ETC System Research Articles

Secure OMP Computation Maintaining Sparse Representations and Its Application to EtC Systems

Secure OMP Computation Maintaining Sparse Representations and Its Application to EtC Systems

Comparative experimental study on the harmless treatment of cyanide tailings through slurry electrolysis

In this work, the cyanide tailings were treated with slurry electrolysis technology. The removal of cyanide and the regularity of the oxidative dissolution of the main minerals in tailings during direct electrolysis (ET), air electrolysis (ETA), and NaCl electrolysis (ETC) were compared and analyzed. X ray diffraction, backscattered electron analysis, mineral liberation analysis, and other analytical methods were performed to analyze and characterize the mineral composition and interlocking relationship of cyanide tailings. Results indicated that cyanides and typical minerals, such as pyrite and pyrrhotite, in cyanide tailings would undergo a certain degree of oxidation and dissolution in the ET, ETA, and ETC systems, and the processing effect of the ETC system was more obvious than that of other systems. After the treatment, the mass loss of cyanide tailings could reach 8.62%, which was 5.10% and 1.36% higher than the mass loss in ET and ETA, respectively. The removal rates of CNT, CN−, Cu, Zn, and Fe were 92.07%, 97.17%, 86.31%, 98.24%, and 93.03%, respectively. The relative contents of pyrite and pyrrhotite decreased by 8.82% and 4.65%, respectively. The particle size occupancy rates of pyrite greater than 50 μm and pyrrhotite greater than 15 μm were 0.24% and 3.36%, respectively. The mineral liberation degrees of typical minerals increased significantly, and the mineral liberation degrees of pyrite and pyrrhotite increased by 16.46% and 13.20%, respectively. The oxidation of cyanides and minerals in cyanide tailings under the ETC system mainly involved electrochemical indirect oxidation. Cl− migrated to the anode through electrogeneration to generate Cl2/ClO− in situ. CN− and metal cyanide ions that migrated near the anode were oxidized by Cl2/ClO− to produce CO2, N2, and metal cations. Metal cations returned to the cathode where they were reduced and deposited. Pyrite, pyrrhotite, and other minerals in cyanide tailings could also be oxidized and dissolved by ClO−. Therefore, the particle size of minerals decreased, and the degree of mineral liberation increased. As electrolysis proceeded, the interlocking relationship between the minerals was destroyed, and more minerals were exposed in the form of monomers. These phenomena provided favorable conditions for the subsequent comprehensive recovery of valuable metals from cyanide tailings.

Transcriptional and metabolic response against hydroxyethane-(1,1-bisphosphonic acid) on bacterial denitrification by a halophilic Pannonibacter sp. strain DN

Biological denitrification is an environmentally sound pathway for the elimination of nitrogen pollution in wastewater treatment. Extreme environmental conditions, such as the co-existence of toxic organic pollutants, can affect biological denitrification. However, the potential underlying mechanism remains largely unexplored. Herein, the effect of a model pollutant, hydroxyethane-(1,1-bisphosphonic acid) (HEDP), a widely applied and consumed bisphosphonate, on microbial denitrification was investigated by exploring the metabolic and transcriptional responses of an isolated denitrifier, Pannonibacter sp. strain DN. Results showed that nitrate removal efficiency decreased from 85% to 50% with an increase in HEDP concentration from 0 to 3.5 mM, leading to nitrite accumulation of 204 mg L−1 in 3.5 mM HEDP. This result was due to the lower bacterial population count and reduction in the live cell percentage. Further investigation revealed that HEDP caused a decrease in membrane potential from 0.080 ± 0.005 to 0.020 ± 0.002 with the increase in HEDP from 0 to 3.5 mM. This hindered electron transfer, which is required for nitrate transformation into nitrogen gas. Moreover, transcriptional profiling indicated that HEDP enhanced the genes involved in ROS (O2−) scavenging, thus protecting cells against oxidative stress damage. However, the suppression of genes responsible for the production of NADH/FADH2 in tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA), NADH catalyzation (NADH dehydrogenase) in (electron transport chain) ETC system and denitrifying genes, especially nor and nir, in response to 2.5 mM HEDP were identified as the key factor inhibiting transfer of electron from TCA cycle to denitrifying enzymes through ETC system.

Application Technology of Wireless Computer Network in Intelligent Driving

With the continuous development of wireless network and Internet technologies, research on the application technology of wireless computer networks in intelligent driving has also entered the blowout development stage. The purpose of this paper is to study the application technology of wireless computer networks in intelligent driving. This paper also proposes an optimization solution for wireless vehicle networking in view of the many disadvantages of the traditional traffic law enforcement management system. This article first briefly introduces the concepts of the Internet of Things, the Internet of Vehicles, and wireless systems, analyzes the necessity and feasibility of the fusion of the two technologies, and then proposes a framework for the integration of wireless computer network technology and Internet of Things technology. Various innovative applications of the Internet of Vehicles based on this architecture in intelligent transportation are analyzed and demonstrated. Wireless networked car networking has demonstrated its superiority to a certain extent in the application of several special scenarios, alternative analysis of ETC systems, and optimization of traditional traffic law enforcement management. At the end of this paper, a GA algorithm based on wireless networked vehicle networking applications is proposed. Through the results of the algorithm, it is concluded that the system performance and economic performance of wireless vehicle networking are superior. According to the experimental results, the system developed in this paper can not only solve the vehicle congestion situation, but also reduce the occurrence of traffic accidents.

Performance Analysis of Flat Plate and Evacuated Tube Collectors

This study gives a thermal analysis on the effect of operating parameters on the performance of solar water heating systems with two distinct collector configurations; flat plate and heat pipe evacuated tube collectors. The thermal analysis of these two systems was conducted based on the account of variation in weather conditions of Adama and volume flow rate, using T*SOL® Simulation software, to study the impact of these operating conditions on the system efficiency, system solar fraction, storage tank outlet temperature, collector outlet temperature, energy accumulated and collected in the tank and collector. This is done to compare the performance of these two systems with each other, based on thermal analysis in order to provide the necessary information required to select the most appropriate solar collector and its operating conditions. The results showed that for a fluid circulating at 120 l/h, the highest monthly solar fraction of FPC and ETC systems were 80% and 64.6%, respectively, around November with a total solar irradiation of 191 kWh/month. For both systems, the hourly tank outlet temperature peaked in November to 87 °C and 71.2 °C for ETC and FPC, respectively. For a typical day in April, the maximum tank outlet temperature becomes 74 and 62.5 °C. Regarding the flow rate, simulation of the systems is done for three flow rates (80, 120 and 160 l/h). The results also showed that for a typical day in April, the hourly maximum tank inlet-outlet temperature difference was obtained for both ETC and FPC at 12:00 PM at a flow rate of 160 l/h, where the corresponding maximum tank outlet temperature becomes 74 and 62.5 °C. At this volume flow rate, a solar water heating system efficiency of 59% and 50%, and also a system solar fraction of 82% and 68.1% could be achieved for a SWH system employing ETC and FPC, respectively. Overall, ETC systems proved to be a more efficient system to satisfy the need of hot water.

VeMo: Enabling Transparent Vehicular Mobility Modeling at Individual Levels with Full Penetration

Understanding and predicting real-time vehicle mobility patterns on highways are essential to address traffic congestion and respond to the emergency. However, almost all existing works (e.g., based on cellphones, onboard devices, or traffic cameras) suffer from high costs, low penetration rates, or only aggregate results. To address these drawbacks, we utilize Electric Toll Collection systems (ETC) as a large-scale sensor network and design a system called VeMo to transparently model and predict vehicle mobility at the individual level with a full penetration rate. Our novelty is how we address uncertainty issues (i.e., unknown routes and speeds) due to sparse implicit ETC data based on a key data-driven insight, i.e., individual driving behaviors are strongly correlated with crowds of drivers under certain spatiotemporal contexts and can be predicted by combining both personal habits and context information. We evaluate VeMo with (i) a large-scale ETC system with tracking devices at 773 highway entrances and exits capturing more than 2 million vehicles every day; (ii) a fleet consisting of 114 thousand vehicles with GPS data as ground truth. Compared with state-of-the-art benchmark mobility models, the experimental results show that VeMo outperforms them by average 10% in terms of accuracy.

Kierunki rozwoju miotających materiałów wybuchowych w aspekcie wymagań przyszłościowej broni palnej

Progress in the development of solid propellants and knowledge determining the possibility of increasingly detailed analysis of phenomena occurring during the process of propelling projectiles are the main factors in the development of powders and gun propellant systems. The growth of potential ammunition and powder propellant systems is focused on improving the energetic, ballistic and operational characteristics of currently used powders and on searching for new propellants with a more environmentally friendly chemical composition (so-called green propellants). This paper presents an analysis of the possibilities in propellant systems development in the 21st century, from the internal ballistics perspective. At present, the most promising, from the tactical and technical point of view, are the propellant systems with layered powders (for a classic propellant system solution) and ETC (Electrothermo-Chemical gun) systems.

A 5.8 GHz digitally configurable DSRC RF-SoC transmitter for China ETC systems

This paper presents a CMOS DSRC transmitter architecture for China electronic toll collection systems. A digitally configurable transmitter architecture is proposed to reduce chip area, power, cost, and design complexity. This transmitter consists of only two digitally configurable analog blocks: an ASK modulator and a power amplifier, other than the digital baseband. The use of digital configuration extends output dynamic range, and facilitates rapid prototyping in different process technologies. The RF-SoC is fabricated using a 0.13 μm CMOS technology. Chip measurement results show that the maximum output power from a single-end port is 7.23 dBm, the occupied bandwidth is 2 MHz, the adjacent channel power ratio is −38 dBc at a 10 MHz offset, the adjustment range of modulation index is 77%–95%, and the transmitter dissipates 36 mA in active mode under a 2 V supply. Compared with state-of-the-art designs in the literature, this design demonstrates remarkable advantages in design complexity, modulation index, chip area, power consumption, output dynamic range, and output peak power. The chip area savings is at least 60%, the power consumption is reduced by at least 10%, the output dynamic range is enhanced by 9%, and the single-end output peak power is improved by at least 45%.

Application of fuzzy theory for identifying the required availability of an autonomous localization unit in European Train Control System

According to the evolution tendency of the control decision process from a trackside to a train-borne system, various autonomous localization units for railway vehicles were developed. As recommended in railway standards, the design process of each system, here the autonomous localization units (LU), follows the V-model whose first step is to define its availability requirement in order to satisfy the global ETCS system requirements. The classical approach for assigning the subsystem availability is based on the assumption that failure parameters of other units are precisely known. This assumption is too restricted in reality due to the lack of information. In this paper, we propose a new approach that allows taking into account uncertainties in the dependability parameters of the ETCS components for identifying the upper threshold of the LU unavailability to reach ETCS availability requirements. Using fuzzy fault trees, the fuzzy unavailability of the ETCS without the autonomous LU is evaluated. Then, based on its membership function, we assess the satisfaction rate that an advanced ETCS with the autonomous LU can satisfy the ETCS availability target.

SRK systems - registration of operating data

The following article deals with the topic of Rail Traffic Control systems, focusing on the aspects of registration and acquisition of operational data. In the first part of the text, the authors focused on describing what SRK systems are, and how they can be modernized in order to increase security. At the beginning of the study, the authors presented a railway transport called "High Speed railways". The KDP had a big influence on the development of SRK systems. In the further part of the article, the authors focused on the possibility of recording operating data of individual systems and presented the ETCS system, which is a European project aimed at standardizing systems for Railway Traffic Control.

Electronic Toll Collection System based on Radio Frequency Identification System

This papaer entitled electronic toll collection system based on Radio Frequncy Identification System explained in detail based on current issue at toll collection system. There are some obstacles faced every day where the users spent their valuable time in queue at tollgate due to traffic congestion as well as using traditional manual method in most existing toll ETC system to collect toll from road users. Besides that, the barrier design where each vehicle stop waiting until barrier lift which consider source of time delay. To tackle stated problems, an electronic toll collection system is proposed which based on RFID technology. The integrated system consists of two main sections, electronic sides where all input data received from while database management office is where all necessary information stored. To compare the current ETC system, in this research elaborated internet of things where all data transmit through cloud and then to the main office in real time. Not only that, there is some enhancement based on barrier design where, gate is remained open for all vehicles with sufficient tags without requiring to stop to eliminate time delay.By check system throughput compare to existing toll systems, various tests have been carried out in different method where proposed system throughput much higher percentage the current system.

A 5.8 GHz Digitally Controlled CMOS Receiver With a Wide Dynamic Range for Chinese ETC System

This brief presents a 5.8 GHz digitally controlled dedicated short range communications (DSRC) receiver for Chinese electronic toll collection systems. All RF, IF blocks and digital baseband for on-chip automatic gain control, are integrated on an RF system-on-chip (RF-SoC). The proposed digitally controlled low noise amplifier (LNA) and mixer circuits are elaborated. The test chip was realized in a 0.13- ${\mu }\text{m}$ CMOS technology. The RF blocks in receiver occupy a chip area of 0.75 mm2. The receiver blocks consume 22 mA under a 1.5-V supply voltage. Measurement results show that the bit error rate maintains better than 10−6, while the input power level varies from −75 dBm to −8 dBm. This design results in a receiver sensitivity improvement of at least 25%, and a dynamic range enhancement of at least 12%.

Implementation of Bill Deduction in ETC System based on IoT and RFID Technology

Implementation of Bill Deduction in ETC System based on IoT and RFID Technology

Impact of Electronic Toll Collection System on Energy Saving and CO2 emission: A Case Study of Passenger Cars in Thailand

Traffic problems have been a long-standing issue for Thailand, although many measures have already been implented to solve them. Electronic Toll Collection system (ETC) is one of those measures used for reducing the traffic problems at the front of checkpoint on the expressway. However, there are no research studies on the effect of ETC on expressway transportation in Thailand. The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of the four main factors (time, speed and acceleration, fuel consumption, and CO 2 emission) on the ETC system compared to the Manual Toll Collection (MTC). In addition, four scenarios of applying ETC were analyzed to evaluate the potential of energy saving and CO 2 emission in Thailand. In this study, Ram Inthra Toll Plaza, Bangkok was selected as a case study, and the car model Nissan March year 2010 was selected as the representative vehicle. Results found that time consumed for paying the fee at ETC was only two seconds which is faster than MTC about six times. Using ETC toll can reduce fuel consumption by up to 4 milliliter/trip and reduce CO 2 emission about 9.7% compared with MTC. It is estimated that Thailand could reduce fuel consumption up to 1,262,471 liter/year with the reduction of 2,754 ton CO 2 eq/year, when ETC toll is applied to all the expressways of the country.

Wider aspects of deceleration supervision in ERTMS/ETCS

The paper concerns basic information about implementation of the ETCS system in the Czech Republic especially its influence on the railway operation. Also facts about the principles of the automatic train protection system with the full speed supervision are described as well as the specifics of the speed monitoring experiences. In the next chapter are some principles of the braking curves calculation.

On the Security of Block Scrambling-Based EtC Systems against Extended Jigsaw Puzzle Solver Attacks

On the Security of Block Scrambling-Based EtC Systems against Extended Jigsaw Puzzle Solver Attacks

CANT EXCESS AND CANT DEFICIENCY EVALUATION IN RELATION TO TRAIN SPEED

The paper deals with the evaluation of measured speeds of the vehicles on the chosen sections of the railway network in the Czech Republic. In connection with the phased implementation of the AVV system (automatic train operation) and the European ETCS system, the dispersion of the train speeds will be reduced. Measured data were used to assess the weighted average of the cant excess or cant deficiency in relation to the rail defects. Within the framework of the research, the speeds were statistically evaluated covering more aspects like types and sorts of the trains, their operators, daytime and more.

Image Recognition Technology in the ETC System

This paper first analyzed the current situation of highway ETC system of domestic and international, depth researched on image identification technology, selected the size, shape and edge features of vehicle, used decision tree to identify vehicle, then established the ETC system, it greatly improves vehicle management efficiency.

Impact of Vehicle Head Geometric Features in the Propagation Loss of ETC System

The electronic toll collection systems (ETC) are used widely in many countries with its higher toll efficiency. The geometric features of target vehicle and electric conductivity of the application scenarios affect the ray propagating path and path loss of ETC system. In this paper, we propose a propagation loss model for ETC system based on Ray-tracing and Uniform Theory of Diffraction (UTD). According to the car head appearance, we discuss the path losses for cab-over-engine and cab-behind-engine vehicles respectively. Moreover, the additional loss caused by windshield is discussed. Then, we develop a semi-practical simulation environment and an ETC wireless communication comprehensive test instrument. Finally, we analyze the effect of operating frequency, RSU antennas height, length of engine hood, and inclination angle of front windshield. In order to get a better identified performance, the OBU should be placed on the upper half of the front windshield. Experimental and simulation results indicate that the validity of the proposed path loss models.

Impact of Platon ETC system on intercity trucking cost

In 2015 Platon ETC System, a system of charging trucks with gross vehicle weight exceeding 12 tons, was implemented in Russia. The payment is collected as a compensation fo0 the damage caused to the federal public roads. Platon system is an additional source of financing for the road sector. However, its implementation made the carriers face the increasing costs. This paper presents the first results of the system functioning and the problems, associated with it. We consider the foreign systems of truck charging. The results of calculations, which show the effect of the toll collection on the prime cost of road freight transportation, are also presented.