlled by varying the solution composition and etching time. Moreover, this manuscript demonstrates an exciting method for fabricating random inverted pyramid and random upright pyramid arrays of silicon. The findings provide important contributions that can help improve the fabrication methods for silicon-based solar cell devices and optimize the light trapping structure on the cell surface.

Enhancement of bone mineral formation on Ti6Al4V surface by PM-EDCLT combined with acid etching

For Bone-anchored limb prostheses, osseointegration plays a significant role in the mechanically stable interface between bone and implants. Titanium alloy is the most usable alloy for hard tissue replacement. The drawbacks of the titanium implant are corrosion, leaching and poor osseointegration. In this research, powder mixed (hydroxyapatite) - electric discharge-assisted centreless turning (PM-EDCLT) (Impulse current- 5amp, duty factor- 57%, hydroxyapatite concentration 18 g/l, and rpm-360) and acid etching (solution – HF: HNO3: H2O = 1:2:50) were used for the surface modification of screw-fit implants. Average surface roughness value maximum in PM-EDCLT machined surface (1.249 µm) followed by PM-EDCLT machined + 5 min. Acid etching (1.055 µm), PM-EDCLT machined + 10 min. Acid etching (0.9829 µm), PM-EDCLT machined + 15 min. acid etching (0.8223 µm), bare surface with 10 min. Acid etching (0.2866 µm), 15 min. acid etching (0.2714 µm) and 5 min. Acid etching (0.1896 µm). Investigations using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy-Dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) proved that the deposited layer on the powder-mixed EDCLT machined sample was hydroxyapatite. After sinking samples in the Simulated Body Fluid (SBF) solution, it was concluded that the percentage of bone minerals like oxide, Ca, and P deposition increases after increasing the acid etching time on the PM-EDCLT machined surfaces. Little effect was found on the deposition of bone minerals on the surface of acid etching only by increasing the etching time. There is a clear trend of decreasing the contact angle with increasing the acid etching time on the PM-EDCLT surfaces.