Etch Pits Research Articles

Alkaline earth metal ions affect the dissolution of kaolinite-bearing olivine and its carbon storage effects

Olivine dissolution applications in coastal environments hold great promise for both ocean alkalinity enhancement and carbon dioxide storage. Yet the dissolution mechanism of olivine and the influence of metal ions, such as Mg2+ and Ca2+, remain unclear. Moreover, the weathering products, such as clay minerals are usually mixed with olivine, and the influence of the associated minerals on the dissolution also unexplored. In this study, an 80-day dissolution experiment was performed in Ca2+-free artificial seawater (ASW-Ca) and ASW lacking both Ca2+ and Mg2+ (ASW-CaMg), to elucidate the mechanism of olivine dissolution and the impact of Ca2+ and Mg2+ on the presence of an associated clay mineral, kaolinite. To evaluate the mineral properties before and after dissolution, X-ray diffraction spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analyses were used. Etch pits were observed on olivine's surface as well as its reduced crystallinity. The atomic ratio of Mg/Si in olivine decreased from 1.49 ± 0.56 in the raw samples to 1.29 ± 0.53 in the samples obtained from ASW-CaMg after undergoing the 80-day dissolution, whereas it was much higher, at 1.85 ± 0.32, in the samples from ASW-Ca. The increasing Mg/Si was attributed to the Mg2+ adsorption on the surface of olivine, which inhibited the release of structural Mg2+. Hence, Mg2+ was a key environmental factor influencing the process of olivine dissolution, and estuaries, which have low Mg2+ content and low pH may be the promising areas for the olivine application. Moreover, in ASW-CaMg, the total alkalinity (TA), dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) concentration, and charge concentration of alkaline earth metal ions increased by 3392 ± 28, 2922 ± 3, and 3740 ± 91 μmol kg−1, respectively, compared to the data from the blank experiment. Notably, TA and DIC had strong linear relationships with the alkaline earth metal ions (Mg2+ and Ca2+). The release of free alkaline earth metal cations during olivine dissolution was a controlling factor for long-term carbon dioxide storage in ASW-CaMg. Finally, during the 80-day dissolution experiment, no dissolution of the associated kaolinite was observed, however, kaolinite may influence the olivine dissolution by adsorbing the released Si.

Fine structure splitting cancellation in highly asymmetric InAs/InP droplet epitaxy quantum dots

We find the fine structure splitting (FSS) of a single exciton, which splits its degenerate ground-state manifold into singlets, nearly vanishes in highly asymmetric quantum dots (QDs) due to the cancellation of splitting effects with markedly different origin. The dots simulated are those that emerge on top of etch pits through the droplet epitaxy growth process; these etch pit dots break square (C4v) spatial symmetry, which has been previously associated with small FSS. Configuration interaction calculations predict a vanishing FSS at a specific finite etch pit displacement from the center of the dot, for a structure far from square symmetry. We thus predict that highly asymmetric QDs may still display negligible FSS, providing avenues for high-fidelity generation of indistinguishable, polarization entangled photon pairs on demand. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

Experimental and theoretical investigation on the SR method grown semi-organic Piperazinium Tetrachlorozincate Monohydrate (PTZM) single crystal for optoelectronic applications

Efficient semi organic nonlinear optical (NLO) Piperazinium Tetrachlorozincate monohydrate (PTZM) [C4H12N2][ZnCL4]·H2O single crystals have been grown by slow evaporation solution technique (SEST) and Sankaranarayanan-Ramasamy (SR) method using water as solvent. Single crystal X-ray diffraction (SXRD) analysis reveals the unit cell parameters of the grown crystal. The morphology of the grown crystal was identified by the single crystal XRD analysis. The electrical properties, dielectric constant, dielectric loss and piezoelectric (d33) coefficient were determined. The etch pit density of PTZM crystal has been calculated by using the chemical etching analysis. The laser damage threshold (LDT) analysis was investigated by Nd: YAG laser and the wavelength of laser is 1064 nm. The mechanical stability of the grown PTZM crystal was studied using Vickers microhardness measurement. Utilizing quantum chemical calculations, the PTZM compound is analyzed for vibrational properties, HOMO and LUMO characteristics, NBO interactions, and the determination of first-order hyperpolarizability. The nonlinear susceptibility and first-order hyperpolarizability results provide compelling evidence and affirm the PTZM molecule’s potential as a strong candidate for nonlinear optical (NLO) applications.

Compositional effects on etching of fossil confined fission tracks in apatite

Abstract Fission-track analysis is a thermochronologic method for dating rocks and reconstructing their low-temperature thermal histories. We investigate the influence of the apatite composition on the etching of fossil confined fission tracks, and its consequences for the fission-track method. We conducted step-etch experiments with 5.5 M HNO3 at 21 °C on samples with etch pit diameters (Dpar) spanning most of the range for natural apatites (Panasqueira: 1.60 µm, Slyudyanka: 2.44 µm, Brazil: 3.92 µm, and Bamble: 4.60 µm) to determine their apatite etch rates vR (the rate at which each lattice plane is displaced parallel to itself) as a function of crystallographic orientation (ϕ’). Our measurements revealed significant differences between the four samples. We fitted three-parameter functions, vR = a(Dpar) ϕ’ eb(Dpar)ϕ’ + c, describing vR as a function of the angle to the apatite c-axis for our hexagonal samples (excluding Bamble) and Durango apatite. The parameters a and b both exhibit a linear correlation with Dpar, whereas the constant c is small (~0.1 µm.min-1) and its between-sample variation negligible at the resolution of our measurements. Bamble exhibits a different, bimodal relationship between vR and ϕ’, which we fitted with a sum of two sine functions. In all cases, including Bamble, there is a striking correlation between the angular frequencies of horizontal confined tracks and the magnitude of the apatite etch rate vR perpendicular to the track axes. This shows that the sample of confined tracks selected for measurement and modeling is to a much greater degree determined by the etching properties of the apatite sample than by geometric or subjective biases. The track etch rate vT is constant along most of the track length but varies from track to track. The mean vT correlates with Dpar, so that tracks etch to their full lengths in a shorter time in faster etching apatites. The mean rate of length increase between etch steps, vL, also correlates with Dpar. The length increments of individual tracks are however irregular. This points to an intermittent structure at the ends of the tracks.

Durolon® polymer as a nuclear track detector: Characterization by chemical etching

This paper presents the properties of alpha particle tracks in a polymer, known as Durolon®. The study involves measurements of the time-dependent evolution of etch pit diameters and areal densities for low-energy alpha particles under various etching conditions, including different temperatures and solutions. A time-dependent model was successfully employed to describe the etch pit growth rates. Additionally, optical absorption and Raman spectroscopy techniques were applied to the samples under investigation, complementing the traditional results obtained through optical microscopy. The suitability of Durolon® polymer as a nuclear track detector is discussed based on the results obtained from the aforementioned complementary techniques. In summary, this research represents a critical step toward establishing Durolon® polymer as a viable nuclear track detector.

Optimization of laser-driven quantum beam generation and the applications with artificial intelligence

We have investigated space and astrophysical phenomena in nonrelativistic laboratory plasmas with long high-power lasers, such as collisionless shocks and magnetic reconnections, and have been exploring relativistic regimes with intense short pulse lasers, such as energetic ion acceleration using large-area suspended graphene. Increasing the intensity and repetition rate of the intense lasers, we have to handle large amounts of data from the experiments as well as the control parameters of laser beamlines. Artificial intelligence (AI) such as machine learning and neural networks may play essential roles in optimizing the laser and target conditions for efficient laser ion acceleration. Implementing AI into the laser system in mind, as the first step, we are introducing machine learning in ion etch pit analyses detected on plastic nuclear track detectors. Convolutional neural networks allow us to analyze big ion etch pit data with high precision and recall. We introduce one of the applications of laser-driven ion beams using AI to reconstruct vector electric and magnetic fields in laser-produced turbulent plasmas in three dimensions.

Topographical and morphological changes of the single‐crystal (La0.3Sr0.7)(Al0.65Ta0.35)O3 (001) surface treated with high‐purity deionized water

The topological and morphological changes of the (001) surface of single‐crystal (La0.3Sr0.7)(Al0.65Ta0.35)O3 during treatment with high‐purity deionized water (DI) have been investigated by atomic force microscopy and scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM). Etching by DI treatment at room temperature proceeded mainly in anisotropic etching mode, resulting in rectangular etch pits with {001} inner surfaces forming in the surface. The dominant etching mode changed from anisotropic to isotropic with increasing DI‐treatment temperature, and the lowest surface roughness occurred for DI treatment at 50°C for 60 min. Direct observation of the atomic structure of the surface by STEM showed that the etched surface was the B‐site‐terminated (001) surface after anisotropic etching at 50°C for 60 min, in which the B‐site‐terminated atomic layer was found to maintain the B‐site ordered structure existing in the crystal. This is because DI treatment, which does not require high‐temperature heat treatment of the substrate, suppresses element diffusion, sublimation, and formation of point defects on and in the vicinity of the surface.

Nanocarbon-assisted chemical etching of Ge(100) in H2O2

We utilized graphene oxide (GO) flakes as a starting material to conduct nanocarbon (NC)-assisted chemical etching of Ge(100) surfaces in H2O2 solutions. Upon initial etching in H2O2, a pitted morphology formed beneath the loaded nanocarbon. The etch pits exhibited a tendency to expand, with edges assuming square-like shapes in H2O2 solutions. This phenomenon is reminiscent of an inverted pyramidal structure observed during enhanced etching of a Ge surface loaded with metallic particles, exposing (111) microfacets. As the etching progressed, noticeable lateral etching occurred on the Ge surface. Consequently, the small pits merged to form larger hollows, potentially exceeding the size of the initial GO flake. These etching properties were analyzed based on electrochemical reactions there, or the injection of holes created by the enhanced reduction of H2O2 molecules on nanocarbons, which were compared to those observed when using O2-dissolved water as an etchant. Additionally, we provide guidelines for achieving more homogeneous and deeper etch structures using a loaded nanocarbon catalyst in H2O2.

Dynamic Inhibition of Calcite Dissolution in Flowing Acidic Pb2+ Solutions.

Reactions of mineral surfaces with dissolved metal ions at far-from-equilibrium conditions can deviate significantly from those in near-equilibrium systems due to steep concentration gradients, ion-surface interactions, and reactant transport effects that can lead to emergent behavior. We explored the effect of dissolved Pb2+ on the dissolution rate and topographic evolution of calcite (104) surfaces under far-from-equilibrium acidic conditions (pH 3.7) in a confined single-pass laminar-flow geometry. Operando measurements by digital holographic microscopy were conducted over a range of Pb2+ concentrations ([Pb2+] = 0 to 5 × 10-2 M) and flow velocities (v = 1.67-53.3 mm s-1). Calcite (104) surface dissolution rates decreased with increasing [Pb2+]. The inhibition of dissolution and the emergence of unique topographic features, including micropyramids, variable etch pit shapes, and larger scale topographic patterns, became increasingly apparent at [Pb2+] ≥ 5 × 10-3 M. A better understanding of such dynamic reactivity could be crucial for constructing accurate models of geochemical transport in aqueous carbonate systems.

The characterization of diamond single crystal growing along (100) after annealing treatment under high pressure and high temperature

Diamond has many desirable properties. In this study, temperature gradient method was used to prepare a series of type Ib diamond single crystals, which were processed again to obtain and characterize Type IaA diamonds with even more desirable properties. Before annealing, Fourier-transformed infra-red(FTIR) spectra of diamond showed peaks at 1130 cm−1 and 1344 cm−1; After annealing, the peak at 1282 cm−1 was appeared in FTIR spectra of diamonds This data indicated that the isolated nitrogen in diamond aggregated after high-pressure and high-temperature (HPHT) method annealing experiment. Moreover, photoluminescence (PL) spectra suggested that no nitrogen-related color centers existed in the diamond before annealing. In contrast, after annealing, a peak at 637 nm appeared in the PL spectra, indicating the appearance of NV−colors centers type Ib diamond post-annealing. The experimental results show that type Ib diamond crystals can be decolorized after 60 min of annealing under 7 GPa and 1850 °C, which makes part of the area transparent. Under 7 GPa and 2100 °C, type Ib diamond crystals can produce NV color center when annealed for 3 min. With increasing annealing temperature and prolonged annealing duration, the density and size of etch pits on the crystal surface escalated. Therefore, this study provides a guideline for the decolorization of diamonds by HPHT annealing. Moreover, this study also reports a method to change the crystal type and obtain NV color centers under ultra-high-temperature annealing conditions of 7 GPa pressure and 2100 °C temperature, which can be applied to develop quantum materials.

A Systematic Study of the Factors Affecting the Surface Quality of Chemically Vapor-Deposited Diamond during Chemical and Mechanical Polishing.

Diamond surfaces must be of high quality for potential use in semiconductors, optical windows, and heat conductivity applications. However, due to the material's exceptional hardness and chemical stability, it can be difficult to obtain a smooth surface on diamond. This study examines the parameters that can potentially influence the surface quality of chemically vapor-deposited (CVD) diamonds during the chemical and mechanical polishing (CMP) process. Analysis and experimental findings show that the surface quality of polished CVD diamonds is significantly influenced by the crystal structure and the growth quality of the diamond. In particular, when the surface roughness is below Ra 20 nm, the pores and grain boundaries on CVD diamond obstruct surface roughness reduction during mechanical polishing. To obtain a smooth polished surface, careful consideration of the size of diamond abrasives and polishing methods is also a prerequisite. Chemical mechanical polishing is a novel method to achieve a surface quality with roughness below Ra 3 nm, as in this method, the anisotropy of the CVD diamond allows the uneven steps to be efficiently erased. However, the chemical actions of polishing slurry should be controlled to prevent the formation of chemical etching pits.

Evolution of crystalline misorientations in polycrystalline samples of pure ice

There are few studies where the evolution of grain orientations and crystal misorientations of neighboring grains in a polycrystalline ice sample during grain growth are analyzed. In this work, crystal orientations and misorientations were studied in two ice cylinders obtained from bidistilled water using the techniques of plastic replicas and chemical etching pits. The cylinders were grown, one through fast freezing and the other through slow freezing. It was observed that the initial crystal orientations of the grains varied from one cylinder to the other, but this did not result in significant differences in the final crystal misorientations between neighboring grains. Such crystal misorientations could be special because they are related to a coincidence sites lattice (CSL), which could be associated with low-energy grain boundaries. Therefore, the decrease in grain boundary energy during grain growth could be influenced by these special crystal misorientations.

Kinetics of Estonian Phosphate Rock Dissolution in Hydrochloric Acid

The kinetics of the dissolution of Estonian phosphate rock and the governing reaction mechanisms in hydrochloric acid in technological processes were investigated. The influences of particle size and acid concentrations of 0.5–1.5 M on the reaction rate and the pH variation during the process were studied at a dosage of 2.1 moles of HCl per mole of calcium for 60 min. The results indicated that the solubility of phosphorus reached 94%–100% for the fine samples and 82%–99% for the coarse samples. The time required to achieve an apparent steady-state pH reduced with the increasing acid concentrations and decreasing particle sizes. It was determined that the CaF2 precipitation in solutions starting at 1 M was faster at higher concentrations. The SEM surface analysis of the insoluble particles proved the existence of etch pit formation. The XPS and EDX analyses affirmed that the dissolution was incongruent. The surface composition of the unreacted particles gave a stoichiometry of CaF1.8, showing the formation of CaF2 on the surface. The dissolution kinetics were analyzed using the shrinking core model and showed a combination of chemical reaction, diffusion or interfacial transfer, and diffusion, sequentially for coarse particles or simultaneously for fine fractions.

Growth, mechanical, thermal, electrical, linear, and nonlinear optical studies of urea resorcinol single crystals for NLO applications

Urea Resorcinol (UR) was synthesized and grown using the slow cooling technique to form a possible organic nonlinear optical crystal. Single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis was used to determine the shape and lattice characteristics of the generated UR crystals. The crystallinity was verified using a high-resolution X-ray diffraction examination. The emission and transparency of the formed crystal were revealed by optical studies including photoluminescence and UV–visible-NIR spectrum analyses. Through the use of an optical microscope and the Vickers microhardness tester, its mechanical behavior was investigated and the density of its etch pits was estimated. The investigations were also conducted on the UR crystal's microphysical properties, including its dielectric tensor, dielectric loss, and thermal analysis. An Nd:YAG laser was used to quantify the laser-induced surface damage and the results were connected to the grown crystal's specific heat capacity. By using the Kurtz and Perry technique, the efficiency of second harmonic generation was determined for different UR crystal particle sizes that have good phase matchability, and its SHG output was compared to urea.

Automation of etch pit analyses on solid-state nuclear track detectors with machine learning for laser-driven ion acceleration.

Solid-state nuclear track detectors (SSNTDs) are often used as ion detectors in laser-driven ion acceleration experiments and are considered to be the most reliable ion diagnostics since they are sensitive only to ions and measure ions one by one. However, ion pit analyses require tremendous time and effort in chemical etching, microscope scanning, and ion pit identification by eyes. From a laser-driven ion acceleration experiment, there are typically millions of microscopic images, and it is practically impossible to analyze all of them by hand. This research aims to improve the efficiency and automation of SSNTD analyses for laser-driven ion acceleration. We use two sets of data obtained from calibration experiments with a conventional accelerator where ions with known nuclides and energies are generated and from actual laser experiments using SSNTDs. After chemical etching and scanning the SSNTDs with an optical microscope, we use machine learning to distinguish the ion etch pits from noises. From the results of the calibration experiment, we confirm highly accurate etch-pit detection with machine learning. We are also able to detect etch pits with machine learning from the laser-driven ion acceleration experiment, which is much noisier than calibration experiments. By using machine learning, we successfully identify ion etch pits ∼105 from more than 10 000 microscopic images with a precision of ≳95%. A million microscopic images can be examined with a recent entry-level computer within a day with high precision. Machine learning tremendously reduces the time consumption on ion etch pit analyses detected on SSNTDs.

Microwave hydrogen plasma etching on the laser-cut surface of single crystal diamond: Phases, etching morphology, stress evolution and the effect of etching on the subsequent homoepitaxial growth

In order to improve the pretreating efficiency of single crystal diamond (SCD) before its homoepitaxial growth, a strategy coupling laser cutting and microwave hydrogen plasma etching was proposed to replace the traditional pretreatment steps, which underwent laser cutting, mechanical polishing, acid cleaning, and microwave plasma etching in order. The feasibility of this idea has been studied by growing SCD after directly etching its laser-cut surface using microwave hydrogen plasma. The effect of the etching time on the SCD including surface phase, etching morphology, etching pit shape, residual stress, growth morphology, and quality of SCD are investigated and analyzed. The results show that microwave hydrogen plasma etching can quickly (within 10 min) remove the residual graphite carbon on the SCD surface caused by laser cutting. The extension of the etching time mainly affects the surface morphology and the internal stress of SCD. Etching pits with different shapes (square, trapezoid, inverted pyramid) and sizes can be found on the hydrogen plasma etched surface under different etching times. Fortunately, these etching pits do not introduce polycrystals on the SCD during subsequent homoepitaxial growth. All the hydrogen plasma etched laser cut SCD samples exhibit typical step-flow growth morphology after 20 h of homoepitaxial growth. Moreover, the step-flows are orderly and parallel, which is better than the disorderly step-flows on the polished SCD. Besides, a higher growth quality and a lower residual stress are obtained for the etched SCD. The above results indicate that replacing the traditional complex pretreatment steps with laser cutting and etching pretreatment is feasible. The new approach can effectively improve the pretreatment efficiency and result in superior quality of SCD after homoepitaxial growth.

Formation of Natural Magnesium Silica Hydrate (M-S-H) and Magnesium Alumina Silica Hydrate (M-A-S-H) Cement.

Occurrences of natural magnesium alumina silicate hydrate (M-(A)-S-H) cement are present in Feragen and Leka, in eastern and western Trøndelag Norway, respectively. Both occurrences are in the subarctic climate zone and form in glacial till and moraine material deposited on ultramafic rock during the Weichselian glaciation. Weathering of serpentinized peridotite dissolves brucite and results in an alkaline fluid with a relatively high pH which subsequently reacts with the felsic minerals of the till (quartz, plagioclase, K-feldspar) to form a cement consisting of an amorphous material or a mixture of nanocrystalline Mg-rich phyllosilicates, including illite. The presence of plagioclase in the till results in the enrichment of alumina in the cement, i.e., forms M-A-S-H instead of the M-S-H cement. Dissolution of quartz results in numerous etch pits and negative quartz crystals filled with M-A-S-H cement. Where the quartz dissolution is faster than the cement precipitation, a honeycomb-like texture is formed. Compositionally, the cemented till (tillite) contains more MgO and has a higher loss of ignition than the till, suggesting that the cement is formed by a MgO fluid that previously reacted with the peridotite. The M-(A)-S-H cemented till represents a new type of duricrust, coined magsilcrete. The study of natural Mg cement provides information on peridotites as a Mg source for Mg cement and as a feedstock for CO2 sequestration.

Influence of Different Hydrocarbons on Chemical Vapor Deposition Growth and Surface Morphological Defects in 4H‐SiC Epitaxial Layers

Controlled epitaxial growth of 4H‐SiC is essential for advancing both power electronics and quantum technologies. This study explores how different carbon sources—methane and propane—affect the surface morphology of these epitaxial layers. By varying C/Si ratios and using the two mentioned hydrocarbons as the carbon source in chloride‐based epitaxial growth of 4H‐SiC layers, it is unveiled that methane results in an exceptionally smooth surface. However, it pronounces surface irregularities such as short step bunching and dislocation‐related etch pits. Moreover, methane amplifies the overgrowth of triangular defects with the 4H polytype. In contrast, the introduction of propane causes a step‐bunched surface together with inclined line‐like surface morphological defects. Notably, a majority of the triangular defects exhibit a pure 3C character without an overgrown 4H polytype. It is shown that these outcomes could be attributed to different sticking coefficients and diffusivity of the molecular species resulting from different carbon sources on the 4H‐SiC surface during the epitaxial growth. This research also uncovers the underlying origins and mechanisms responsible for various surface morphological defects.

Nucleation kinetics, chemical etching, hirshfeld surface, and photoluminescence of Rubidium hydrogen oxalate dihydrate NLO single crystal

The nucleation dynamics of a semi-organic Rubidium hydrogen oxalate dihydrate (RbHOH) crystal were assessed using double-distilled water as a solvent medium to obtain good quality crystal using the solution growth technique. Gravimetric analysis of solubility revealed that it has a positive temperature coefficient of solubility, which is appropriate for bulk growth. Other nucleation parameters such as metastable zonewidth, induction period, and interfacial energy were carried out using the classical theory of nucleation. The photoconductivity experiments reveal that the grown crystal exhibits a positive photoconductivity nature. Chemical etching and atomic force microscopy (AFM) experiments were performed on the produced crystal surface. From AFM experiments, effectively assessed amplitude parameters were calculated. Etching studies showed the presence of etch pit patterns such as tiny hillocks and rectangular shapes. Intermolecular interactions were analysed by using Hirshfeld surface analysis. In the photoluminescence (PL) studies, the grown crystal indicates green emission peaks at 519 nm, and the bandgap energy is found to be 4.8 eV. At room temperature, the refractive index of the RbHOH crystal was determined to be 1.669. The nonlinear optical (NLO) efficiency of the grown crystal was examined using a second harmonic generation efficiency test, and it was determined to be 0.58 times that of KDP.

Bridgman-Grown (Cd,Mn)Te and (Cd,Mn)(Te,Se): A Comparison of Suitability for X and Gamma Detectors.

This study explores the suitability of (Cd,Mn)Te and (Cd,Mn)(Te,Se) as room-temperature X-ray and gamma-ray detector materials, grown using the Bridgman method. The investigation compares their crystal structure, mechanical and optical properties, and radiation detection capabilities. Both crystals can yield large-area single crystal samples measuring approximately 30 × 30 mm2. In low-temperature photoluminescence analysis, both materials showed defect states, and annealing in cadmium vapors effectively eliminated donor-acceptor pair luminescence in (Cd,Mn)Te but not in (Cd,Mn)(Te,Se). Moreover, harder (Cd,Mn)(Te,Se) exhibited a higher etch pit density compared to softer (Cd,Mn)Te. X-ray diffraction examination revealed uniform lattice constant distribution in both compounds, with variations at a part per million level. (Cd,Mn)Te crystals demonstrated excellent single crystal properties with narrower omega scan widths, while (Cd,Mn)(Te,Se) exhibited a high contribution of block-like structures with significantly larger misorientation angles. Spectroscopic evaluations revealed better performance of a pixelated (Cd,Mn)Te detector, in comparison to (Cd,Mn)(Te,Se), achieving a mean full width at half maximum of 14% for the 122 keV gamma peak of Co-57. The reduced performance of the (Cd,Mn)(Te,Se) detector may be attributed to deep trap-related luminescence or block-like structures with larger misorientation angles. In conclusion, Bridgman-grown (Cd,Mn)Te emerges as a more promising material for X-ray and gamma-ray detectors when compared to (Cd,Mn)(Te,Se).