Estrogen Imbalance Research Articles

Diagnosis and Management of Ringwomb in Sheep: Challenges and Approaches

Small ruminants, including sheep and goats, constitute a major part of the livestock population in different countries of the world. About 15-32% of sheep dystocia are due to incomplete dilation of the cervix which is often called ringwomb. This disorder typically occurs during the lambing process, prompting farmers to possibly seek veterinary assistance due to delayed labor. Different causes, such as calcium and phosphorus deficiency, uterine inertia, and fetal inability to enter the cervical canal, could all lead to incomplete dilation of the cervix. In the meantime, many cases of ringwomb occur as idiopathic. Some factors, such as genetics, nutrition, and imbalance of estrogen to progesterone concentration may also contribute to incomplete dilation of the cervix. In practice, it is important to differentiate the ringwomb with similar conditions such as false dilation of the cervix, early dilation syndrome, and vaginal prolapse associated with ringwomb. In this review, the definition of ringwomb in sheep, an exploration of the structure of the sheep’s cervix, the normal process of cervix dilation during lambing, etiology and symptoms of ringwomb, differential diagnosis, and different treatments are discussed. Keywords: Cervix, Collagen, Dystocia, Sheep, Ringwomb

Premenstrual syndrome and premenstrual dysphoric disorder-Overview on pathophysiology, diagnostics and treatment

Premenstrual syndrome and premenstrual dysphoric disorder become episodically manifest during the second half of the female menstrual cycle and are characterized by psychological and physical symptoms causing relevant functional and social impairments. Mood swings, depression and dysphoria are associated depressive symptoms. Therefore, affective disorders should be considered as adifferential diagnosis. Of women in reproductive age 3-8% suffer from premenstrual syndrome and 2% of women are affected by premenstrual dysphoric disorder. Genetic and sociobiographical risk factors are discussed. Furthermore, genetic polymorphisms of specific hormone receptors are considered to be genetic risk factors. From apathophysiological perspective premenstrual syndrome and premenstrual dysphoric disorder are caused by acomplex interaction between cyclic changes of ovarian steroids and central neurotransmitters. An imbalance of estrogen and progesterone in the luteal phase is believed to cause the symptoms. Therefore, the first treatment approach consists of regulation of the menstrual cycle or luteal support with progesterone or synthetic progestins even if their effectiveness has not yet been proven in randomized controlled studies and meta-analyses. The administration of combined oral contraceptives is also an option. Especially treatment with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) represent an evidence-based approach. In severe cases the administration of gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) agonists with add back treatment can also be considered. In the field of affective disorders premenstrual syndromes represent clinically relevant differential diagnoses and comorbidities, which confront the treating physician with particular clinical challenges. Therefore, this literature review gives the readership a clinical orientation for dealing with these disorders.

Estrogen receptors, hormonal imbalance, gynecomastia, hyperestrogenemia, and male breast cancer: a literature review

Male breast cancer (MBC) is a rare, malignant tumor. It occurs in men where it accounts for less than 1% of all breast cancers. This is linked with the hormonal imbalance of estrogen and androgen levels. The objective of this review is to provide the details about pathophysiology of gynecomastia (GM) caused by estrogen hormone imbalance along with the explanation of hyperestrogenemia caused by excessive estrogen, the treatment, the adjuvant, and preventive management of MBC currently used by clinical research. Treatment, prevention, and management strategies for MBC follow the similar protocols as for female breast cancer, but today’s treatment strategies include hormone-manipulating chemotherapy and biologics. The use of gene metabolites or active isomers, hormonal therapy and resection are also illustrated in clinical cases. Regarding the treatment and prevention of MBC, it is expected that the treatment strategies will shift to personalized medicine in the future, as it is difficult to identify mutant genes and perform effective genetic screening. Nevertheless, through our narrative review, this article discusses the differences between male and female breast cancer, the relationship between male hormones and breast cancer, and potential future treatment strategies.

Estrobolome dysregulation is associated with altered immunometabolism in a mouse model of endometriosis.

Endometriosis is a painful disease that affects around 5% of women of reproductive age. In endometriosis, ectopic endometrial cells or seeded endometrial debris grow in abnormal locations including the peritoneal cavity. Common manifestations of endometriosis include dyspareunia, dysmenorrhea, chronic pelvic pain and often infertility and symptomatic relief or surgical removal are mainstays of treatment. Endometriosis both promotes and responds to estrogen imbalance, leading to intestinal bacterial estrobolome dysregulation and a subsequent induction of inflammation. In the current study, we investigated the linkage between gut dysbiosis and immune metabolic response in endometriotic mice. Ovariectomized BALB/c mice received intraperitoneal transplantation of endometrial tissue from OVX donors (OVX+END). Control groups included naïve mice (Naïve), naïve mice that received endometrial transplants (Naive+END) and OVX mice that received the vehicle (OVX+VEH). Colonic content was collected 2 weeks post-transplantation for 16s rRNA pyrosequencing and peritoneal fluid was collected to determine the phenotype of inflammatory cells by flow cytometry. We noted a significant increase in the number of peritoneal fluid cells, specifically, T cells, natural killer (NK) cells, and NKT cells in OVX+END mice. Phylogenetic taxonomy analysis showed significant dysbiosis in OVX+END mice, with an increase in abundance of Phylum Tenericutes, Class Mollicutes, Order Aneroplasmatales, and Genus Aneroplasma, and a decrease in Order Clostridiales, and Genus Dehalobacterium, when compared to OVX+VEH controls. The metabolomic profile showed an increase in some tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA)-related metabolites accompanied by a reduction in short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) such as butyric acid in OVX+END mice. Additionally, the mitochondrial and ATP production of immune cells was enforced to a maximal rate in OVX+END mice when compared to OVX+VEH mice. The current study demonstrates that endometriosis alters the gut microbiota and associated immune metabolism.

Relugolix, Estradiol, Norethindrone Acetate (40mg+1.0mg+0.5mg), Oral Combination Therapy for Uterine Fibroids (Relugolix) in Premenstrual Women: A Quality Life Perspective

The following article elucidates the role of oral therapy for uterine fibroids in increasing the quality of life and a better treatment option as compared to the conventional methods, which are operative and may result in infertility. Uterine fibroids are non-cancerous growths (myomas or leiomyomas) also known as Uterine Leiomyomas or Fibromyomas appear in or around the uterus. They can shrink after menopause, exist in adults of reproductive age, and have been connected to oestrogen, however the specific origin is unknown. Uterine fibroids affect about 1 in 3 women, and their prevalence rises with age until menopause, peaking in the forties. In general, symptoms can be categorized as heavy and protracted menstrual bleeding, pelvic pain, and reproductive dysfunction. The triple combination drug is given orally to the patients (once daily as early as possible after menstrual cycle but no later than seven days after menstrual cycle begins) and it can be given for the period of 24 months which is longer duration than its other alternatives like leuprolide (6-12 months) and it effectively resolves Abnormal Uterine Bleeding – Leiomyomata (AUB-L). It will resolve the imbalance of estrogen and progesterone in female body and reduces the side effects such as bone loss due to estrogen imbalance. Being an oral tablet gives it an advantage over other surgical procedures and parenteral dosage forms as it is non-invasive and easy to administer, in small dose, once daily. Keywords: Uterine Fibroids, Health Related Quality of Life, Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone Receptor Antagonist, Combination Therapy, Relugolix.

Improvement of Cardiovascular Function in Aging Females by the Prolonged Activation of G Protein-Coupled Estrogen Receptor.

Ample evidence suggests that estrogen replacement therapy is associated with beneficial effects with regard to cardiovascular diseases when the therapy is initiated temporally close to menopause but not when it is initiated later. Little is known about the complex interactions between hormone receptors after menopause. Coronary artery function and cardiac function were measured in rats that had either received no treatment or had been pretreated with an androgen receptor (AR) antagonist and/or a GPER agonist G-1. ICI 182,780 was used to block the classical estrogen receptors (ERs) to investigate their complex interactions with GPER. The beneficial effects of GPER were only observed by blocking ARs and classical ERs in aged female rats. The results demonstrate that GPER activation is a potential therapeutic target for the inhibition of age-dependent coronary artery dysfunction and cardiac dysfunction under the condition of blocking ARs and classical ERs after menopause. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The risk of cardiovascular disease in postmenopausal women significantly increased. The role of sex hormones and their receptors during this process is still complicated. Our present study demonstrated that the imbalance of androgen and estrogen may contribute to the impairment of vascular reactivity and subsequent cardiac function. Treatment with GPER agonist G1 combined with the inhibition of ERα and ERβ could improve vascular function and reduce the myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury. These findings may provide the novel and effective strategy for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases in postmenopausal women.

Association of the CYP19A1 rs700518 Polymorphism with Selected Markers of Bone Metabolism in Women with Hyperandrogenism.

Hyperandrogenism is the most common endocrine disorder in women, characterized by an imbalance of normal estrogen and androgen levels in the blood. Androgens play an important role in the female body because they influence bone mineral density (BMD), body mass composition, muscle mass, mental state, and the regulation of sexual function. The reduced activity of aromatase, due to mutations in the CYP19A1 gene, reduces the estrogen pool in favor of androgens. Clinically, aromatase deficiency causes hyperandrogenism in women. Therefore, the aim of the study was to assess the effect of the CYP19A1 gene polymorphism on selected markers of bone metabolism and hormonal parameters in women with hyperandrogenism. The study group was comprised of 80 young women with hyperandrogenism who underwent measurements of bone mineral density (BMD), and determination of hormonal and metabolic parameters. Enzyme immunoassays were used to measure leptin, total sRANKL (free and bound RANKL), osteoprotegerin, and total 25-OH Vitamin D. An analysis of the CYP19A1 gene polymorphisms was performed using the real-time PCR method. The GG genotype of the CYP19A1 rs700518 polymorphism turned out to be associated with: FEI (Free Estradiol Index), SHGB concentration, estradiol concentration, and insulin concentration determined in the glucose tolerance test 60’ compared to AG and AA genotypes. Patients with the AG genotype had a higher ratio of android to gynoid fat and a greater content of visceral adipose tissue. Higher visceral tissue content may reduce BMD. In conclusion, the study showed that the CYP19A1 rs700518 polymorphism may be associated with the distribution of adipose tissue in young women with hyperandrogenism. These results suggest that patients with the AG genotype may develop osteoporosis.

Progesterone Actions and Resistance in Gynecological Disorders.

Estrogen and progesterone and their signaling mechanisms are tightly regulated to maintain a normal menstrual cycle and to support a successful pregnancy. The imbalance of estrogen and progesterone disrupts their complex regulatory mechanisms, leading to estrogen dominance and progesterone resistance. Gynecological diseases are heavily associated with dysregulated steroid hormones and can induce chronic pelvic pain, dysmenorrhea, dyspareunia, heavy bleeding, and infertility, which substantially impact the quality of women’s lives. Because the menstrual cycle repeatably occurs during reproductive ages with dynamic changes and remodeling of reproductive-related tissues, these alterations can accumulate and induce chronic and recurrent conditions. This review focuses on faulty progesterone signaling mechanisms and cellular responses to progesterone in endometriosis, adenomyosis, leiomyoma (uterine fibroids), polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), and endometrial hyperplasia. We also summarize the association with gene mutations and steroid hormone regulation in disease progression as well as current hormonal therapies and the clinical consequences of progesterone resistance.

The Correlation of Use of Depo Medroxy Progesterone Acetate (DMPA) In-jections with Lipid Profile Levels in Rats

Introduction: Family Planning is a national strategy of Indonesia government to manage the population growth. Depo Medroxyprogesterone Acetate (DMPA) is one of injectable contraceptives most widely used because it is simple and easy to obtain. However, it has various side effects causing imbalance of hormone estrogen, in turns to result in a decrease in HDL (High Density Lipoprotein) and an increase in LDL (Low Density Lipoprotein) which will result in an increase in total cholesterol. It will also affect changes in fat metabolism in human body due to hormonal influences. This results in dyslipidemia and atherosclerosis. Method: The method in this study is an experimental study with a pretest-posttest control group design. Results: The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between duration of use of DMPA injections with lipid profile levels in mice. The data were analyzed by using the Paired t-test parametric test to compare between treatment groups. This study found that there were significant differences in HDL levels and total cholesterol levels between before and after administration of DMPA injections on the 14th and 35th days. There is a significant relationship between the duration of administration of DMPA injections with HDL levels and total cholesterol levels in mice. However, there was no difference in LDL levels and triglyceride levels between before and after administration of DMPA injection on day of 14 and day of 35, while, there was a significant difference between before and after the 35th day. There is no relationship between duration of administration of DMPA injections with LDL levels, while there is a relationship among mice triglycerides. Conclusions: Administration of DMPA injections for a long time lowers HDL.

Значення латентної внутрішньоклітинної інфекції у формуванні автоімунного тиреоїдиту в жінок із синдромом полікістозних яєчників

Актуальність. Встановлюються механізми, що пов’язують латентну внутрішньоклітинну інфекцію з автоімунними процесами, для удосконалення профілактики автоімунних захворювань. Мета: визначення частоти латентної хламідійної та герпесвірусної інфекції в жінок із синдромом полікістозних яєчників (СПКЯ) та її зв’язку з наявністю автоімунного тиреоїдиту (АІТ), порушеннями тиреоїдної функції та рівнями статевих гормонів. Матеріали та методи. У 55 жінок віком 18–24 роки із СПКЯ досліджено рівні загального тестостерону, прогестерону, естрадіолу, тиреотропного гормону, тироксину вільного, антитіл до тиреоїдної пероксидази, хламідій та вірусу простого герпесу 1-го та 2-го типів, проведено сонографію щитоподібної залози. Контрольну групу становили 20 здорових жінок того ж віку. Результати. У 21 жінки із СПКЯ спостерігався АІТ у стані еутиреозу та при підвищенні рівнів антитіл до тиреоїдної пероксидази; у 14 жінок на тлі АІТ розвинувся субклінічний гіпотиреоз; в інших 20 хворих на СПКЯ тиреоїдної патології не виявлено. Рівні тестостерону були вірогідно вищими, а естрадіолута прогестерону — вірогідно нижчими, ніж у контрольній групі. Підвищення рівнів антитіл до хламідій (> 1,1 ОД) встановлено в 9,5 % у групі з АІТ з еутиреозом, у 7,1 % — за наявності субклінічного гіпотиреозу на тлі АІТ та в 5,0 % — за відсутності АІТ. Вірогідної різниці між цими підгрупами не встановлено. Антитіла до вірусу простого герпесу були підвищені в 57,1; 64,3, 30,0 % хворих із СПКЯ відповідно й лише у 20 % жінок із групи контролю. Висновки. Наявність латентної герпесвірусної інфекції у молодих жінок із СПКЯ може бути чинником ризику розвитку АІТ. У жінок у постменопаузальному періоді дисбаланс естрогенів і прогестерону також може створити умови для формування АІТ.

RISK FACTORS RELATE OF OVARIAN CANCER IN WOMEN : LITERATURE REVIEW

Every woman is at risk for ovarian cancer. Until now, ovarian cancer is the 3rd of the 10 most common cancers in women. If exposed, it can cause complex problems until death occurs. For that every woman needs to be aware of this disease by recognizing the risk factors. The purpose of this study is to explore these various factors through a review of related literature through searches of thedatabases Pubmed, Science Direct, Willey, and Cambrige with a total of 10 analysis articles originating from America, China, Taiwan, Europe, Alaska, England and Finland. By searching for articles according to the inclusion criteria, namely full text, published in 2010 - 2020, articles having DOIs, experimental research designs and case studies, using the keywords risk factor and ovarian cancer. The results obtained 602 articles, and 10 articles describing the incidence of ovarian cancer were proven to be related to an imbalance of FSH, estrogen and progesterone hormones, the use of cosmetic products on the face and genetalia containing asbestos, and a family history of cancer. Based on these results, women should immediately get checked out if there are hormonal disorders such as disrupted menstrual cycles, and not use cosmetic products that contain asbestos, and observe symptoms from an early age if the family has had ovarian cancer or breast cancer. Conclusion: by knowing the risk factors, each woman can assess the risk factors that are present in her, so that she can do early detection of ovarian cancer and immediately get therapy if ovarian cancer is found quickly and precisely This research can be continued by focusing more research on factors of hormonal and non-hormonal contraceptive use.

A Baleful Combination of Trigeminal Neuralgia and Menopause

Introduction: Menopause is found to be associated with several adverse changes in the oro-facial complex, which may affect neural mechanisms because of attribution of the estrogen imbalance. Aim: The present study was conducted on female patients suffering from trigeminal neuralgia and was either in the peri-menopausal or menopausal age groups. The aim of the present study was to find out the incidence of trigeminal neuralgia in peri-menopausal and menopausal females. Material and Methods: In 2 years period, a total of 169 women patients with clinically diagnosed trigeminal neuralgia were included in the study. Based on neuralgic symptoms and gynecologist confirmation, selected patients were subdivided into groups based on age which were further subdivided into perimenopause and menopause. Collected data was tabulated and calculations were made with SPSS v21 and Chi-square test. Results: In the present study, 70.4% of patients were of 46–55 years of age which was the maximum proportion. Trigeminal neuralgia was more common in the age group of 46–55 years (82.2%), and the incidence of neuralgic pain was more common in the lower jaws (75.1%) and the right side of the face. In the present study, the lower jaw (79.8) was commonly involved as compared to the upper jaws in both perimenopausal (67.2%) and menopausal women (85.9%). Conclusion: This study stated that trigeminal neuralgia affects more commonly the older age group with a high incidence in postmenopausal women as compared to the perimenopausal women, where the lower jaw is more commonly affected in older and postmenopausal females.

The Influence of Biologically Active Substances Secreted by the Adipose Tissue on Endometrial Cancer.

Endometrial cancer is one of the most frequently diagnosed gynecological neoplasms in developed countries and its incidence is rising. Usually, it is diagnosed in the early stages of the disease and has a good prognosis; however, in later stages, the rate of recurrence reaches up to 60%. The discrepancy in relapse rates is due to the heterogeneity of the group related to the presence of prognostic factors affecting survival parameters. Increased body weight, diabetes, metabolic disturbances and estrogen imbalance are important factors for the pathogenesis of endometrial cancer. Even though prognostic factors such as histopathological grade, clinical stage, histological type and the presence of estrogen and progesterone receptors are well known in endometrial cancer, the search for novel prognostic biomarkers continues. Adipose tissue is an endocrine organ involved in metabolism, immune response and the production of biologically active substances participating in cell growth and differentiation, angiogenesis, apoptosis and carcinogenesis. In this manuscript, we review the impact of factors secreted by the adipose tissue involved in the regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism (leptin, adiponectin, omentin, vaspin, galectins) and factors responsible for homeostasis maintenance, inflammatory processes, angiogenesis and oxidative stress (IL-1β, 6, 8, TNFα, Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs)) in the diagnosis and prognosis of endometrial cancer.

Вплив комплексної профілактики карієсу та некаріозних уражень на біохімічні показники крові у пацієнток з дисбалансом естрогенів

Purpose of the study. To study the effect of means of complex prevention of caries and non-carious damages on the biochemical parameters of blood in patients with estrogen imbalance. Materials and methods. For the study of biochemical parameters, 3 groups of patients were selected: The examination was carried out three times: the first examination – at the beginning of treatment; the second examination – 3 months after the start of treatment; the third examination – 6 months after the start of treatment. In the observation group, no additional treatment was carried out, only professional oral hygiene at the beginning of treatment and observation at the dentist. In the main group 1, a combination of calcium phosphate preparations with vitamin D3 was used (АТС А12А Х., Registration No. UA/10610/01/01 dated 9.4.2020). In the main group 2, a combination of calcium phosphate preparations with vitamin D3 (АТС А12А Х, No. UA/10610/01/01 dated 9.4.2020), alendronic acid preparation (АТХ М05В А04, Registration No. UA/7210/01/02 of September 20, 2017. Order No. 1116 of September 20, 2017). These drugs were prescribed in courses of 1 month with 1 month intervals between courses. Only 3 courses. To confirm the imbalance of estrogen, all patients were tested for the level of estrogen (estradiol) in the body. All patients were in the period of menopause, that is, they did not have cyclical fluctuations in hormone levels. For an indirect study of the degree of osteoporosis (the ratio of destruction and formation of bone tissue), we determined the level of acid phosphatase and alkaline phosphatase in blood serum. To study the state of calcium-phosphorus metabolism, studies of osteocalcin and neoganic phosphorus in the blood were carried out. Research results. In the main group 2, after 6 months of observation, the level of acid phosphatase was 2.41±0.19, which is 64.71 % (p6 < 0.05) less than the initial result. At the same time, the indicators in the main group 2 as of 6 months were less than the indicators in the main group 1 by 2.05 times (p7 < 0.05). In the main group 2 after 6 months, the level of alkaline phosphatase was 134.36±11.37, which is 113.44 % (p6 < 0.05) more than the initial result. At the same time, the indicators in the main group 2 as of 6 months were higher than the indicators in the main group 1 by 1.76 times (p7 < 0.05). In the main group 2 after 6 months, the level of osteocalcin was 15.73±3.12, which is 71.82 % (p6 < 0.05) less than the initial result. At the same time, the indicators in the main group 2 as of 6 months were less than the indicators of the main group 1 by 2.55 times (p7 < 0.05). In the main group 2, after 6 months of observation, the level of inorganic phosphorus was 1.62±0.18, which is 145.45 % (p6 < 0.05) more than the initial result. At the same time, the indicators in the main group 2 as of 6 months were higher than the indicators in the main group 1 by 1.76 times (p7 < 0.05). Conclusions. The use of calcium phosphate preparations with vitamin D3 and aminobisphosphonates (alentronic acids) for 6 months significantly reduces the activity of acid phosphatase by 64.71 % (p6 < 0.05). The use of calcium phosphate preparations with vitamin D3 and aminobisphosphonates (alendronic acid) for 6 months significantly increase the activity of alkaline phosphatase by 113.44 % (p6 < 0.05). The use of calcium phosphate preparations with vitamin D3 and aminobisphosphonates lasting 6 months statistically significantly reduces the level of osteocalcin by 71.82 % (p6 <0.05). The use of calcium phosphate preparations with vitamin D3 and aminobisphosphonates (alendronic acid) lasting 6 months increase phosphorus absorption by 145.45 % (p6 < 0.05). Key words: caries prevention, estrogen imbalance, bisphosphanates, calcium supplements.

Pharmacodynamic activity of novel ayurvedic combination curwom beauty plus in progesterone and estrogen imbalance and its impact on women health

Women require more health care and have more access to the health-care system than men. They have higher chronic non-reproductive health issues such as cardiovascular disease, cancer, mental illness, diabetes, and osteoporosis, which is partly linked to their reproductive and sexual health demands. Hormones are important for regulating many different processes in the body including appetite and metabolism, sleep cycles, reproductive cycles and sexual function, body temperature and mood. No wonder then that even the slightest imbalance may have a noticeable impact on your overall well-being and wellbeing. Hormone levels fluctuate naturally at different periods of life, most noticeably during puberty and during the menstrual cycle, pregnancy and menopause in women. Lifestyles and some medical conditions can also impact them. Plants based medicine play an important role for restoration of health and act as a booster.

INSTRUMENTAL AND LABORATORY STUDY OF JAW MINERALIZATION LEVEL IN FEMALE PATIENTS WITH ESTROGEN IMBALANCE

Introduction: Prevention of dental caries and non-carious lesions associated withdemineralizing effect of estrogen imbalance in perimenopause women isrelevant problem in modern dentistry.The aim: To improve the effectiveness of prevention of caries and non-cariouslesions in female patients with estrogen imbalance.Materials and methods: 3 groups of patients were selected for the study (20women in each): the patients of the control group receiving no additionaltreatment, the patients of experimental group 1 receiving general therapy withcomplex calcium supplements, the patients of experimental group 2 receivinggeneral therapy of complex calcium medicines combined withaminobisphosphonates.To quantify bone density of the jaws by computed tomography method, X-rayattenuation scale, called the Hounsfield scale was used. Bone tissues of the jawswere studied using 3D cone beam computed tomography scanner PlanmecaProMax. Planmeca Romexis® software was used for data processing andinterpretation. Estrogen level was estimated in all patients to confirm itsimbalance. The level of serum acid phosphatase was determined for indirectstudy of osteoporosis degree.Results: At the beginning of the research, significant bone demineralization andincreased level of acidic phosphatase were observed in all groups of women. In6 months of treatment the Hounsfield index and the level of acidic phosphatasein the control group were almost unchanged; in experimental group 1 – 1571±44 HU and 4.93 ± 0.26 IU/l; in experimental group 2 – 1701±48 HU and 2.43± 0.18 IU/l.Conclusions: Combination therapy consisting of calcium phosphate withvitamin D3 and aminobisphosphonates used for 6 months increased bonemineralization by 13.05% and reduced the activity of acid phosphatase by64.2%. This therapeutic complex results in decreased destruction of bone tissueand enhances remineralization of bone tissue and dental hard tissues.Key words: teeth mineralization, osteoporosis, estrogen dysfunction, Hounsfieldindex.

Oral exposure to low-dose bisphenol A induces hyperplasia of dorsolateral prostate and upregulates EGFR expression in adult Sprague-Dawley rats.

Prostate is sensitive to endocrine hormone level, and the synergetic effect of estrogen and androgen is critical in prostate growth. The change of signal pathways caused by the imbalance of estrogen and androgen might function in the occurrence of prostate diseases. As a well-known endocrine disruptor compound, bisphenol A (BPA) can disturb the normal function of endocrine hormone and affect prostate development. This study aims to investigate effects of BPA on the dorsolateral prostate (DLP) and the related gene expression of the tissue in adult Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats and to explore the mechanism for the effect of low-dose BPA on DLP hyperplasia. Three-month-old male SD rats were treated with BPA (10.0, 30.0, or 90.0 µg (kg.day)-1, gavage) or vehicle (gavage) for 4 weeks. BPA significantly increased the DLP weight, the DLP organ coefficient, and the prostate epithelium height (p < 0.01) of rats dose-dependently. Microarray analysis and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction showed that BPA significantly upregulated the transcriptional levels of some genes, including pituitary tumor transforming gene 1, epidermal growth factor, Sh3kbp1, and Pcna. Furthermore, the expression of PCNA (p < 0.01), androgen receptor (p < 0.01), and EGF receptor (EGFR) (p < 0.001) in DLP was increased significantly by BPA treatment, and the expression of estrogen receptor alpha was also upregulated. The findings evidenced that low-dose BPA could induce DLP hyperplasia in adult rats, and the upregulated EGF/EGFR pathway that was responsive to estrogen and androgen might play an essential role in the DLP hyperplasia induced by low-dose BPA.

Endothelial dysfunction in cerebral aneurysms

Endothelial cell (EC) dysfunction is known to contribute to cerebral aneurysm (CA) pathogenesis. Evidence shows that damage or injury to the EC layer is the first event in CA formation. The mechanisms behind EC dysfunction in CA disease are interrelated and include hemodynamic stress, hazardous nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity, oxidative stress, estrogen imbalance, and endothelial cell-to-cell junction compromise. Abnormal variations in hemodynamic stress incite pathological EC transformation and inflammatory zone formation, ultimately leading to destruction of the vascular wall and aneurysm dilation. Hemodynamic stress activates key molecular pathways that result in the upregulation of chemotactic cytokines and adhesion molecules, leading to inflammatory cell recruitment and infiltration. Concurrently, oxidative stress damages EC-to-EC junction proteins, resulting in interendothelial gap formation. This further promotes leukocyte traffic into the vessel wall and the release of matrix metalloproteinases, which propagates vascular remodeling and breakdown. Abnormal hemodynamic stress and inflammation also trigger adverse changes in NOS activity, altering proper EC mediation of vascular tone and the local inflammatory environment. Additionally, the vasoprotective hormone estrogen modulates gene expression that often suppresses these harmful processes. Crosstalk between these sophisticated pathways contributes to CA initiation, progression, and rupture. This review aims to outline the complex mechanisms of EC dysfunction in CA pathogenesis.

Thyroid carcinoma in woman. gynecologist view

Over the past decade the incidence of thyroid cancer in Ukraine has increased 1.5 times, and the average age of diagnosis among women is 36 years. Thyroid cancer is the most common endocrine cancer, occurs in 5–10% of patients with thyroid nodules. Papillary carcinoma is 80% of all thyroid malignant neoplasms and is three times more common in women than in men. The peak incidence in women is observed in 40–49 years, while in men the peak is 60–69 years. In addition to established risk factors such as female sex, exposure to ionizing radiation, a history of benign thyroid disease, deficiency or excess of iodine in the diet, somatic mutations BRAFV600E, RET/PTC, NTRK, remain relevant studies of the role of estrogen imbalance and progesterone and progesterone expression of their receptors sensitive in the development of thyroid carcinogenesis. Recent studies devoted to improving the diagnosis of thyroid cancer, surgical intervention techniques, subsequent radioactive iodine therapy and duration of thyroid stimulating hormone suppression. Thanks to this patients with thyroid papillary carcinoma have favorable prognoses, because the 5-year survival rate is more than 98%. According to the American Thyroid Association a modern approach to the treatment of papillary thyroid cancer has several stages and depends on the recurrence risk in a patient. Thus, patients in accordance with the tumor size, the presence of local, distant metastases, BRAF V600E mutations, etc. are divided into three groups: low, medium and high risk of developing a relapse. At the first stage of treatment surgical intervention (thyroidectomy or lobectomy) is performed, followed by histopathological verification of the diagnosis, radioiodine diagnosis of the presence of metastases, evaluation of risk factors for recurrence, and the decision to conduct a course of radioiodine therapy during the second stage of treatment. The further management of these patients also depends on the risk group and includes the long-term suppressive treatment of thyroid stimulating hormone with levothyroxine.

KEJADIAN PREMENSTRUAL SYNDROME BERDASARKAN KARAKTERISTIK USIA

In Indonesia, 85% of premenstrual syndromes are experienced by woman in productive ages. It is not clear what causes premenstrual syndromee, but one factor seems to increase the risk is the imbalance of estrogen and progesterone hormone. Premenstrual syndromees happen more often and disturbing the older the age is, especially age between 30-45 years old. The purpose of this research is to know the differences of Premenstrual syndromee cases between 15-34 years old woman and ≥35 years old woman in Dusun Krajan Desa Sukosari Kecamatan Sukowono Kabupaten Jember. The methods used in this research is comparasion study with cross sectional approach. The subjects in this study were 15-34 years old woman and ≥35 years old woman in Dusun Krajan Desa Sukosari Kecamatan Sukowono Kabupaten Jember which were picked by simple random sampling technique. The result of this study shows on all variable the value of ρ &lt; 0,05 which means that there is difference between premenstrual syndromec in 15-34 years old woman and ≥35 years old woman. The differences between cases caused by some factors, one of them is the hormonal changes before menstruation. Keywords: Premenstrual Syndrome, 15-34 Years Old Woman And ≥35 Years Old Woman