Estimates Of Economic Impact Research Articles

Bridging the gap: evaluating high TB burden country data needs to support the potential introduction of TB vaccines for adolescents and adults: a workshop report

High tuberculosis (TB) burden countries (HBCs) need to prepare for TB vaccine implementation alongside licensure, to ensure rapid rollout. WHO policy/implementation frameworks have been created to support this effort. Using WHO frameworks, we convened a workshop to ask HBC experts about what epidemiological, impact, feasibility and acceptability data they anticipated they would need to guide TB vaccine introduction. For required data, we asked HBC and global experts which data were already available, data collection planned, or gaps. HBC experts expressed high demand for epidemiological, impact, feasibility and acceptability data, reported variable availability of existing epidemiological data, and low availability for impact, feasibility, and acceptability data. Global experts reported additional knowledge of existing data on impact, upcoming collection of infection prevalence, acceptability and feasibility data, and potential epidemiological data collection on adolescents, adults, people living with HIV, and underweight individuals. HBC and global experts made key recommendations for: a coordinated data collation, collection, analysis and sharing system; updating existing HBC health and economic impact estimates and extending impact analyses to other HBCs; demand/market forecasting; resource gap mapping; aligning delivery strategies; addressing manufacturing, procurement, delivery, and regulatory barriers; sharing potential vaccine licensure timing; incorporating TB vaccine introduction strategies into NSPs, immunization programs, and health services; collecting vaccine hesitancy, mistrust, and misinformation data; collecting adolescent/adult vaccine demand generation data, and identifying funding. Experts recommended expanding this analysis to other areas of the WHO frameworks, including more HBC stakeholders, and repeating this analysis after country and community advocacy and socialization around different vaccine candidates.

EE39 Use of Work Productivity Instruments for Adult Cancer Patients in Economic Studies: A Systematic Literature Review

Work productivity (WP) is an important metric in economic evaluations, as it allows the estimation of work-related productivity loss and consequential economic impact. The objective of this review was to assess the use of WP measurements in economic analyses of oncology indications.

Modelling the health and economic impact of sugary sweetened beverage tax in Canada.

With the increasing concerns about the health and economic burden attributed to sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) consumption, SSB taxation has been proposed and implemented in many countries. Many previous economic evaluations of SSB taxation have shown that this kind of policy is cost-effective. However, the magnitude of impact varies. This study aims to design a comprehensive model to estimate the impact and cost-effectiveness of the SSB tax in Canada. A proportional multi-state life table-based Markov model was chosen to estimate the impacts of SSB tax in Canada. The health-related quality of life (including disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) and quality-adjusted life years (QALYs)), the costs (including health care costs and intervention costs), and the tax revenue were the main health and economic outcomes. We compared the simulated SSB tax with the current practice from the public health care payer perspective, and the tax was applied to the 2015 adult Canadian population up to 100 years. The economic model was built following guidelines from the Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health. After implementing a CAD$0.015/oz SSB tax, 282,104 cases of overweight and obesity, 210,542 cases of diseases, and 2,189 deaths could be prevented. The simulated SSB tax has the potential to avert 2.3 million DALYs, gain 1.5 million QALYs, and save CAD$32,583 million in health care costs in a lifetime period. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio for the SSB tax was CAD$ -24,933/QALY. The SSB tax with different tax levels (CAD$0.01/oz and CAD$0.02/oz) remained cost-effective. Implementing the SSB tax in Canada is a potential cost-effective policy option for reducing obesity and related chronic diseases. The model built in this study provides a more accurate estimate of health and economic impact of SSB tax and could be used to estimate other sugar tax options.

Value generation and economic impact of the University of Granada

ABSTRACT Knowledge of the value generated within higher education institutions is of great interest for various agents, particularly managers, as well as governments and society. University mission statements and their scope complicate any comparable measurement of the effects each university may have within a particular region. Perhaps the most adequate term for it and one that includes simple economic impact is value. This study is centered on the estimation of the short-term economic impact of the University of Granada (UGR). Using a method based on the input–output framework and multipliers, the total (direct, indirect, and induced) effects of UGR on production, income, and employment are quantified, differentiating between economic sectors. The total economic impact of UGR is 3.2 times the expenditure of the agents linked to the activities of the university, which implies that each Euro that the government invested was converted into 7.1 Euros. Its effect on total production surpassed two-thousand million Euros, with an income of one-thousand million Euros and over 25,000 equivalent jobs. Quantification of the impact is a measure of the importance of UGR within the province of Granada and the performance of public-sector investment in higher education.

Disease burden, associated mortality and economic impact of antimicrobial resistant infections in Australia

SummaryBackgroundThe growing spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is accepted as a threat to humans, animals and the environment. This threat is considered to be both country specific and global, with bacteria resistant to antibiotic treatment geographically dispersed. Despite this, we have very few Australian estimates available that use national surveillance data supplemented with measures of risk, to generate reliable and actionable measures of AMR impact. These data are essential to direct policies and programs and support equitable healthcare resource utilisation. Importantly, such data can lead to implementation of programs to improved morbidity and mortality of patients with a resistant infection.MethodsUsing data from a previous case-cohort study, we estimated the AMR-associated health and economic impact caused by five hospital-associated AMR pathogens (Enterococcus spp., E. coli, K. pneumoniae, P. aeruginosa and S. aureus) in patients with a bloodstream, urinary tract, or respiratory tract infection in Australia in 2020. We estimated disease burden based on the counterfactual scenario in which all AMR infections were replaced by no infection.We used a population-level simulation model to compute AMR-associated mortality, loss of quality-adjusted life years and costs.FindingsIn 2020, there were 1,031 AMR-associated deaths (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 294, 2,615) from the five resistant hospital-associated infections in Australia. The greatest odds of dying were from respiratory infections (ceftazidime-resistant P. aeruginosa) and bloodstream infections, both resulting in high hospital and premature death costs. MRSA bacteraemia contributed the most to hospital costs (measured as bed-days) as patients with this infection resulted in additional 12,818 (95% UI 7246, 19966) hospital bed-days and cost the hospitals an extra $24,366,741 (95%UI $13,774,548, $37,954,686) per year. However, the cost of premature death from five resistant pathogens was $438,543,052, which was by far greater than the total hospital cost ($71,988,858). We estimate a loss of 27,705 quality-adjusted life years due to the five AMR pathogens.InterpretationThese are the first Australian estimates of AMR-associated health and economic impact. Country-level estimates of AMR impact are needed to provide local evidence to better inform programs and health policies to reduce morbidity and mortality associated with infection. The burden in hospital is likely an underestimate of the impact of AMR due to community-associated infections where data are limited, and the AMR burden is high. This should now be the focus of future study in this area.FundingTMW was supported by the Australian Partnership for Preparedness Research on Infectious Disease Emergencies (APPRISE) (grant number GNT1116530) Fellowship.

Democracy and statistical capacity

ABSTRACT This paper addresses two questions. First, how is democracy related to statistical capacity? Second, do statistical capacity problems limit economic impact estimates? The results show that, first, democracy in 2004 is strongly associated with the World Bank’s overall statistical capacity index from 2004–18, even controlling for income and region effects. Second, when we regress the change in net export revenues on global commodity prices, we find that the (measured) net-export response to price shocks is 40–100% greater in countries with high statistical capacity. The measured growth response to export prices is at least 90% greater. The results suggest that it is important for researchers and policymakers to address statistical-capacity limitations.

Towards a More Competitive Italy in Clinical Research: The Survey of Attitudes towards Trial sites in Europe (The SAT-EU Study TM)

Background
 Italy is Europe’s third largest pharmaceutical market, yet it ranks only ninth in the number of NIH-registered clinical trials per capita. The aim of our study was to explore stakeholders’ perception of Italy as place to undertake clinical trials, and to estimate the potential economic impact of selected reforms in terms of incremental trial activity.
 Methods
 The Survey of Attitudes towards Trials in Europe (SAT-EU Study) was an anonymous, web-based survey which systematically assessed factors impacting clinical trial site selection in Europe. Estimates of Italian economic impact were developed in collaboration with AICRO (Association of Italian Contract Research Organisations).
 Results
 Responses were obtained from 485 professionals in 34 countries (15% residing in Italy) representing over 100 institutions, spanning BioPharma Clinical Research Organizations (CROs), and Academic Clinical Trial Units (CTUs). Italy ranked tenth of twelve in terms of accessibility and transparency of information required to run clinical trials, and last with respect to predictability and speed of Ethics Committees. Costs of running clinical trials were not considered critical, whereas, fragmented and slow approval process was. Streamlined centralized trial authorization would translate into an estimated 1.1 billion Euros of incremental trial investments over three years. 
 Conclusions
 Clinical trial professionals consider Italy’s governance of clinical research suboptimal, among the worst in Europe, and indicate that much could be done to make Italy more attractive for clinical trial investments. The present study also provides evidence about stakeholders’ willingness to invest in trials and its economic consequences provided effective reforms are put in place.

Economic Impacts of Spillover Effects of Terrorism Countermeasures at Public Assembly Sites

Abstract In recent years, there have been many high-profile attacks on large, relatively unprotected venues, including entertainment and shopping complexes in the U.S. and around the world. Public and private decision-makers can choose from a wide array of terrorism countermeasures. A question arises as to whether patrons’ complaints about delays, inconvenience and invasion of privacy actually translate into decisions to attend fewer such events. This paper presents the bottom-line economic impacts of terrorism countermeasures on business revenue at three public assembly venues and on their surrounding regional economic activity. These venues include an MLB Stadium, an NBA/NHL Arena, and a Convention Center. The analysis is based primarily on survey responses relating to changes in attendance that stem from public perception of the implementation of four major types of countermeasures. The surveys indicated that the majority of patrons were not affected either way by the presence of the countermeasures, but nearly all of the remainder felt more secure in the presence of the countermeasures to both terrorism and ordinary crime, which resulted in an increased likelihood of attendance. The economic impact estimates yield a small but notable positive impact on business revenues, though this outcome varies significantly across venue types.

An NIH investment in health equity - the economic impact of the Flint Center for Health Equity Solutions

BackgroundHealth disparities are pervasive and are linked to economic losses in the United States of up to $135 billion per year. The Flint Center for Health Equity Solutions (FCHES) is a Transdisciplinary Collaborative Center for health disparities research funded by the National Institute of Minority Health and Health Disparities (NIMHD). The purpose of this study was to estimate the economic impact of the 5-year investment in FCHES in Genesee County, Michigan.MethodsThe estimated impacts of FCHES were calculated using a U.S.-specific input/output (I/O) model, IMPLAN, from IMPLAN Group, LLC., which provides a software system to access geographic specific data regarding economic sector interactions from a variety of sources. This allowed us to model the cross-sector economic activity that occurred throughout Genesee County, Michigan, as a result of the FCHES investment. The overall economic impacts were estimated as the sum of three impact types: 1. Direct (the specific expenditures impact of FCHES and the Scientific Research and Development Services sector); 2. Indirect (the impact on suppliers to FCHES and the Scientific Research and Development Services sector); and 3. Induced (the additional economic impact of the spending of these suppliers and employees in the county economy).ResultsThe total FCHES investment amounted to approximately $11 million between 2016 and 2020. Overall, combined direct, indirect, and induced impacts of the total FCHES federal investment in Genesee County included over 161 job-years, over $7.6 million in personal income, and more than $19.2 million in economic output. In addition, this combined economic activity generated close to $2.3 million in state/local and federal tax revenue. The impact multipliers show the ripple effect of the FCHES investment. For example, the overall output of over $19.2 million led to an impact multiplier of 1.75 – every $1 of federal FCHES investment led to an additional $.75 of economic output in Genesee County.ConclusionsThe FCHES research funding yields significant direct economic impacts above and beyond the direct NIH investment of $11 million. The economic impact estimation method may be relevant and generalizable to other large research centers such as FCHES.

Monetizing the Burden of Childhood Asthma Due to Traffic Related Air Pollution in the Contiguous United States in 2010.

Background: Traffic-related air pollution (TRAP) refers to the wide range of air pollutants emitted by traffic that are dispersed into the ambient air. Emerging evidence shows that TRAP can increase asthma incidence in children. Living with asthma can carry a huge financial burden for individuals and families due to direct and indirect medical expenses, which can include costs of hospitalization, medical visits, medication, missed school days, and loss of wages from missed workdays for caregivers. Objective: The objective of this paper is to estimate the economic impact of childhood asthma incident cases attributable to nitrogen dioxide (NO2), a common traffic-related air pollutant in urban areas, in the United States at the state level. Methods: We calculate the direct and indirect costs of childhood asthma incident cases attributable to NO2 using previously published burden of disease estimates and per person asthma cost estimates. By multiplying the per person indirect and direct costs for each state with the NO2-attributable asthma incident cases in each state, we were able to estimate the total cost of childhood asthma cases attributable to NO2 in the United States. Results: The cost calculation estimates the total direct and indirect annual cost of childhood asthma cases attributable to NO2 in the year 2010 to be $178,900,138.989 (95% CI: $101,019,728.20–$256,980,126.65). The state with the highest cost burden is California with $24,501,859.84 (95% CI: $10,020,182.62–$38,982,261.250), and the state with the lowest cost burden is Montana with $88,880.12 (95% CI: $33,491.06–$144,269.18). Conclusion: This study estimates the annual costs of childhood asthma incident cases attributable to NO2 and demonstrates the importance of conducting economic impacts studies of TRAP. It is important for policy-making institutions to focus on this problem by advocating and supporting more studies on TRAP’s impact on the national economy and health, including these economic impact estimates in the decision-making process, and devising mitigation strategies to reduce TRAP and the population’s exposure.

A Pilot Study for Evaluating Economic and Societal Impact of Engineering Research

Quantitative estimation of research societal and economic impact remains an ongoing issue. This is due to the difficulty to attribute specific economic or societal impact to particular research activity. Nevertheless, evaluating research impact is necessary to justify research spending especially for engineering research studies, as they are generally more costly than humanities or social studies for example. This work considered research impact evaluation in NSF (The National Science Foundation in the USA), EPSRC (Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council in the UK), and TRC (The Research Council in Oman) to propose a low-cost survey-based approach to evaluate the engineering research impact. A questionnaire was developed and distributed to all faculty staff at the Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering at Sultan Qaboos University (SQU) to assess their recent research impact in the years 2016 and 2017. The evaluation was carried at three levels; knowledge, societal, and economic impact. The results of the study were compared with an independent study produced by an international consultancy group. This study offers an important contribution to ‎the subject of evaluating impact factors of engineering research in Oman.
 Keywords: SQU; societal impact; socioeconomic impact; NSF; EPSRC; RAND; TRC; knowledge impact; Oman

Estimate of economic impact of atmospheric radiation storm associated with solar energetic particle events on aircraft operations

A solar energetic particle (SEP) event generates a shower of secondary generated particles in the Earth’s atmosphere down to lower altitudes to cause an atmospheric radiation storm (ARS). The high-energy secondary particles cause additional radiation dose at altitudes where aircraft flies. The space weather information provided by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) designated space weather centers includes advisories on the solar radiation storm. The Warning System for AVIation Exposure to Solar energetic particle (WASAVIES), we can estimate the effective dose rate (EDR) along the flight path of the aircraft. However, it has not been well established how the operators of aircraft should react with the space weather advisories on the solar radiation storm. By using a flight trajectory generation algorithm and the global EDR distribution, the economic impacts of ARS associated with SEP events on aircraft operation, namely the flight path length, flight time, and fuel consumption, are estimated. The conditions of the peak of the ARS event on 20 January 2005 are used. The economic impacts for a flight route from New York, US to Tokyo, Japan, are estimated with constraints in flight routes to avoid the hazard of radiation and compared with those of the reference case without the ARS effects. The fuel consumption is shown to increase by 39–69 tons (33–58%) for a twin-engine, wide-body jet passenger aircraft, when a constraint is imposed on the flight altitude only. When the constraints are set on the aircraft altitude and the latitude, the flight time and the fuel consumption are both increased by 2.2–2.8 h (17–20%) and 32–48 tons (27–41%), respectively. If the ARS event duration is limited for 3 h, the increase in the fuel consumption is about 7.6–14 tons (6.4–12%). This economic impact may be reduced, if the space weather nowcast and forecast for the ARS and an optimal flight trajectory generation algorithm are used together. Setting more flexible constraints on the flight route and generating optimal flight trajectories with minimal economic impacts by fully utilizing the global EDR distribution is the next step.

Estimating the economic impact of a one‐time event: The case of l'Hermione in Yorktown

AbstractIn an era of pressure on government resources, nonprofits can serve an important role in the provision of services to the public. However, without clear and quantifiable estimates of their impact, it is difficult for policymakers to justify allocating governmental resources toward these services. This is especially the case for ephemeral opportunities that arise without substantial advance notice or a special program that occurs only once (contrasted to programs that nonprofits provide on a continuing basis). This research note presents economic impact estimates for a unique example of a remarkable effort involving numerous entities from the government, for‐profit, and nonprofit sectors. Our contribution is to exemplify methods that might be used to assess the economic impact of ephemeral or one‐time events. Of course, each situation is unique, so the judgment of the analyst is always a key input. Using three survey‐generated data points per respondent, nonprofits can replicate the methods of this study to assess the economic impact of special events herein. With estimates such as the ones examined herein, policymakers can contrast the benefits of special events with their costs in order to determine if such events are worthwhile investments.

Updating the National Academy of Medicine ME/CFS prevalence and economic impact figures to account for population growth and inflation

ABSTRACT We update the US prevalence and economic impact estimates of the 2015 National Academy of Medicine report on myalgic encephalomyelitis / chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS), taking into account growth in population, economic inflation, and inclusion of children. We find a rough doubling of the ME/CFS prevalence and economic impact figures in the US, with low-end prevalence coming out to 1.5 million and economic impact having a range of 36–51 billion dollars per year.

264 Harvest season, carcass weight, and fat measurement effects on lamb carcass characteristics and economic comparison of moderate and heavy weight lamb carcasses in the Western lamb processing industry

Abstract Carcass characteristics and economic impact estimates of over-finished lambs on the processing sector were evaluated in two commercial Intermountain West abattoirs. Lamb carcasses were surveyed throughout the year using digital images and imaging software (n = 9,532). Estimations of abattoir costs and returns included loading labor, downtime cost, price of fat, live and carcass trucking costs from the two largest lamb processors in the Intermountain West. Profitability comparisons were made using Monte Carlo simulation models replicating live and carcass prices for distributions based on historical pricing data to assess overall profitability of a carcass in an ideal weight range (29.5 - 39.0 kg) and a carcass that exceeds ideal weight (> 39.0 kg). Overall means show that the average lamb carcass exceeded packer preferred hot carcass weight (40.76 ± 9.29 kg) and industry acceptable 12th rib fat thickness (8.17 ± 3.79 mm). There were seasonal differences in hot carcass weight and fat measurements with carcasses being lighter weight (P = 0.05) and trimmer (P = 0.05) in the summer months. Monte Carlo simulation found that the additional yield from heavier carcasses offset costs of harvesting them. However, factors such as machine wear and increased labor turnover rates should be considered, although difficult to quantify. Collectively, the current study shows that U.S. lamb carcasses are too heavy and excessively fat but have minor effect on processor profitability.

THE ROAD TO THE ECONOMICS OF BREXIT: A NEW DIRECTION IN ECONOMIC RESEARCH

Brexit became an important subject not only for academics but also for international institutions, research centers and consultancy companies, think tanks and independent experts. The aim of this article is to: (1) provide a general approach of the literature; (2) see how the effects of Brexit are explained in such short-term approach and how important are the economic issues in the debates; (3) identify directions for future research, arguing that a new field of study emerged. The estimation of economic impact of Brexit has generated a reach literature in a short period, which identifies the main issues, rather than providing strong results and conclusions. In order to fill this gap, our paper provide a systematic review of the most important contributions and group them in four research directions: overall economic implications of Brexit; Brexit and trade; migration and labour market; financial issues and Brexit.

Impact and returns on investment of mungbean research and development in Myanmar

BackgroundThere is a need for better evidence for the impact of plant breeding research on nutrient-rich crops such as pulses to guide policy-making and investment. Mungbean (Vigna radiata (L). Wilczek) is one of the major pulses of South and Southeast Asia and makes an important contribution to food security and agricultural sustainability. The objective of this study is to quantify impact of and returns on investment from international mungbean breeding research for Myanmar.MethodsThis study applies the economic surplus model, which is a widely applied method to quantify the economic impact of agricultural technology adoption at the aggregate level. Sensitivity analysis is used to test some of the key assumptions underlying the method. All data come from secondary sources. Estimates of economic impact are combined with investment costs to quantify returns on investment.ResultsFour mungbean varieties coming out of international agricultural research and released by the national agricultural system of Myanmar created aggregate economic gains of USD 1.4 billion from 1980 to 2016 and this is projected to increase to USD 3.7 billion by 2030. International donors and the Myanmar government invested about USD 5 million in the country’s mungbean research and development over this period. The average dollar invested generated USD 92 in economic gains up to 2016 and this is expected to increase to USD 181 by 2030. The internal rate of return is 27%. There is a 20-year time lag between start of investment and start of economic benefits.ConclusionsInternational research into mungbean improvement led by the World Vegetable Center has created tremendous economic impact for Myanmar, most of it accruing to smallholder farm households and laborers contributing to the mungbean harvest. The unconditional sharing of plant genetic resources between national agricultural research systems in Asia was a key contributor to the success. It is important that this culture of sharing is maintained. The finding that agricultural research investment in mungbean gives high returns supports the case for diversifying investments into nutrient-rich crops to address Asia’s and the world’s nutritional and environmental challenges.

ECONOMIC IMPACT OF EVENTIVE MEASURES ON DESTINATION

The article analyzes the necessity to study the economic impact of eventive measures on the host tourist destination. The nature of the economic impact of eventive measures on the destination is revealed. The significance of eventive measures for tourism development in certain destinations is substantiated. The basic directions of estimation of economic impact of events on a destination are presented: determination of direct influence; taken into account in conjunction with the direct effect also of the indirect and induced multiplier effect; other formats for determining the cost-effectiveness of events. It is argued that in order to determine the direct impact of eventive measures on the economy of the destination (city, region), first of all, we need to determine the return on investments, taking into account the cost of business structures for the event and the amount of funds raised in the charity for the event. It is proved that when calculating the revenue of a tourist destination from an event, it is necessary to take into account the tourists expenses for transport and other services related to the specifics of the event. At the same time, the author proposes to take into account the outflow of funds from the destination at the expense of the cost of the prize fund, imported goods and more when calculating the multiplier effect. The problem of possible negative economic impact of eventive measures for local residents was also updated. The need for a comprehensive approach to assessing the impact of eventive measures on a destination, taking into account socio-cultural, environmental, technological impacts, is generalized. The need for a comprehensive approach to assessing the impact of eventive measures on a destination, taking into account socio-cultural, environmental, technological impacts, is generalized.The direct effect is determined based on the amount of economic activity revenues directly related to the eventive measures. These indicators are determined because of surveys or estimates, taking into account the number of visitors and the cost of the main components of an eventive product. The dynamics, magnitude and impact of the eventive measures growth have contributed to the emergence of scientific researches regarding their economic impact on the host destination.

Regional and net economic impacts of high-rise mass timber construction in Oregon

Pacific Northwest policy makers are excited about the emergence of mass timber into U.S. construction markets as the product potentially creates local manufacturing jobs while utilizing Douglas fir growing sustainably in the region. This study assessed regional economic impacts generated by mass timber high-rise construction in Oregon. Economic impact estimates were derived using a regionally specific input-output model combined with analysis-by-parts methodology. Financial data from Portland’s 12-story Framework building, estimated using RSMeans software, provided purchasing information. The study’s economic model made use of regionally specific socioeconomic data from the American Community Survey to determine how economic impacts translated into increased earnings for study area residents. Because building with mass timber represented product substitution over traditional construction practices, this study assessed regional impacts of mass timber construction alongside the opportunity costs associated with a concrete frame alternative. Net impact assessment results indicated that construction of the 12-story building using a mass timber design generated larger economic impacts than traditional concrete frame construction and generated additional earnings for households of all income levels. Panels must be produced locally to realize the full economic benefits of mass timber construction as importing panels from outside the state creates economic leakage that reduces economic benefits.

Film Tax Credits and the Economic Impact of the Film Industry on Georgia’s Economy

Georgia offers the most generous incentives for motion picture and video production in the United States, providing a tax credit of up to 30 percent of qualified expenditures for film and video production within the state. Though the tax credits represent a significant cost to Georgia’s treasury in terms of forgone tax revenue — $800 million in 2018 and over $4 billion total over the past decade — the subsidy is often justified as providing a significant economic impact to the state. The Georgia Department of Economic Development reports that the film industry had a $9.5 billion impact on the state’s economy in 2018. The Motion Picture Association of America reports that the motion picture and television industry is responsible for more than 92,000 jobs in Georgia. However, these estimates rely on incredible multipliers and dubious data. This report examines these commonly reported economic impact estimates and provides alternate estimates of the film industry’s contribution to Georgia’s economy. Though tax credits have incentivized filming in the state, film production remains a rather small part of Georgia’s economy ($3 billion, approximately 0.5 percent). Official government employment statistics indicate that Georgia’s film and video industry employs approximately 16,000 workers. More realistic (though still speculative) multipliers that account for potential additional economic activity throughout the economy indicate that the film industry produces no more than $4.2 billion and 32,000 jobs. However, even these lower estimates should be interpreted with caution due to uncertainties surrounding multipliers. Assuming every film job in Georgia is the result of the tax credits approved, the cost is $64,000 (full-time and part-time) to $119,000 (FTE) in tax credits per job. The $800 million subsidy through tax credits in 2018 is equivalent to 3 percent of Georgia’s state-funded budget or $220 per household.