Estimated Energy Intake Research Articles

Validity of the Remote Food Photography Method (RFPM) for Estimating Energy and Nutrient Intake in Near Real‐Time

Two studies are reported; a pilot study to demonstrate feasibility followed by a larger validity study. Study 1's objective was to test the effect of two ecological momentary assessment (EMA) approaches that varied in intensity on the validity/accuracy of estimating energy intake (EI) with the Remote Food Photography Method (RFPM) over 6 days in free-living conditions. When using the RFPM, Smartphones are used to capture images of food selection and plate waste and to send the images to a server for food intake estimation. Consistent with EMA, prompts are sent to the Smartphones reminding participants to capture food images. During Study 1, EI estimated with the RFPM and the gold standard, doubly labeled water (DLW), were compared. Participants were assigned to receive Standard EMA Prompts (n = 24) or Customized Prompts (n = 16) (the latter received more reminders delivered at personalized meal times). The RFPM differed significantly from DLW at estimating EI when Standard (mean ± s.d. = -895 ± 770 kcal/day, P < 0.0001), but not Customized Prompts (-270 ± 748 kcal/day, P = 0.22) were used. Error (EI from the RFPM minus that from DLW) was significantly smaller with Customized vs. Standard Prompts. The objectives of Study 2 included testing the RFPM's ability to accurately estimate EI in free-living adults (N = 50) over 6 days, and energy and nutrient intake in laboratory-based meals. The RFPM did not differ significantly from DLW at estimating free-living EI (-152 ± 694 kcal/day, P = 0.16). During laboratory-based meals, estimating energy and macronutrient intake with the RFPM did not differ significantly compared to directly weighed intake.

Estimated energy intake and energy loss among low‐income formula‐fed infants: Mid‐point analysis of Phase 1 of the “Baby‐Mine” study

Phase 1 of the Baby‐Mine study focuses on how infant‐feeding practices impact rate of weight gain among 2‐to 4‐month‐old formula‐feeding infants. Low‐income mothers of healthy, term infants &lt; 3 mo of age, who report using reconstituted infant formula, were recruited via fliers distributed to the local health department, pregnancy resource centers, social media websites, and a birth registry. At ~ 2 and ~ 4 months of age, infant intake (and estimated spit‐up) was recorded for 48 hrs, and infant weight and length measured. Mid‐point evaluation was performed using data from the 31 mothers completing both data collection points. Of the 31 infants, 18 were male and 13 female and average birth weight was 3229.3g. At time point 1 (TP 1), infants were, on average, 2.3 months old, weighed 5603g, offered 4.8 oz of formula (consuming 4.3 oz), consumed 624 kcal/d, lost an estimated 8.1 kcal/d via spit‐up, and 29% were offered cereal in the bottle at least once. At time point 2 (TP 2), infants were, on average, 4.1 months old, weighed 7039g, were offered 5.8 oz of formula (consuming 5.1 oz), consumed 700 kcal/d, lost an estimated 8.3 kcal/d via spit‐up, and 54.8% were offered cereal in the bottle at least once. Rate of daily gain, from TP 1 to TP2, was 27.4g, which is higher than the recommended daily gain. Estimated energy loss and inappropriate rate of weight gain are likely to be important targets for nutrition education among new parents. Funds: USDA/NIFA/AFRI Award‐2010‐85215‐20663.

Comparing actual caloric value of food purchases with NHANES: what is missing?

Surprisingly little is known about the actual food and beverage choices that US individuals make as reflected in the food and nutrient values of NHANES.We explored and contrasted total energy intake and energy from beverage groups from two sources of data that monitor food choices in the US: measures of yearly food purchases from 67,570 US households (adults &gt;19 y old) from the Nielsen Homescan Longitudinal dataset from 2005–2008; and intake data from store foods from one 24‐h recall from 10,333 U.S. adults &gt;19 y from NHANES 2005–2008. We developed multiple methodological approaches to derive per‐capita estimates of daily energy intake and kcal from beverages from the Homescan dataset: a per capita, an adult equivalence scale, and a regression‐based marginal consumer approach. Survey commands were implemented in STATA 12 to account for survey design and weighting.Per‐capita daily energy intake from NHANES surveys is 300 kcal lower than per capita estimates of caloric value of food/beverage purchases from Homescan. We will explore specifics of beverage over/underreporting in depth in the analysis with a focus on rapidly increasing categories such as energy drinks. This study is the first to compare actual purchases of each specific beverage categories with NHANES. Our results add new evidence of the potential effect of recall bias on estimates of caloric intake when using national surveys in nutritional research.Grant Funding Source : UNC (R01‐CA109831, R01‐CA121152); the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation (Grant 68793) and the National Institutes of Health (R01 HL104580)

Dietary intake in women consuming three supplements with identical micronutrient content

Objectiveto estimate energy, protein, iron, zinc, and folate intake from diet only and diet+supplement in women participants in a randomized controlled supplementation trial in Mexico.MethodsCommunities randomly assigned (18/suppl) to receive a fortified beverage (FB), micronutrient tablet, or micronutrient powder. Pregnant women (&lt;25 wks), beneficiaries of Oportunidades were eligible to participate. Dietary intake was assessed by food frequency questionnaire (FFQ, previous month) 37 wks preg, 1 and 3 mo postpartum. Supplements were delivered and consumption estimated by observation (first 9 mo) then weekly (maternal report) for the rest of the trial. Comparisons among supplementation groups were using statistical analyses for cluster randomized trials.Results694 women began supplementation (FB =224, T=235, MNP=235) and 571 (82%) finished the study; there were no significant differences among groups at baseline. Total protein intake from diet+supplements was higher in the FB (p&lt;0.05), with no difference in diet or total energy or micronutrients.ConclusionsEnergy intake is high and likely overestimated by our FFQ; but we have no reason to believe that overestimation varies by group. The additional protein from FB in this population may not be needed as dietary intakes appear adequate.The Oportunidades program financed this study and holds the rights to the data presented.

Use of Balance Methods for Assessment of Short‐Term Changes in Body Composition

Balance methods reveal changes in body energy, nitrogen, macro- and micronutrients as well as fluid in response to different feeding regimens. Under metabolic ward conditions, where physical activity is restricted and activity and food intake are controlled, the errors of estimates of energy intake, energy expenditure, and energy losses are about 2, 4, and 2%, respectively. Balance techniques can be used to validate techniques of in vivo body composition analysis (BCA). This is necessary since immediate and transient changes in body composition in response to a change in diet adversely affect the validity of techniques by violating the assumptions underlying standard methods (i.e., a constant composition or hydration of lean mass). Using two compartment reference methods, like densitometry, dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) or deuterium dilution, changes in fat mass with caloric restriction and overfeeding can be measured with a minimal detectable change (MDC) of 1.0-2.0kg. However, when compared against balance data, the validity of these techniques to measure short-term changes in body composition is poor. The noninvasive and rapid new quantitative magnetic resonance (QMR) technique has a high precision with a MDC of 0.18kg of fat mass. The validity of QMR to assess short-term changes in fat mass is challenged by comparison to balance data. Today, techniques used for in vivo BCA should be related to steady state conditions only, while in the nonsteady state, the use of balance methods is recommended to assess short-term changes in body composition.

Balanço energético em crianças e adolescentes com bronquiolite obliterante pós-infecciosa

OBJETIVOS: Quantificar o gasto e estimar a ingestão energética de crianças e adolescentes com bronquiolite obliterante pós-infecciosa e comparar com crianças e adolescentes hígidos. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal com 72 crianças e adolescentes de 8 a 18 anos. Compararam-se dois grupos de 36 indivíduos - um com diagnóstico de bronquiolite obliterante e outro hígido -, os quais foram pareados pelo sexo, idade e classificação do índice de massa corporal. Para avaliação nutricional, utilizaram-se a antropometria e a composição corporal. O gasto energético foi medido pela calorimetria indireta; o fator atividade, pelo recordatório 24h de atividades físicas, e a ingestão energética, pelos inquéritos alimentares. RESULTADOS: O grupo com bronquiolite obliterante e o grupo-controle apresentaram respectivamente: índice de massa corporal de M=18,9, DP=4,0kg/m² e M=18,8, DP=3,4kg/m²; gasto energético de repouso de M=1717,6, DP=781,5 e M=2019,9, DP=819; gasto energético total de M=2677,5, DP=1514,0kcal/dia e M=3396,1, DP=1557,9kcal/dia; estimativa da ingestão energética de M=2294,1, DP=746,7kcal/dia e M=2116,5, DP=612,1kcal/dia. O gasto energético de repouso (p=0,102) e o gasto energético total (p=0,051) não foram diferentes entre os grupos, mesmo quando ajustados pela massa magra. Não houve diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre o o gasto energético total e o consumo energético no grupo com bronquiolite obliterante (p=0,202). O grupo-controle consumiu menos calorias do que o previsto pelo gasto energético total (p&lt;0,001). CONCLUSÃO: O gasto energético de repouso e o gasto energético total foram semelhantes entre os grupos. A estimativa da ingestão energética dos hígidos foi menor que o gasto energético total. O grupo com bronquiolite obliterante apresentava um balanço energético adequado.

Jellyfish Support High Energy Intake of Leatherback Sea Turtles (Dermochelys coriacea): Video Evidence from Animal-Borne Cameras

The endangered leatherback turtle is a large, highly migratory marine predator that inexplicably relies upon a diet of low-energy gelatinous zooplankton. The location of these prey may be predictable at large oceanographic scales, given that leatherback turtles perform long distance migrations (1000s of km) from nesting beaches to high latitude foraging grounds. However, little is known about the profitability of this migration and foraging strategy. We used GPS location data and video from animal-borne cameras to examine how prey characteristics (i.e., prey size, prey type, prey encounter rate) correlate with the daytime foraging behavior of leatherbacks (n = 19) in shelf waters off Cape Breton Island, NS, Canada, during August and September. Video was recorded continuously, averaged 1:53 h per turtle (range 0:08–3:38 h), and documented a total of 601 prey captures. Lion's mane jellyfish (Cyanea capillata) was the dominant prey (83–100%), but moon jellyfish (Aurelia aurita) were also consumed. Turtles approached and attacked most jellyfish within the camera's field of view and appeared to consume prey completely. There was no significant relationship between encounter rate and dive duration (p = 0.74, linear mixed-effects models). Handling time increased with prey size regardless of prey species (p = 0.0001). Estimates of energy intake averaged 66,018 kJ•d−1 but were as high as 167,797 kJ•d−1 corresponding to turtles consuming an average of 330 kg wet mass•d−1 (up to 840 kg•d−1) or approximately 261 (up to 664) jellyfish•d-1. Assuming our turtles averaged 455 kg body mass, they consumed an average of 73% of their body mass•d−1 equating to an average energy intake of 3–7 times their daily metabolic requirements, depending on estimates used. This study provides evidence that feeding tactics used by leatherbacks in Atlantic Canadian waters are highly profitable and our results are consistent with estimates of mass gain prior to southward migration.

Underreporting of Energy Intake in Iraqi People Living in the UK According to Body Weight

Previous studies have shown that underreporting of energy intake is common when assessing dietary intake, particularly in the overweight and obese. The aim of this study was to obtain an estimate of energy and macronutrient intake according to weight status and to investigate underreporting among Iraqi people living in the UK. Twenty eight adult volunteers (n = 16 males) were recruited. Dietary intake was estimated 3 times using the 24 hour dietary recall tech-nique. Portion size was estimated using household measures and the Photographic Atlas of Food Portion Sizes. Energy and macronutrients estimations were calculated, and weight and height were measured to calculate Body Mass Index (BMI). Energy intake was compared to estimated basal metabolic rate (BMR) and the Goldberg equation was used to assess underreporting. Of the overall sample, 57.1% (n = 16) and 21.4% (n = 6) subjects were overweight and obese, respectively. The mean energy intakes were low for males (1977 kcal/d) and females (1586 kcal/d). The percentage of under-reporters was high (57.1%) and this was higher in overweight and obese subjects (68.1%) compared to those of normal weight (4.5%). Overweight and obesity are common among well-educated Iraqi people. Underreporting of energy intake is common especially among overweight and obese Iraqi individuals.

Overweight and Obese Children's Ability to Report Energy Intake Using Digital Camera Food Records during a 2-Year Study

The objective was to evaluate overweight and obese children's ability to report reproducible and valid estimates of energy intake (EI) by using digital camera food records (FR) during a 2-year study, compared with objectively measured total energy expenditure (TEE). Seventy-three overweight/obese children, aged 8–12 years at inclusion, kept FR with the help of digital cameras for 16 days in total, on 7 occasions during a 2-year period. On the same days, their TEE was registered with SenseWear Armband (SWA). The children underestimated their EI by −2.8 (2.4) MJ/d on the first assessment occasion (95% CI: −3.3, −2.3). Reporting accuracy did not differ between the 7 assessment occasions (P = 0.15). Variables negatively associated with reporting accuracy relative to TEE were increased age (95% CI: −0.07, −0.01) and BMI z-score (95% CI: −0.18, −0.06). Further, reporting accuracy relative to TEE was lower for girls than boys (95% CI: −0.14, −0.01) and on weekdays compared with weekend days (95% CI: −0.08, −0.001). In conclusion, overweight and obese children were able to report their EI using a digital camera FR with good reproducibility over a 2-year period, even though their EI was underestimated compared with objectively measured TEE.

Addressing the wild yam question: how Baka hunter-gatherers acted and lived during two controlled foraging trips in the tropical rainforest of southeastern Cameroon

We designed observational surveys of controlled foraging trips of Baka hunter-gatherers in Cameroon to verify the ‘wild yam question’—i.e. is it possible for human beings to live without agricultural products in a tropical rainforest?—and to examine their foraging lifestyle. We observed two 20-day trips during which no agricultural or commercial food except salt and pepper could be used. The first trip was conducted by six married couples in August, the short dry season, of the year 2003, and the second one by eight married couples in October, the rainy season, 2005. The Baka cooperators obtained 22 species and 43 vernacular names of food in all during both survey periods. No cooperators lost weight from any food shortage in both seasons. Energy intake per consumption-day was estimated at 2528–2865 kilocalories in the dry season, and at 2479–2777 kilocalories in the rainy season. Providing more than 60% of estimated energy intake in both seasons, wild yam tubers proved to be an essential food to enable a foraging life in tropical rainforests. From this survey we could find no evidence that it is impossible to live independently of agriculture in a tropical rainforest although it seemed that the cooperators paid a high energy cost to secure food, especially wild yam tubers. This study implies that a Paleolithic foraging lifestyle in the African tropical rainforest was very likely, although not easy, and that Paleolithic foragers may have been the ancestors of the present ‘pygmy’ hunter-gatherers.

Comparison of estimated energy intake from 2×24-hour recalls and a seven-day food record with objective measurements of energy expenditure in children

ObjectiveThe objective of the present study was to evaluate energy intake (EI) estimated from two non-consecutive 24-hour recalls (24-HDRs) and a pre-coded seven-day food record (7-dFR) against objective measurements of energy expenditure (EE) in children.DesignA total of 67 7–8 year-olds and 64 12–13 year-olds completed the 2×24-HDRs, the 7-dFR, and wore ActiReg® (PreMed AS, Oslo, Norway), a combined position and motion recording instrument, during the same seven days as the 7-dFR was filled in.ResultsIn the 7–8 year-olds, EI from the 2×24-HDRs (EI2×24-HDR) was overestimated with 3% compared to EE (not significantly different), while EI from the 7-dFR (EI7-dFR) was underestimated with 7% compared to EE (P=0.001). In the 12–13 year-olds, the corresponding figures was underestimation by 10% with the 2×24-HDRs (P<0.001) and by 20% with the 7-dFR (P<0.001). For both age groups combined, the 95% limits of agreement were −4·38 and 3.52 MJ/d for the 2×24-HDRs, and −5.90 and 2.94 MJ/d for the 7-dFR. Pearson correlation coefficients between EI and EE were 0.51 for EI2×24-HDR and 0.29 for EI7-dFR, respectively. The proportion classified in the same or adjacent quartiles was 76% for EI2×24-HDR and 73% for EI7-dFR in the 7–8 year-olds, and 83% for EI2×24-HDR and 70% for EI7-dFR in the 12–13 year-olds.ConclusionMisreporting of EI seemed modest with both the 2×24-HDRs and the 7-dFR in the 7–8 year-olds when compared to EE measured with ActiReg®. Under-reporting appeared to be more evident in the 12–13 year-olds, especially with the 7-dFR. Compared to measurements of EE, the 2×24-HDRs seemed to perform slightly better than the 7-dFR in terms of ranking of individuals according to EI.

Effect of nicotine on body composition in mice

Nicotine induces weight loss in both humans and rodents consuming a regular diet; however, the effect of nicotine on body weight and fat composition in rodents consuming a high-fat diet (HFD) has not been well studied. Thus, this study examined the effect of nicotine vs saline on body weight and fat composition in mice fed with either an HFD (62% of kcal from fat) or a standard normal chow diet (NCD) for 7 weeks. Nicotine dose dependently reduced body weight gain in mice that consumed both diets, but this effect was significantly greater in mice on the HFD. Caloric intake was decreased in nicotine-treated mice. Estimates of energy intake suggested that decreased caloric intake accounted for all the reduced weight gain in mice on an NCD and 66% of the reduced weight gain on an HFD. Computed tomography analysis for fat distribution demonstrated that nicotine was effective in reducing abdominal fat in mice that consumed the HFD, with nicotine treatment leading to lower visceral fat. The effect of nicotine on weight loss in mice on an HFD was completely blocked by mecamylamine, a nonselective nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) antagonist, but only partially blocked by the α4β2 nAChR partial agonist/antagonist, varenicline. We conclude that nicotine is effective in preventing HFD-induced weight gain and abdominal fat accumulation.

Effects of Cognitive-Behavioral Treatment for Weight Loss in Family Members

The possibility that lifestyle changes may be shared by the family members of subjects with obesity attending cognitive-behavioral treatment (CBT) for weight loss has been scarcely evaluated. The purpose of this study was to measure the changes in body weight, lifestyle habits, and stage of change toward physical activity in the family members of 149 subjects with overweight/obesity enrolled into a weekly group CBT for weight management in the years 2007-2008. 230 adult (aged >18 years) family members (129 spouses, 72 children (43 female, 29 male), 29 with a different family relationship) completed a self-administered questionnaire at baseline and soon after the end of the completion of their relatives' program (approximately 6 months later). The questionnaire consisted of qualitative information regarding food choices, estimation of energy and food intake, self-report of height and weight, and motivation toward physical activity. At baseline, self-reported body mass index was normal in 115 cases, in the range 25 to 29.9 in 80 and ≥30 in 35. Following CBT of their relatives, the family members significantly reduced their average daily energy intake (−232 kcal/day; P<0.001) and the reported body weight decreased on average by 1 kg ( P=0.001). The analysis of food choices revealed a reduced average daily amount of energy from dressings (−40 kcal, P<0.001), main courses with cheese or fat meat (−24 kcal, P=0.002), refined carbohydrates (−16 kcal, P<0.001), bread (−58 kcal, P<0.001), breakfast biscuits (−23 kcal, P=0.005), chocolate (−7 kcal, P=0.024), and nonalcoholic beverages (fruit juices and carbonated drinks; −10 kcal; P=0.013), whereas fruit consumption was increased (+10 kcal; P=0.023). There was also a shift in the stage of change toward exercising. Body mass index changes of family members and CBT subjects were significantly correlated, mainly within spouses. In conclusion, CBT for weight loss positively influences the lifestyle habits of family members of participants, reducing energy intake and promoting a more favorable attitude toward physical activity.

Grazing management and supplementation effects on forage and dairy cow performance on cool-season pastures in the southeastern United States

Cool-season annual forages provide high-quality herbage for up to 5 mo in the US Gulf Coast states, but their management in pasture-based dairy systems has received little attention. Objectives of this study were to evaluate pasture and animal responses when lactating Holstein cows (n=32, mean DIM=184±21) grazed either N-fertilized rye (Secale cereale L.)-annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) mixed pastures or rye-annual ryegrass-crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum L.)-red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) pastures at 2 stocking rates (5 vs. 2.5 cows/ha) and 2 rates of concentrate supplementation [0.29 or 0.40kg of supplement (as is)/kg of daily milk production]. Two cows paired by parity (one multiparous and one primiparous) were assigned randomly to each pasture. The 2 × 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments was replicated twice in a completely randomized design. Forage mixture and supplementation rate did not affect milk production during three 28-d periods. Greater milk production occurred at the low (19.7kg/d) than the high (14.7kg/d) stocking rate during periods 2 and 3, but production was similar during period 1. Despite lower production per cow, milk production per hectare was generally greater at the high stocking rate (81.6 vs. 49.5kg/ha). Generally, greater pregraze herbage mass on pastures at the lower stocking rate (1,400 vs. 1,150kg/ha) accounted for greater herbage allowance. Both forage (8.0 vs. 5.9kg/d) and total (14.1 vs. 11.6) organic matter intake were greater at the low stocking rate. Cows fed less supplement had greater forage organic matter intake (8.0 vs. 6.1kg/d). Greater herbage mass was associated with the greater intake and subsequent greater milk production. Differences in forage nutritive value, blood metabolites and milk composition, although showing some response to treatments, may not be of sufficient magnitude to affect choice of pasture species or other management practices. Animal performance was not improved by adding clovers to mixed cool-season grass pastures like those in this study. Stocking rate had a major effect on pasture and animal performance. During the cool season, supplementation with concentrates should be planned based on estimated energy intake from forages to achieve optimum milk production and ensure maintenance of body condition.

Health effects of green tea catechins in overweight and obese men: a randomised controlled cross-over trial

Regular consumption of green tea may be cardioprotective. In the present study we investigated the health effects of dietary supplementation with green tea catechins and the potential modifying effect of the catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) Val/Met genotype. Subjects (sedentary males, aged 40-69 years, with BMI ≥ 28 and ≤ 38 kg/m(2)) were randomly assigned to consume decaffeinated green tea extract (DGT; 530 mg containing about 400 mg total catechins/capsule, twice daily) and placebo in a complete cross-over design. Ambulatory blood pressure and biomarkers of metabolic function (cholesterol, TAG, glucose and insulin) were measured at weeks 0 and 6. Although a marked increase in the concentration of plasma epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), urinary epigallocatechin (EGC) and urinary 4'-O-methyl EGC was found after DGT treatment, no effect on blood pressure or biomarkers of metabolic function was observed. However, a period × treatment interaction (P < 0·05) was detected for body-weight change. Despite a similar increase in estimated energy intake during intervention period 1, body weight decreased by 0·64 (sd 2·2) kg and increased by 0·53 (sd 1·9) kg in the DGT and placebo groups, respectively (P = 0·025), suggesting a protective effect of green tea catechins on weight gain. Additionally, the COMT Val/Met genotype influenced urinary accumulation of EGC and 4'-O-methyl EGC (P < 0·01). Mean concentrations were lower in individuals homozygous for the high-activity G-allele, possibly reflecting increased metabolic flux and a more rapid conversion to downstream metabolic species, compared with individuals carrying at least one copy of the low-activity A-allele. Additional studies are needed to confirm these findings and further explore the modifying effect of genotype.

The validity of a structured interactive 24‐hour recall in estimating energy and nutrient intakes in 15‐month‐old rural Malawian children

This study aimed to compare the nutritional intake values among 15-month-old rural Malawian children obtained by weighed food record (WFR) with those obtained by modified 24-hour recall (mod 24-HR), and to develop algorithm for adjusting mod 24-HR values so as to predict mean intake based on WFRs. The study participants were 169 15-month-old children who participated in a clinical trial. Food consumption on one day was observed and weighed (established criterion) by a research assistant to provide the estimates of energy and nutrient intakes. On the following day, another research assistant, blinded to the direct observation, conducted the structured interactive 24-hour recall (24-HR) interview (test method). Paired t-tests and scatter-plots were used to compare intake values of the two methods. The structured interactive 24-HR method tended to overestimate energy and nutrient intakes (each P < 0.001). The regression-through-the-origin method was used to develop adjustment algorithms. Results showed that multiplying the mean energy, protein, fat, iron, zinc and vitamin A intake estimates based on the test method by 0.86, 0.80, 0.68, 0.69, 0.72 and 0.76, respectively, provides an approximation of the mean values based on WFRs.

Nutritional Intake and Prevalence of Nutritional Deficiencies Prior to Surgery in a Spanish Morbidly Obese Population

The prevalence of obesity in Spain is on the rise with the consequent increase in bariatric surgery. Studies in non-Mediterranean populations have shown that micronutrient deficits are present before surgery. However, there is no data on this topic in a Spanish population. We evaluated food intake and the prevalence of nutritional deficiencies in 231 obese patient (72.3% women, 45.6 ± 9.9 years, BMI 48.2 ± 7.8 kg/m(2)) candidates for bariatric surgery. Forty-six normal weight individuals with similar demographic variables except BMI were included for comparison of deficiencies. In obese subjects, the mean estimated energy intake was 2,584 ± 987 kcal/day in males and 2,094 ± 669 kcal/day in females (p < 0.05). After adjusting for kilocalorie intake, carbohydrate intake was of 38.7% [CI 36.2 to 41.1] and 39.9% [CI 37.8 to 40.8] (n.s.), lipid intake was 41.9% [CI 39.6 to 44.2] and 43.0% [CI 41.7 to 44.8] (n.s.) and protein intake was 19.1% [CI 17.7 to 20.5] and 17.3% [CI 16.4 to 18.1] (n.s.) for men and women, respectively. The most prevalent deficiency was vitamin D25(OH): obese 94%, control 24%; (p < 0.0001). Above normal PTH levels were observed in 41.0% and 20.0% of obese and normal weight subjects, respectively (p < 0.0497). Increased prevalence of deficiencies in obese patients included magnesium, vitamin B6 and anaemia (p < 0.05). Other vitamin deficiencies were observed although did not reach statistical significance. Nutritional deficiencies are commonly found in the Spanish obese population undergoing bariatric surgery and are significantly more prevalent than in normal weight individuals.

VALIDATION OF THE IMMIDIET FOOD FREQUENCY QUESTIONNAIRE IN AN ADULT BELGIAN POPULATION: A REPORT FROM THE BELGIAN CASE-CONTROL STUDY ON BLADDER CANCER RISK

We evaluated the performance of the IMMIDIET food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) used to collect dietary data for the Belgian case-control study on bladder cancer.Thirty-seven men and women aged 50 years and older were recruited from the University Hospital in Leuven, Belgium. Participants completed the IMMIDIET FFQ, a 7-day diet diary and a 24-hour diet recall. Median intakes and inter-quartile ranges were calculated for 27 foods and nutrients from each dietary assessment method. All dietary factors were log-transformed and adjusted for energy using the nutrient density method. Pearson correlation coefficients were used to compare the different dietary assessment methods. Bland-Altman plots were also used to assess levels of agreement between the dietary methods. Energy, fruit and vegetable intake estimates were higher from the IMMIDIET FFQ compared with the two reference methods. The highest deattenuated correlations between the FFQ and 7-day diary were meat (0.58), bread (0.44), fruit (0.38) and fish (0.38). The highest deattenuated correlations between the FFQ and 24-hour recall were for fruit (0.72), fat (0.48), alcohol (0.44), cholesterol (0.42), monounsaturated fatty acid (0.42) and polyunsaturated fatty acid (0.41). Generally, correlation was lower for the micro-nutrients except for phosphorus (0.42), vitamin C (0.41) and calcium (0.40).The IMMIDIET FFQ is an appropriate instrument to measure usual dietary intake for the Belgian case-control study on bladder cancer risk. Further investigation of nutritional assessment methods is necessary.

Accuracy of Energy Intake Estimation by Weighed Dietary Record among Japanese Adults

【目的】秤量法による食事記録から調査した総エネルギー摂取量（TEI）を二重標識水法により測定した総エネルギー消費量（TEE）と比較することにより，TEIの推定精度を検討した。【方法】20～69歳の48名（男性24名，女性24名）を解析対象とした。TEIは，秤量法による食事記録と同時に撮影したデジタルカメラによる映像から計算した。体重補正済TEE（cTEE）は，二重標識水法により2週間の平均として求めたTEEと調査期間中の体重変動から計算した。【結果】TEEとTEIは，男性では 2,819±620 kcal/day，2,308±466 kcal/dayで女性では 2,045±501 kcal/day，1,823±414 kcal/dayであった。男性では，TEIは有意に過小評価されたが（－15.5±21.5％），女性でのTEIは有意な過小評価はみられなかった。TEIの評価にはTEIの大小による系統誤差は見られなかった。Intraclass correlation coefficient（0.344：95％信頼限界 0.063～0.574），Spearmanの順位相関（0.460，p＝0.001）は中程度から弱いであった。TEIの推定精度には，男性では記録した食品数，食事回数3日間合計，女性では年齢が影響していた。【結論】今後さらに，調査方法や対象ごとのTEIの推定精度の程度を明らかにすること，食品群別や栄養素別の摂取量の推定精度を明確にしていくことが必要であると考えた。

Increased energy intake entirely accounts for increase in body weight in women but not in men in the UK between 1986 and 2000

There is debate over the casual factors for the rise in body weight in the UK. The present study investigates whether increases between 1986 and 2000 for men and women were a result of increases in mean total energy intake, decreases in mean physical activity levels or both. Estimates of mean total energy intake in 1986 and 2000 were derived from food availability data adjusted for wastage. Estimates of mean body weight for adults aged 19-64 years were derived from nationally representative dietary surveys conducted in 1986-7 and 2000-1. Predicted body weight in 1986 and 2000 was calculated using an equation relating body weight to total energy intake and sex. Differences in predicted mean body weight and actual mean body weight between the two time points were compared. Monte Carlo simulation methods were used to assess the stability of the estimates. The predicted increase in mean body weight due to changes in total energy intake between 1986 and 2000 was 4·7 (95% credible interval 4·2, 5·3)kg for men and 6·4 (95% credible interval 5·9, 7·1)kg for women. Actual mean body weight increased by 7·7kg for men and 5·4kg for women between the two time points. We conclude that increases in mean total energy intake are sufficient to explain the increase in mean body weight for women between 1986 and 2000, but for men, the increase in mean body weight is likely to be due to a combination of increased total energy intake and reduced physical activity levels.