ET Values Research Articles

Effective crop evapotranspiration measurement using time-domain reflectometry technique in a sub-humid region

The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of the time-domain reflectometry (TDR) technique for daily evapotranspiration estimation of peanut and maize crop in a sub-humid region. Four independent methods were used to estimate crop evapotranspiration (ETc), namely, soil water balance budgeting approach, energy balance approach—(Bowen ratio), empirical methods approach, and Pan evaporation method. The soil water balance budgeting approach utilized the soil moisture measurement by gravimetric and TDR method. The empirical evapotranspiration methods such as combination approach (FAO-56 Penman–Monteith and Penman), temperature-based approach (Hargreaves–Samani), and radiation-based approach (Priestley–Taylor, Turc, Abetw) were used to estimate the reference evapotranspiration (ET0). The daily ETc determined by the FAO-56 Penman-Monteith, Priestley-Taylor, Turc, Pan evaporation, and Bowen ratio were found to be at par with the ET values derived from the soil water balance budget; while the methods Abetw, Penman, and Hargreaves-Samani were not found to be ideal for the determination of ETc. The study illustrates the in situ applicability of the TDR method in order to make it possible for a user to choose the best way for the optimum water consumption for a given crop in a sub-humid region. The study suggests that the FAO-56 Penman–Monteith, Turc, and Priestley–Taylor can be used for the determination of crop ETc using TDR in comparison to soil water balance budget.

SU‐F‐T‐01: Optimization of the Accelerated Partial Breast Brachytherapy Fractionation with Consideration of Physical Doses to Tumor and Organ at Risk

Purpose:The accelerated partial breast irradiation (APBI) with brachytherapy prescribes 34Gy to be delivered in 10 fractions over 5 consecutive working days without considering the physical dose to the target and organs at risk (OARs) for an individual patient. The purpose of this study is to optimize the fractionation scheme by evaluating the radiation effect on tumor and OARs with a modified linear‐quadratic (LQ) model based on dose‐volume histograms (DVHs).Methods:Five breast patients treated with multilumen balloon brachytherapy were selected. The minimum skin and rib spacing were ranged from 2.5mm to 14.3mm and from 1.0mm to 25.0mm, respectively. The LQ model parameters were set as: (1) breast: α=0.08, β=0.028, doubling time Tpot=14.4 days, and starting time Tk=21days; (2) skin: acute reaction α=0.101, β=0.009; late reaction α=0.064, β=0.029; (3) rib: α=0.3, β=0.12. Boundary dose Dt was 6 Gy for both target and OARs. The relation between radiation effects on the tumor (ET) and OARs (EOAR) were plotted for fraction number from 1 to 20.Results:The value of radiation effect from routine 3.4Gyx10 fractions was used as reference, ETref and EOARref. If set ET=ETref, the fractionation that results in minimum EOAR values correspond to the optimal fractionation. For these patients, the optimal numbers are 10 fractions for skin acute reaction, 18 fractions for skin and rib late reaction while the doses per fraction are 3.4Gy and 2.05–2.10Gy, respectively. If set EOAR=EOARref, the fractionation that results in a maximum ET value corresponds to the optimal fractionation. The optimal fractionation is 3.4Gyx10 fractions for skin acute reaction, and 2.10–2.25Gyx18 fractions for skin late reaction and rib.Conclusion:For APBI brachytherapy, the routine 3.4Gyx10 fractions is optimal fractionation for skin acute reaction, while 2.05–2.25Gyx18 fractions is optimal fractionation for late reaction of skin and rib.

Evaluation of reference evapotranspiration models and determination of crop coefficient for Momordica charantia and Capsicum annuum

Studies on water balance and irrigation at agricultural areas require accurate values of reference evapotranspiration (ETo). This study was conducted in the agricultural farm in the Modern Agriculture Centre in Kluang, Malaysia, to determine the crop coefficients of bittergourd (Momordica charantia) and chili (Capsicum annuum) by choosing the best ETo model. The experiment was conducted for two different crop cycles between October 2013 and May 2014. An automatic weather station was installed to record weather parameter at 30min interval. Twenty six ETo models which were classified into four different groups were employed. The performance of the models was evaluated using Class A pan evaporation data from Kluang weather station. Eight statistical tests were used to assess and rank the accuracy of these 26 models. The ET values from the best ETo model of each group were then modeled with weather variables using multiple regression technique. Crop coefficient (Kc) curves were developed as the ratio between actual crop evapotranspiration measured by minilysimeters and the ET values of the best model. The temperature based models tend to overestimate observed pan ET values, thus were not recommended at this site. Results of the mass transfer based Penman model show comparatively better ETo estimates among others. The total water requirement for bittergourd for the whole growing period is 153mm while chili recorded 229mm. The Kc values for the bittergourd were 0.58, 0.88 and 0.69 while for chili were 0.58, 0.95 and 0.73 for the initial, mid and end growth stages, respectively. The present results show very similar mid and end season chili Kc values with a study from Ghana while the mid and end season Kc of bittergourd is quite similar with a study in Florida, USA using cucumber. The values obtained can help farmers to determine the water requirement of these vegetable crops so that proper irrigation can be applied according to its growth stage and weather condition.

Paprika pepper yield and quality as affected by different irrigation levels

This study was carried out to determine the effects of irrigation levels on yield and quality of paprika pepper under Harran plain conditions of Turkey. Different water stress levels under drip irrigation system were created by applying 125% of cumulative Class-A Pan evaporation CAP125 , 100% CAP100 , 75% CAP75 and 50% CAP50 of cumulative class-A-pan CAP evaporation in every 3 days. Besides, an irrigation treatment with IRSIS Irrigation Scheduling Information System computer program was created and applied as an alternative irrigation program. Three paprika pepper cultivars Ace, King and Queens were tested. Experiments were conducted in randomized blocks split plots design with 3 replications in 2005 at Koruklu Station of GAP Regional Development Administration located in Harran Plain of Şarlıurfa, Turkey. Applied irrigation water amount and ET Evapotranspiration values for IRSIS treatment were 874 mm and 908 mm, respectively. Applied irrigation amount and ET values of CAP125 and CAP50 were between 254-568 mm and 368-602 mm, respectively. The highest yield was obtained from IRSIS treatment with 25.63 t ha-1 and the lowest yield was obtained from CAP50 with 11.72 t ha-1. The yield was significantly affected by cultivar, irrigation and cultivar × irrigation interactions. The average moisture, ASTA American Spice Trade Association , capsaicin, vitamin C and beta-carotene contents were respectively varied between 83.96 – 84.76%, between 225.76–286.22 mg kg-1, between 1404.11–2408.11 mg kg-1 and between 77.88–113.00 mg kg-1. Beta-carotene contents were not affected significantly by the cultivars, irrigations and interactions. The effects of irrigation and interactions on vitamin C and capsaicin were not also significant while the effects of cultivar on vitamin C and capsaicin were significant at P

Adiponectin and Cardiac Hypertrophy in Acromegaly.

Adiponectin is an adipocytes-derived hormone which has been shown to possess insulin-sensitizing, antiatherogenic, and anti-inflammatory properties. In acromegaly, the data on adiponectin is contradictory. The relationship between adiponectin levels and cardiac parameters has not been studied. The aim of this study was to find out how adiponectin levels were affected in acromegalic patients and the relationship between adiponectin levels and cardiac parameters. We included 30 subjects (15 male, 15 female), diagnosed with acromegaly and 30 healthy (10 male, 20 female) subjects. Serum glucose, insulin, GH, IGF-1 and adiponectin levels were obtained and the insulin resistance of the subjects was calculated. Echocardiographic studies of the subjects were performed. We determined that adiponectin levels were significantly higher in the acromegalic group than the control group. In the acromegalic group, there was no statistically significant relation between serum adiponectin and growth hormone (GH), or insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) levels (p = 0.3, p = 0.1). We demonstrated that cardiac function and structure are affected by acromegaly. IVST, PWT, LVMI, E/A ratio, DT, ET, IVRT, VPR, and LVESV values were increased and the results were statistically significant. In the acromegalic group, adiponectin levels were positively related with left ventricle mass index (LVMI) but this correlation was found to be statistically weak (p = 0.03). In our study, there was a positive correlation between VAI and LVM. We also could not find any correlation between VAI and adiponectin levels. Although insulin resistance and high insulin levels occur in active acromegaly patients, adiponectin levels were higher in our study as a consequence of GH lowering therapies. Our study showed that adiponectin levels may be an indicator of the cardiac involvement acromegaly. However, the usage of serum adiponectin levels in acromegalic patients as an indicator of cardiac involvement should be supported with other, wide, multi-centered studies.

Complementary‐relationship‐based 30 year normals (1981–2010) of monthly latent heat fluxes across the contiguous United States

AbstractThirty year normal (1981–2010) monthly latent heat fluxes (ET) over the conterminous United States were estimated by a modified Advection‐Aridity model from North American Regional Reanalysis (NARR) radiation and wind as well as Parameter‐Elevation Regressions on Independent Slopes Model (PRISM) air and dew‐point temperature data. Mean annual ET values were calibrated with PRISM precipitation (P) and validated against United States Geological Survey runoff (Q) data. At the six‐digit Hydrologic Unit Code level (sample size of 334) the estimated 30 year normal runoff (P – ET) had a bias of 18 mm yr−1, a root‐mean‐square error of 96 mm yr−1, and a linear correlation coefficient value of 0.95, making the estimates on par with the latest Land Surface Model results but without the need for soil and vegetation information or any soil moisture budgeting.

Identifying efficient blue-phosphorescent polymer light-emitting diode host materials based on carbazole derivatives with C/Si-centered substituents using density functional theory

Two series of carbazole derivatives were designed and studied that could potentially be used in polymer light-emitting diodes (PLEDs) as host molecules. These carbazole-based host molecules incorporated substituents with C or Si at their centers at the 3- and 6-positions on the carbazole moiety. Density functional theory calculations were performed to investigate the influence of the substituent on energy and charge transfer, and to predict whether each molecule could act as an effective host material in PLEDs. The results show that, for the series in which the carbazole moiety is linked to the substituent via the central C/Si atom ("cbz-sub series"), triplet-state electron transitions and triplet excitons arise from the carbazole moiety. Members of the cbz-sub series also exhibited higher triplet energies (ET) than the series in which the carbazole moiety is linked to the C/Si-centered substituent via an extra phenyl group ("cbz-ph-sub series"). Moreover, members of the cbz-sub series presented strong molecular orbital interactions and suitable singlet and triplet energy differences (ΔEST). Further investigations showed that, in each series, the presence of an Si atom was more likely to inhibit charge and exciton delocalization, and inserting a methyl or tert-butyl group at the 2- and 7-position, respectively, of the carbazole moiety in the cbz-ph-sub molecules improved their ET values and led to clear intramolecular charge-transfer character. A comparison of the energies of host and guest molecules showed that all of the molecules designed in this work are suitable for use with blue-light guest materials.

28.1: Invited Paper: Triplet‐Energy Control of PAHs by Heteroatom Incorporation for Development of Efficient Materials for PHOLEDs

The triplet‐energy control of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) was achieved by heteroatom incorporation. For instance, 4b‐aza‐12b‐boradibenzo[g,p]chrysene showed a much larger ET value than the corresponding PAH, dibenzo[g,p]chrysene, and enable us to built phosphorescent organic light‐emitting diodes (PHOLEDs) of high performance. We have also synthesized a variety of heteroatom‐incorporated polycyclic aromatics with a large ET value, which improved not only efficiency of PHOLED but also lifetime.

Donor/Acceptor Dihydroindeno[1,2-a]fluorene and Dihydroindeno[2,1-b]fluorene: Towards New Families of Organic Semiconductors.

New families of donor/acceptor semiconductors based on dihydroindeno[1,2-a]fluorene and dihydroindeno[2,1-b]fluorene are reported. Due to the spiro bridges, this new generation of dihydroindenofluorenes allows a spatial separation of HOMO and LUMO, which retains the high ET value of the dihydroindenofluorene backbone and excellent physical properties. This control of the electronic and physical properties has allowed a second generation of dihydroindeno[1,2-a]fluorene to be obtained with strongly enhanced performance in green and sky-blue phosphorescent organic light-emitting diodes (PhOLEDs) relative to the first generation of materials. To date, this is the highest performance ever reported for a blue PhOLED by using a dihydroindenofluorene derivative. Through this structure-property relationship study, a remarkable difference of performance between syn and anti isomers has also been highlighted. This surprising behaviour has been attributed to the different symmetry of the two molecules, and highlights the importance of the geometry profiles in the design of host materials for PhOLEDs.

The effect of solvent polarity on the rate of the Mitsunobu esterification reaction

The rate of the Mitsunobu esterification reaction of ethanol or isopropanol with benzoic acid was found to be much faster in non-polar solvents. The logarithm of the rate constant was inversely proportional to the solvent polarity, as defined by ET values. Typically, the rate constant for ethyl benzoate formation in THF was 100 times greater than that in MeCN. The presence of either sodium benzoate or excess benzoic acid resulted in a decrease in rate. Each of the main species involved in the Mitsunobu esterification reaction, the alcohol starting material, dialkoxyphosphorane, alkoxyphosphonium salt and ester product, was detected by proton NMR analysis. The possible role of ion pair aggregates or clusters, prior to rate-determining SN2 attack of carboxylate on the alkoxyphosphonium ion, is discussed. An explanation is provided as to why the yield in the Mitsunobu reaction is often higher in non-polar solvents.

Triplet-Energy Control of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons by BN Replacement: Development of Ambipolar Host Materials for Phosphorescent Organic Light-Emitting Diodes

In this work, we achieved the triplet-energy control of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) by replacing the Carbon−Carbon (CC) unit with a Boron−Nitrogen (BN) unit. Time-dependent density functional theory calculations suggested that the insertion of the BN unit may cause localization of the singly occupied molecular orbitals 1 and 2 (SOMO1/SOMO2) in the triplet state, which in turn can reduce the exchange interaction and dramatically increase the high singlet–triplet excitation energy (ET). The PAH containing the BN unit, 4b-aza-12b-boradibenzo[g,p]chrysene, showed a large ET value and ambipolar carrier-transport abilities. The introduction of a phenyl substituent on 4b-aza-12b-boradibenzo[g,p]chrysene slightly reduced the ET values and the carrier-transport abilities, but increased the glass-transition temperatures. On the basis of these findings, we successfully built phosphorescent organic light-emitting diodes using the BN compounds as host materials, which exhibit a superior performance over the device using a representative host material, 4,4′-bis(N-carbazolyl)-1,1′-biphenyl, not only in terms of efficiency but also in terms of device lifetime. This study demonstrated the potential of BN-embedded polycyclic aromatics in organic electronics and showed a novel strategy to achieve triplet-energy control of aromatic compounds.

Selection of device to determine temperature gradients for estimating evapotranspiration using energy balance method

Among the methodologies that analyze the energy and mass exchange during the evapotranspiration process, the micrometeorological methods provide one of the best tools to elaborate models and to understand the interaction process between crop and environment. Concretely, the Bowen ratio–energy balance (BREB) method has been used by several authors in the literature to estimate crop evapotranspiration in real time, obtaining accurate results. In order to calculate evapotranspiration, this method requires obtaining average temperature gradients over vegetation cover, which are measured in commercial equipment by the aid of thermocouples (TMCs). However, an alternative to the use of these thermometric gauges is the utilization of resistance temperature detectors (RTDs). These sensors present improvements of accuracy, tolerance and stability, among others, against TMCs. The present paper assess the employment of both thermometric gauges (TMCs and RTDs) when estimating evapotranspiration by using the BREB method. For this purpose, the evapotranspiration of a reference crop (Festuca arundinacea L. cv Schreb.) was determined by means of a weighing lysimeter and estimated with FAO-56 Penman–Monteith equation and BREB method, using for this last both TMC and RTD sensors for obtaining average temperature gradients. The results of the comparative analysis between the ET values measured by the lysimeter and the ET values obtained using the BREB method denote a greater similarity, obtaining a correlation coefficient of 0.958 when using RTDs and of 0.923 with TMCs. The ET values calculated using TMCs and RTDs were also compared with each other to estimate the degree of similarity between them. The results did not show significant differences, obtaining for all analyzed days a squared correlation coefficient above 0.985.

Photophysics of a solvent sensitive keto-tetrahydrocarbazole based fluorophore and its interaction with triethylamine: A spectroscopic inquest under surfactant and β-CD confinement

In this communication, we wish to report solution phase photophysics of 6,7-dimethoxy-3-methyl-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-carbazol-1-one (DMMTCO) and its interaction with a simple aliphatic organic donor, triethylamine (TEA) in different environments using absorption, steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence techniques. We have chosen ten solvents of varied nature and have observed that the fluorescence emission maximum of the compound is sensitive to the ET(30) value of the solvent. Quantum yield of the fluorophore is found to be higher in polar aprotic solvents like DMSO, DMF and ACN. When the fluorophore interacts with an anionic surfactant solution of sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS), a hypsochromic shift of 17nm is observed with respect to pure aqueous medium as the concentration of the surfactant increases. On switching over to the neutral surfactant of Triton X-100, a hypsochromic shift of 29nm with respect to pure aqueous medium is witnessed as the concentration surges. Likewise, with the increase in concentration of β-cyclodextrin, we have noted a hypsochromic shift of 26nm. In all of the above mentioned occasions, we have perceived hypsochromic shifts along with concomitant increase in fluorescence intensity. These observations regarding the organised media indicate that the immediate surrounding around the probe gets modified with the increase in surfactant and β-cyclodextrin concentration. TEA is a simple organic molecule that interacts with DMMTCO in a differing manner when we change the atmosphere from purely homogeneous to surfactant environment. In the confined medium, we observe the formation of a ground state complex, which is not that much appreciable in the case of homogeneous solvents.

Determination of a Solvent Hydrogen-Bond Acidity Scale by Means of the Solvatochromism of Pyridinium-N-phenolate Betaine Dye 30 and PCM-TD-DFT Calculations

Empirical parameters of solvents describing their hydrogen-bond (HB) acidity (e.g., the Kamlet-Taft α parameter) are often difficult to determine for new solvents because they are not directly related to a single definition process. Here, we propose a simple method based on one probe, the betaine dye 30, and one reference process, the solvatochromism of this dye, measured by its first electronic transition energy, ET(30). These ET(30) values are calculated within the time-dependent density functional theory framework, using a polarizable continuum solvent model (PCM). The part of ET(30) values that is not included in the PCM calculation is taken as the HB component of the measured ET(30) values, allowing us to deduce a solvent HB acidity parameter α1. The validity of this simple model is assessed by good linear correlations between α1 and a variety of solute properties mainly depending on the solvent's HB acidity. The quality of fit observed with α1 is at least comparable with that obtained by previous solvent HB acidity scales. The simplicity of our method is illustrated by the determination of α1 and of its companion, the electrostatic solvent parameter ES, for some new green solvents derived from glycerol.

Solvent polarity scales: determination of new ET(30) values for 84 organic solvents

The solvent polarity parameter ET(30) is newly measured from the solvatochromism of the betaine dye 30 for 84 solvents and re‐measured for 186 additional ones. The results are organized in a database. It is shown that the validity of linear solvation energy relationships used for the determination of secondary ET(30) values is limited to non‐hydrogen‐bond donor solvents. Relationships with the chain length n are given for the determination of tertiary ET(30) values of the homologous H(CH2)nY solvent series. The parameter ET(30) is orthogonal to the function of the refractive index (n2 − 1) / (2n2 + 1). For non hydrogen‐bond donor solvents, this allows to enter ET(30) as an almost pure electrostatic parameter in a new linear solvation energy relationship. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Solvatochromic behavior of some α-styrylpyridinium dyes

The influences of solvent polarity and substituent on the electronic transition of six different N-butyl-α-styrylpyridinium dyes have been investigated in 21 solvents. Reichardt’s ET(30) scale has been used to propose a quantitative approach towards the relative stability of the electronic ground and excited state species. The solvents have been classified into three types and the dyes have been classified into four groups based on the contribution of field and inductive effects of the substituents towards the change in their absorption maxima values. Instead of a steady solvatochromism, all the dyes except p-nitro substituted one, suffer reversals in solvatochromism at ET(30) values of ∼37 and ∼48. The extents of contribution of non-polar and polar protic solvents towards the solvation of the excited states of the dye molecules have been determined to be 30–40% more than that towards the stability of their ground states by the dipolar aprotic solvents. The ortho effect shown by this class of dyes in contrast to their corresponding γ-isomers might have been responsible for their better solvent polarity sensing capability.

An Integrated Model for Simulating Regional Water Resources Based on Total Evapotranspiration Control Approach

Total evapotranspiration and water consumption (ET) control is considered an efficient method for water management. In this study, we developed a water allocation and simulation (WAS) model, which can simulate the water cycle and output different ET values for natural and artificial water use, such as crop evapotranspiration, grass evapotranspiration, forest evapotranspiration, living water consumption, and industry water consumption. In the calibration and validation periods, a “piece-by-piece” approach was used to evaluate the model from runoff to ET data, including the remote sensing ET data and regional measured ET data, which differ from the data from the traditional hydrology method. We applied the model to Tianjin City, China. The Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (Ens) of the runoff simulation was 0.82, and its regression coefficientR2was 0.92. The Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency (Ens) of regional total ET simulation was 0.93, and its regression coefficientR2was 0.98. These results demonstrate that ET of irrigation lands is the dominant part, which accounts for 53% of the total ET. The latter is also a priority in ET control for water management.

Solvatochromic and preferential solvation of fluorescein in some water-alcoholic mixed solvents

It is known that the hydrogen bonding has a significant effect on the spectral properties of fluorescein, however its relevance to solution behavior and preferential solvation of fluorescein is unclear in mixed solvents. In this work, absorption spectra of fluorescein dianion have been investigated in pure water, methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol, 2-propanol, dimethylsulfoxide, N,N-dimethylformamide, acetonitrile and in binary mixtures of water with the mentioned alcohols at 298.15K. Spectral changes were interpreted in terms of specific and nonspecific solute-solvent interactions. The energy of electronic transition in maximum absorption (ET) was calculated in each binary mixture. The extent and importance of each of solute–solvent interactions to ET were analyzed in the framework of the linear solvation energy relationships. Preferential solvation was detected as a nonideal behavior of ET curve respective to the analytical mole fraction of alcohols in all binary mixtures. The ET values were fitted to a solvent exchange model to calculate the preferential solvation parameters. The preference of fluorescein dianion to be solvated by one of the solvating species relative to others was discussed in terms of solvent–solvent and solute–solvent interactions.

Role of subendometrial autologous stem cell implantation in women with asherman's syndrome

To evaluate the efficacy of sub-endometrial autologous stem cell implantation in women with severe degree of Asherman's Syndrome. (Efficacy is defined as resumption of menstruation). Prospective, Case series. Patients with Asherman's Syndrome (n=6) where other treatment options had failed; bone marrow aspiration was done from iliac crest under local anesthesia .Bone marrow (30 ml) was aspirated using bone marrow aspiration needle (Jamshidi, 11 G). It was collected in heparinised syringes. The Isolation of Mononuclear cells was done by Ficoll density separation method at Stem cell facility.Harvested stem cells were implanted in sub-endometrial zone as identified by transvaginal scan through trans-myometrial route using ovum pick up needle (Cook,17 G) under I.V.sedation.Post implantation patients were given oral Estradiol Valerate (Progynova, Schering manufacturer) 2mg thrice a day for six weeks followed by cyclic Estrogen & progesterone therapy for 3 months(Medroxy-progesterone acetate, Serum Institute of India LTD.) 10 mg once daily from day21- day27. Women were followed up at 3, 6 and 9 month intervals by trans-vaginal ultrasound for the endometrial thickness. Descriptive statistics and statistical analysis of study variables was carried out using STATA version 9.0. Changes in endometrial thickness values due to treatment was compared using ‘t’ –Paired test to see the significant increase in ET values at 3 months, 6 months and 9 months. Mean ±Standard deviation of ET values at 3 months (4.05±1.40), 6 months(5.46±1.36) and 9 months (5.48±1.14) were significantly (P<0.05) increased from pre treatment level (1.38±0.39). The mean (±SD) of MNC counts was 103.3 (±20.45) and ranged from 76 ×10 6 to 128×10 6. Similarly the mean (±SD) of CD34 was 203642 (±269274) and ranged between 10640 and 640090 with median value 58800. Haemopoitic stem cells implantation results in endometrial regeneration in Asherman Syndrome.

THU0056 A Small Chemical Compound Identified as an ACE2 Activator Prevented Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension Induced by Monocrotaline

BackgroundPulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a lethal clinical symptom characterized by progressive increase in pulmonary arterial pressure and causes right ventricular hypertrophy (RVH) with RV failure. Complications of PAH are...