Moose (Alces alces shirasi) winter range use and food habits were studied on the north slope of the Gallatin mountain range, Montana, from September, 1965, to December, 1967. Aerial observation indicated a low density population winters primarily on quaking aspen (Populus trem?wloides) and Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) vegetation types. Migration from fall to winter range was gradual and lasted throughout the winter. Highest moose concentrations were found on the aspen and Douglas-fire types in March and April. Rumen sample analyses indicated that low red huckleberry (Vacctnium scoparium) subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa), and willow (Salix spp.) were the most important fall food items. Feeding site examinations indicated that willow, western serviceberry (Amelanchier alnifoluz ), chokecherry ( Prunus virginians ), and red dogwood ( Corn?>s stolonifera ) were the most important species in winter. Serviceberry, dogwood, and willow remained important into the spring, when increased use of currant (Ribes spp.) and some forbs was noted. Aquatic pIants and grasses were found to be unimportant in the moose diet. Condition and trend transects indicated that the rarlge was in poor condition and deteriorating further. Reproduction data indicated calf: cow ratios of 5S: 100 and 52:100, in 1965 and 1966, respectively. Aerial observation was effective in determining moose distribution but not for total census of the study area. Willow was not found as important to this moose population as has been reported for the Shiras moose on other areas. This paper describes the winter range use food habits, and certain population characteristics of moose on the north slope of the Gallatin mountain rangen Montana. Quantitative data were accumulated from September, 1965, to December 1967, to describe the habits of the Shiras moose on various range types. Other authors (Denniston 1956, Knowlton 1960, Smith 19612, Houston 1968) have studied the ecology of the Shiras moosen but primarily on ranges where willow was the major habitat type. When Montana moose hunting terminated in 1897, populations were apparently very low in the areas surrounding Yellowstone National Park, including the Gallatin study area. McDowell and Moy ( 1942 ) reported that populations within the park attained a peak density about 19124. Subsequently) moose populations increased rapidly outside the park. A report (U. S. 1 A contribution of the Montana Fish and Game Department, Research Section, under PittmanRobertson Projects W-98-R6, W-98-R7, and W-98R8. 2Present address: National Park Service, Estes Park, Colorado. Forest Service 1935:64 66) indicated that moose were present in almost every drainage of the Gallatin and that forage was still plentiful. The first hunting season was held in 19S6 after a closure of almost 68) years. The first seasons were restricted to a fesv bull-only permits but in recent years more liberal Erermits for either sex have
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