Estimation Of Dietary Intake Research Articles

Estimate of dietary intake of chloropropanols (3-MCPD and 1,3-DCP) and health risk assessment

The presence of these compounds in human diet is a concern due to their toxicological properties. It has been shown that 3-MCPD can affect male fertility, kidney functioning, and body weight of rats when regularly ingested in large amounts. Carcinogenic potential has also been observed in rats when 3-MCPD was administrated in high doses over a long period Resumo Os cloropropanois, entre eles o 3-monocloropropano-1,2-diol (3-MCPD) e o 1,3-dicloropropan-2-ol (1,3-DCP), compreendem um grupo de contaminantes quimicos com propriedades carcinogenicas e genotoxicas, encontrados em diversos alimentos processados e ingredientes alimenticios, como proteina vegetal hidrolisada, molho de soja, produtos a base de cereais, ingredientes derivados de malte e alimentos defumados. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a exposicao ao 3-MCPD e 1,3-DCP pela dieta no Brasil e verificar se a presenca destes compostos em alimentos pode representar um risco a saude da populacao. A ingestao foi calculada combinando-se dados sobre o consumo alimentar, fornecidos pela Pesquisa de Orcamento Familiares 2008-2009, com os niveis de ocorrencia dos contaminantes, determinados por cromatografia gasosa – espectrometria de massas. A exposicao ao 3-MCPD variou de 0,06 a 0,51 µg.kg pc –1 .dia –1 considerando medios e grandes consumidores, enquanto que a ingestao de 1,3-DCP foi estimada em 0,0036 µg.kg pc –1 .dia –1 no pior cenario avaliado. Com base nesses resultados, verificou-se que a exposicao aos cloropropanois nao representa um risco significativo a saude da populacao brasileira. Entretanto, o consumo de determinados alimentos contendo altos niveis de 3-MCPD poderia ultrapassar a ingestao diaria maxima toleravel provisoria de 2 μg.kg pc –1 estabelecida para este composto e, assim, representar uma preocupacao potencial. Palavras-chave: contaminantes; alimentos processados; margem de exposicao.

Development of a food compositional database for the estimation of dietary intake of phyto-oestrogens in a group of postmenopausal women previously treated for breast cancer and validation with urinary excretion

The scientific literature contains evidence suggesting that women who have been treated for breast cancer may, as a result of their diagnosis, increase their phyto-oestrogen (PE) intake. In the present paper, we describe the creation of a dietary analysis database (based on Dietplan6) for the determination of dietary intakes of specific PE (daidzein, genistein, glycitein, formononetin, biochanin A, coumestrol, matairesinol and secoisolariciresinol), in a group of women previously diagnosed and treated for postmenopausal breast cancer. The design of the database, data evaluation criteria, literature data entry for 551 foods and primary analysis by LC–MS/MS of an additional thirty-four foods for which there were no published data are described. The dietary intake of 316 women previously treated for postmenopausal breast cancer informed the identification of potential food and beverage sources of PE and the bespoke dietary analysis database was created to, ultimately, quantify their PE intake. In order that PE exposure could be comprehensively described, fifty-four of the 316 subjects completed a 24 h urine collection, and their urinary excretion results allowed for the description of exposure to include those identified as ‘equol producers’.

地域在住中高年者のアミノ酸摂取量

地域在住中高年者のアミノ酸摂取量

Development of Child-Friendly Fish Dishes to Increase Young Children’s Acceptance and Consumption of Fish

Background: The Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2010 recommend that Americans age two years and older consume seafood, especially fish high in omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, at least twice a week. Although fish is of particular importance during childhood to support proper brain and eye development, it is under-consumed in the US pediatric population. This study examined if substituting salmon for chicken would increase preschooler’s fish consumption. Methods: Two-to-five years old children (n = 45) were served eight lunches (four pairs of comparable chicken versus salmon dishes) twice, totaling sixteen lunches over a period of three months to test the hypothesis that children will consume fish at least once a week, thus increasing docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) intake. The plate waste method was used to collect intake data and consumption of total energy and DHA intake in the chicken and the fish dishes were compared using contrasts within a mixed effect ANOVA (significance at P < 0.05). Results: Dietary intake estimates showed that there were no significant differences in energy intake when the chicken and fish dishes looked similar (macaroni-and-cheese and wraps), but when the fish dishes looked new (nuggets and dumplings), energy intake on fish days was lower than on the chicken day. DHA intake increased significantly on all days the fish was served. Conclusions: This pilot study indicates that fish intake can meet recommendations if salmon is incorporated into familiar dishes such as salad wraps or macaroni-and-cheese, in the childcare setting. Although fish is more expensive, childcare centers may serve this highly nutritious protein once a week without experiencing undue amounts of food wastes if incorporated into well-accepted main dishes. Further studies in larger and more diverse samples of children, different experimental dishes, and longer exposure periods may elucidate additional venues to increase children’s diet quality by increasing consumption of fatty fish.

PESTICIDE RESIDUES EVALUATION IN BRAZILIAN BASIC DIET: RICE AND BEAN

Rice and bean constitute the basic diet in underdeveloped countries. In Brazil, the acquisition per capita of these aliments is around 182.9 g/day (beans) and 160.3 g/day (rice). In the present work were evaluated the pesticide residue contamination on these aliments, and possible risks for the consumer health. Pesticide residues were evaluated in 364 bean samples and 143 rice samples commercialized in Sao Paulo City (BRAZIL). A multi-residue method (DFG S19) was employed with gas and liquid chromatography identification and quantification. Dietary intake estimation was processed using the Acute Dietary Ingestion (ADI) based on national data regarding food consumption. Residues of pesticides that, according to the Brazilian legislation, are not allowed for this culture were detected respectively in 4.5% and 3.6% of the bean and rice samples. However, none of the samples had pesticide residues above the Maximum Residue Level (MRL). The European Union (EU) database showed that 7.3% of the bean sample and 85.7% of rice presented pesticide residues above the MRL. The toxicological parameter used for assessing the risk of contamination (ADI &lt;100%) was not exceeded in none of the commodities. The results do not pose a hazard for the consumer’s health. Nevertheless, the presence of multiple residues indicates that continuous studies and monitoring of these commodities are required.

Estimation of dietary intake and patterns of polyphenol consumption in Polish adult population

Polyphenols play an important role in the prevention of degenerative diseases, particularly cardiovascular diseases and cancers. The purpose was to estimate dietary polyphenol intake in Polish adults, using own database of food polyphenols, and to establish main dietary sources of polyphenols. Polish men and women (6661) aged 20-74 years were randomly selected from the Polish National Multicenter Health Survey (WOBASZ). Subjects` daily food consumption was estimated by the 24-hour recall method and was continued for 3 years. It was determined on this basis, that 96 plant foods and plant food products were consumed. The own dietary database of polyphenol contents in food was used to calculate polyphenol intakes in the subjects. The daily total polyphenol intakes were calculated for both genders in individual age categories: 20-40 years, 41-60 years and 61-74 years. The average polyphenol consumption for the men was 1172 mg/day, and for the women it made 1031 mg/day. Plant food categories such as beverages, vegetables, fruits and cereals were found to be significant sources of polyphenols, of which tea, coffee, potatoes, apples and white bread were the main contributors. The amount of polyphenol consumption in Polish adult population is similar to the polyphenol intake in other countries populations, accounting roughly for 1g of polyphenols for both genders and different age groups. Patterns of polyphenol consumption, however, vary for genders and age groups. Polyphenols are characterized by a spectrum of antioxidant capabilities, therefore future studies should focus on dietary intakes of individual polyphenols.

Dietary calcium intake and osteoporosis in postmenopausal women living in Sarajevo area

Introduction: Osteoporosis is a multifactorial polygenetic disease of which the genetic determinants are modulated by hormonal, environmental and nutritional factors. Identifi cation of the risk factors for osteoporosisrelated to nutrition is important in the prevention and treatment of this disease, considering that these factors can be modifi ed. The aim of this study was to examine infl uence of dietary calcium intake on bonemineral density in postmenopausal women who hadn’t a deficit of estrogen in their menstrual history.Methods: A total of 100 postmenopausal women living in Sarajevo area, aged 50-65 years, without estrogen deficiency in menstrual history were included in the study. Mineral bone density was measured at the lumbarspine and proximal femur by Dual–Energy X–ray Absorptiometry using Hologic QDR-4000 scanner. Examination and control group were formed based on mineral bone density values. The women in the examinationgroup had osteoporosis. The women in the control group had osteopenia or normal mineral bone density. Estimates of daily dietary calcium intake were performed based on a Food Frequency Questionnaire.Results: The average daily intake of dietary calcium among women who had osteoporosis was 967.32 mg, and in women who hadn’t osteoporosis 1195.12 mg. The difference between two groups was statistically significant (p&lt;0.001). There was registered signifi cant correlation between intake of dietary calcium and mineral bone density in examination (p&lt;0.01) and in control group (p&lt;0.01).Conclusion: The results of this study have shown that adequate daily intake of dietary calcium in postmenopausal women aged 50-65 years living in Sarajevo area, which hadn’t estrogen defi ciency in their menstrualhistory (in the group of women without osteoporosis amounted to 1195.12 mg) has a positive impact on bone mineral density.

Levels of polychlorinated biphenyls and organochlorine pesticides in edible shellfish from Xiamen (China) and estimation of human dietary intake

Xiamen is a representative coastal city in China. Shellfish is widely consumed by local people. A broad spectrum of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were measured in representative shellfish from Xiamen. Despite being banned many years ago, these chemicals were still detected at varying levels. The total PCB levels ranged from 0.48 to 3.28ng/gwetwt. for the shellfish surveyed. The tetra-, penta- and hexa-PCB congeners were found to be predominant. The estimated WHO–TEQ PCB intakes through shellfish consumption ranged from 0.063 to 0.102pg/kgbodywt. for Xiamen adults and children, which were significantly lower than tolerable weekly intake. Among OCPs, DDTs were predominant, followed by aldrin-like chemicals and endosulfans. The increase in aldrin-like chemicals and endosulfans, and the decrease in DDTs were observed in this study when compared to historical data in Xiamen. HCHs, chlordanes, HCB, heptachlors and mirex were detected with low concentrations in the shellfish. The estimated intakes of OCPs were several orders lower than tolerable daily intakes. However, the high carcinogenic risk of aldrin and dieldrin were found in the measured shellfish species. p,p′-DDD, p′p-DDT, α-HCH and β-HCH in certain species should also be concerned for their potential carcinogenic risks.

Measured versus simulated dietary pesticide intakes in children

Children's dietary pesticide intakes can be measured directly through duplicate diet samples, but instead are frequently estimated using national residue data. We compared organophosphorus and pyrethroid pesticide intakes from conventional fruit, fruit juices and vegetables measured for two cohorts of children aged 3–11 years in the Children's Pesticide Exposure Study (CPES) with corresponding intakes simulated using CPES consumption and body weight data and residue data from the US Pesticide Data Program (PDP). We calculated daily measured pesticide intakes by multiplying grams eaten with measured concentrations and dividing by body weight. For the simulated intakes we combined the CPES consumption and PDP residue data, randomly sampling the PDP data 500 times in order to create distributions of daily intakes for each cohort, including 95% uncertainty intervals for each percentile. In all cases, the measured medians fell below the lower uncertainty bounds of the simulated medians, reflecting the lower detection limits of CPES versus PDP and the high number of non-detects in each. Upper percentile measured intakes were generally lower as well, except for higher measured intakes of phosalone from watermelon. This work shows that using PDP data could generate probabilistic estimates of dietary pesticide intakes that do not differ appreciably from measured intakes except in some cases.

Occurrence of furan in commercial processed foods in Brazil

Selected commercial processed foods available in the Brazilian market (306 samples) were analysed for furan content using a validated gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method preceded by headspace solid phase micro-extraction (HS-SPME-GC/MS). Canned and jarred foods, including vegetable, meat, fruit and sweet products, showed levels up to 32.8 µg kg−1, with the highest concentrations observed in vegetables and meats. For coffee, furan content ranged from 253.0 to 5021.4 µg kg−1 in the roasted ground coffee and from not detected to 156.6 µg kg−1 in the beverage. For sauces, levels up to 138.1 µg kg−1 were found. In cereal-based products, the highest concentrations (up to 191.3 µg kg−1) were observed in breakfast cereal (corn flakes), cracker (cream crackers) and biscuit (wafer). In general, these results are comparable with those reported in other countries and will be useful for a preliminary estimate of the furan dietary intake in Brazil.

Excess dietary sodium and inadequate potassium intake in Italy: Results of the MINISAL study

ObjectiveAs excess sodium and inadequate potassium intake are causally related to hypertension and cardiovascular disease, the MINISAL-GIRCSI Program aimed to provide reliable estimates of dietary sodium and potassium intake in representative samples of the Italian population. Design and methodsRandom samples of adult population were collected from 12 Italian regions, including 1168 men and 1112 women aged 35–79 yrs. Electrolyte intake was estimated from 24 hour urine collections and creatinine was measured to estimate the accuracy of the collection. Anthropometric indices were measured with standardised procedures. ResultsThe average sodium excretion was 189 mmol (or 10.9 g of salt/day) among men and 147 mmol (or 8.5 g) among women (range 27–472 and 36–471 mmol, respectively). Ninety-seven % of men and 87% of women had a consumption higher than the WHO recommended target of 5g/day. The 24 h average potassium excretion was 63 and 55 mmol, respectively (range 17–171 and 20–126 mmol), 96% of men and 99% of women having an intake lower than 100 mmol/day (European and American guideline recommendation). The mean sodium/potassium ratio was 3.1 and 2.8 respectively, i.e. over threefold greater than the desirable level of 0.85. The highest sodium intake was observed in Southern regions. Sodium and potassium excretion were both progressively higher the higher the BMI (p < 0.0001). ConclusionsThese MINISAL preliminary results indicate that in all the Italian regions thus far surveyed dietary sodium intake was largely higher and potassium intake lower than the recommended intakes. They also highlight the critical association between overweight and excess salt intake.

The impact of production type and region on polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB), polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and dibenzofuran (PCDD/F) concentrations in Canadian chicken egg yolks

Chicken eggs from five different production types (conventional, omega-3 enriched, free range, organic and free run) were collected, when available, from three regions (west, central and east) of Canada to determine persistent organic pollutant (POP) concentrations. Total polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) concentrations (∑37 congeners) in yolks from the eggs ranged from 0.162ngg−1 lipid to 24.8ngg−1 lipid (median 1.25ngg−1 lipid) while the concentration of the sum of the 6 indicator PCBs ranged from 0.100ngg−1 lipid to 9.33ngg−1 lipid (median 0.495ngg−1 lipid). Total polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin/dibenzofuran (PCDD/F) concentrations ranged from 2.37pgg−1 lipid to 382pgg−1 lipid (median 9.53pgg−1 lipid). The 2005 WHO toxic equivalency (TEQ) ranged from 0.089pg TEQPCDD/F+dioxin-like[DL]-PCBg−1 lipid to 12.8pg TEQPCDD/F+DL-PCBg−1 lipid (median 0.342pg TEQPCDD/F+DL-PCBg−1 lipid). PCB and PCDD/F concentrations were significantly different (p<0.001) in egg yolks from different regions of collection. In contrast to observations in Europe, PCB and PCDD/F concentrations in Canadian egg yolks were not impacted solely by the production type (e.g., conventional, free range, organic, etc.) used to maintain the laying chickens. Additionally, only one Canadian free range yolk from western Canada (12.8pg TEQPCDD/F+DL-PCBg−1 lipid) exceeded the European toxic equivalent concentration limits for eggs (5pg TEQPCDD/F+DL-PCBg−1 lipid). This differs from observations in Europe where free range/home produced eggs frequently have higher POP concentrations than eggs from other production types. Median PCB dietary intake estimates based on consumption of eggs were less than 10ngd−1 while median PCDD/F intakes were less than 45pgd−1.

Reliability and Validity of Child/Adolescent Food Frequency Questionnaires That Assess Foods and/or Food Groups

Summarize the validity and reliability of child/adolescent food frequency questionnaires (FFQs) that assess food and/or food groups. We performed a systematic review of child/adolescent (6-18 years) FFQ studies published between January 2001 and December 2010 using MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, PsycINFO, and Google Scholar. Main inclusion criteria were peer reviewed, written in English, and reported reliability or validity of questionnaires that assessed intake of food/food groups. Studies were excluded that focused on diseased people or used a combined dietary assessment method. Two authors independently selected the articles and extracted questionnaire characteristics such as number of items, portion size information, time span, category intake frequencies, and method of administration. Validity and reliability coefficients were extracted and reported for food categories and averaged across food categories for each study. Twenty-one studies were selected from 873, 18 included validity data, and 14 included test-retest reliability data. Publications were from the United States, Europe, Africa, Brazil, and the south Pacific. Validity correlations ranged from 0.01 to 0.80, and reliability correlations ranged from 0.05 to 0.88. The highest average validity correlations were obtained when the questionnaire did not assess portion size, measured a shorter time span (ie, previous day/week), was of medium length (ie, ≈ 20-60 items), and was not administered to the child's parents. There are design and administration features of child/adolescent FFQs that should be considered to obtain reliable and valid estimates of dietary intake in this population.

Occurrence and Profiles of Phthalates in Foodstuffs from China and Their Implications for Human Exposure

Phthalate esters are used in a wide variety of consumer products, and human exposure to this class of compounds is widespread. Nevertheless, studies on dietary exposure of humans to phthalates are limited. In this study, nine phthalate esters were analyzed in eight categories of foodstuffs (n = 78) collected from Harbin and Shanghai, China, in 2011. Dimethyl phthalate (DMP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), dibutyl phthalate (DBP), diisobutyl phthalate (DIBP), benzyl butyl phthalate (BzBP), and diethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) were frequently detected in food samples. DEHP was the major compound found in most of the food samples, with concentrations that ranged from below the limit of quantification (LOQ) to 762 ng/g wet weight (wt). The concentrations of phthalates in food samples from China were comparable to concentrations reported for several other countries, but the profiles were different; DMP was found more frequently in Chinese foods than in foods from other countries. The estimated daily dietary intake of phthalates (EDIdiet) was calculated based on the concentrations measured and the daily ingestion rates of food items. The EDIdiet values for DMP, DEP, DIBP, DBP, BzBP, and DEHP (based on mean concentrations) were 0.092, 0.051, 0.505, 0.703, 0.022, and 1.60 μg/kg-bw/d, respectively, for Chinese adults. The EDIdiet values calculated for phthalates were below the reference doses suggested by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Comparison of total daily intakes, reported previously based on a biomonitoring study, with the current dietary intake estimates suggests that diet is the main source of DEHP exposure in China. Nevertheless, diet accounted for only <10% of the total exposure to DMP, DEP, DBP, and DIBP, which suggested the existence of other sources of exposure to these phthalates.

Investigation on polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, polychlorinated dibenzofurans and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls in Korean fruits and dietary intake estimation

Contamination levels of 17 polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs)/polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and 12 dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (DL-PCBs) were investigated on six major fruits consumed in Korea. Dioxin level was monitored on whole fruits. Average concentrations of PCDD/Fs were 0.042 pg/g fresh weight (f.w.) (apple), 0.0094 pg/g f.w. (grape), 0.1843 pg/g f.w. (mandarin orange), 0.2282 pg/g f.w. (peach), 0.1491 pg/g f.w. (pear), and 0.1330 pg/g f.w. (persimmon). For DL-PCBs, the average concentrations were 0.0932 pg/g f.w. (apple), 0.2649 pg/g f.w. (grape), 1.5437 pg/g f.w. (mandarin orange), 0.1942 pg/g f.w. (peach), 0.4591 pg/g f.w. (pear), and 0.4396 pg/g f.w. (persimmon). The major toxic equivalency (TEQ) contributors were identified as 1,2,3,7,8-pentachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in PCDD and 2,3,4,7,8-pentachlorodibenzofuran in PCDFs. Most residual DL-PCBs showed no contribution to total TEQ values. The lowest TEQ level was recorded in peach (0.0161 pg-TEQWHO/g f.w.), and the highest TEQ level was found in mandarin orange (0.0448 pg-TEQWHO/g f.w.). Total estimated daily intake (EDI) of dioxins from the six fruits was calculated at 3.8159 pg-TEQWHO/day, which is 1.59% of Korean tolerable daily intake based on 60 kg body weight.

Aflatoxin contamination in different fractions of rice from Pakistan and estimation of dietary intakes

The purpose of this study was to determine the distribution of aflatoxins in rice milling fractions and to estimate dietary intakes. A total of 413 rice samples (paddy 58, parboiled 69, brown 84, white 93, and broken 109) were analyzed by HPLC with fluorescence detector. The results showed that 64% paddy (16.35 ± 1.67μg/kg), 38% parboiled (14.20 ± 2.04μg/kg), 33% brown (9.85 ± 1.25μg/kg), 42% white (7.10 ± 1.39μg/kg), and 50% broken (8.5 ± 1.71μg/kg) rice samples were contaminated with aflatoxins. It was found that paddy rice was most contaminated with aflatoxins while white rice was least contaminated. The percentage of samples exceeding EU maximum contents for total aflatoxins in rice (4μg/kg) varied from 14 to 36% when compared to the analyzed rice fractions. The total estimated amount of aflatoxin intake for average rice consumers ranged from 19.1 to 26.6ng/kg body weight/day, much higher than the reference value of 1ng/kg body weight/day. This is the first report discovering that rice is a major contributor to the dietary intake of aflatoxins in Pakistan.

Abstract P078: Contribution of Nutrients from Consumption of Low/Non-Fat/Light Ice Cream and Frozen Yogurt versus Regular Ice Cream to Total Daily Nutrient Intake

Objective: The impact on nutrient intake of replacing regular ice cream with low/non-fat/light ice cream and frozen yogurt (lower fat ice cream) is heretofore unknown. The objective of this study was to evaluate the contribution of daily nutrient intake from ice cream consumption to total daily dietary nutrient intake. Methods: Food intake and frequency of consumption data were based on the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) (2003–2004 and 2005–2006) and nutrient composition data from the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Food and Nutrient Database for Dietary Studies (FNDDS). The NHANES datasets provide nationally representative nutrition and health data of the civilian U.S. population. A total of 16,783 individuals in the 2003–2006 survey periods provided 2 complete days of dietary recalls and nutrient intake estimates were derived using 2-day average intake analysis. Results: Mean consumption of regular and lower fat ice cream products in the US population was 68.5 and 77.1 grams/day, respectively and frequency of consumption was 0.2 and 0.22 eating occasion/day, respectively among consumers of ice cream. Figure 1 reveals that lower fat ice cream contributed equal or greater amounts of calcium, phosphorus, potassium, riboflavin, and niacin to daily nutrient intakes for the U.S. population when compared with regular ice cream, with the exception of vitamin D. Alternatively, lower fat ice cream contributed lesser amounts of energy, saturated fat, and added sugar to daily nutrient intakes when compared to regular ice cream; lower fat ice cream contributed 56% less saturated fat to daily nutrient intake compared to regular ice cream. Conclusion: Consumers of low/non-fat/light ice cream and frozen yogurt had lower percent contribution of saturated fat to total daily nutrient intake compared to users of regular ice cream. Figure 1

A re-analysis of the iron content of plant-based foods in the United Kingdom

In the UK contemporary estimates of dietary Fe intakes rely upon food Fe content data from the 1980s or before. Moreover, there has been speculation that the natural Fe content of foods has fallen over time, predominantly due to changes in agricultural practices. Therefore, we re-analysed common plant-based foods of the UK diet for their Fe content (the '2000s analyses') and compared the values with the most recent published values (the '1980s analyses') and the much older published values (the '1930s analyses'), the latter two being from different editions of the McCance and Widdowson food tables. Overall, there was remarkable consistency between analytical data for foods spanning the 70 years. There was a marginal, but significant, apparent decrease in natural food Fe content from the 1930s to 1980s/2000s. Whether this represents a true difference or is analytical error between the eras is unclear and how it could translate into differences in intake requires clarification. However, fortificant Fe levels (and fortificant Fe intake based upon linked national data) did appear to have increased between the 1980s and 2000s, and deserve further attention in light of recent potential concerns over the long-term safety and effectiveness of fortificant Fe. In conclusion, the overall Fe content of plant-based foods is largely consistent between the 1930s and 2000s, with a fall in natural dietary Fe content negated or even surpassed by a rise in fortificant Fe but for which the long-term effects are uncertain.

Aluminium in food and daily dietary intake estimate in Greece

Aluminium content of foods, as well as dietary aluminium intake of the Greek adult population, was determined using graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy after microwave sample digestion and food consumption data. Al content ranged from 0.02 to 741.2 mg kg−1, with spices, high-spice foods, cereal products, vegetables and pulses found to be high in Al. Differences in aluminium content were found between different food classes from Greece and those from some other countries. Aluminium intake of Greeks is 3.7 mg/day based on DAFNE Food Availability Databank, which uses data from the Household Budget Surveys. On the other hand, according to the per capita food consumption data collected by both national and international organisations, Al intake is 6.4 mg day−1. Greek adult population has an Al intake lower than the Provisional Tolerable Weekly Intake of 7 mg kg−1 body weight established by EFSA. Cereals and vegetables are the main Al contributors, providing 72.4% of daily intake.

FDA Risk Assessment of Seafood Contamination after the BP Oil Spill: Rotkin-Ellman and Solomon Respond

FDA Risk Assessment of Seafood Contamination after the BP Oil Spill: Rotkin-Ellman and Solomon Respond