Vegetable Oil Esters Research Articles

Comparison of the Effects of Vegetable Oils such as Castor and Canola Oil and Polyol Esters on the Metalworking Performance of Ti-6Al-4VAlloy by Tapping Torque Method

Ti-6Al-4V material is an alloy of particular interest for engineering applications in a wide range of industries, especially aerospace and medicine, due to its outstanding corrosion resistance, favorable strength-to-weight ratio and biocompatibility properties. Due to the low thermal conductivity and high chemical reactivity of this alloy, its machinability is quite limited and is therefore referred to as the "difficult-to-cut" alloy. When the problems encountered in the processing of Ti-6Al-4V alloy are evaluated, the preparation of the appropriate cutting environment, ensuring optimum cutting parameters and the use of appropriate coolant are the priorities in overcoming these problems. Vegetable oil and polyol esters are biodegradable base fluids that can be used as a sustainable alternative to petroleum-derived oils in many lubricant applications. In this study, the effects of castor and canola oils and trimethylolpropane trioleate (TMPTO) and trimethylolpropane trioleate complex (TMPCX), neopentyl glycol (NPG) and pentaerythritol tetra-oleate (PE-TO) type polyol esters on the machining performance of Ti-6Al-4V alloy were investigated using the Tapping Torque test method. In the tests performed on Ti-6AL-4V, it was determined that the tapping performances of TMP-TO, TMP-CX, PE-TO and castor oil were close to each other and gave the best results. It has also been determined that the tapping performance of canola oil is lower than these oils. NPG-DO gave a striking result for Ti-6AL-4V and the tapping performance was found to be very low.

Characterization of Biodiesel and Diesel Combustion Particles: Chemical Composition, Lipid Metabolism, and Implications for Health and Environment.

Biodiesel, derived from alkyl esters of vegetable oils or animal fats, has gained prominence as a greener alternative to diesel due to its reduced particle mass. However, it remains debatable whether biodiesel exposure has more severe health issues than diesel. This study performed high-resolution mass spectrometry to examine the detailed particle chemical compositions and lipidomics analysis of human lung epithelial cells treated with emissions from biodiesel and diesel fuels. Results show the presence of the peak substances of CHO compounds in biodiesel combustion that contain a phthalate ester (PAEs) structure (e.g., n-amyl isoamyl phthalate and diisobutyl phthalate). PAEs have emerged as persistent organic pollutants across various environmental media and are known to possess endocrine-disrupting properties in the environment. We further observed that biodiesel prevents triglyceride storage compared to diesel and inhibits triglycerides from becoming phospholipids, particularly with increased phosphatidylglycerols (PGs) and phosphatidylethanolamines (PEs), which potentially could lead to a higher probability of cancer metastasis.

Vegetable oil-based surfactants are adjuvants that enhance the efficacy of neonicotinoid insecticides and can bias susceptibility testing in adult mosquitoes.

The standard operating procedure for testing the susceptibility of adult mosquitoes to neonicotinoid or butenolide insecticides recommends using a vegetable oil ester (Mero) as a surfactant. However, there is growing evidence that this adjuvant contains surfactants that can enhance insecticide activity, mask resistance and bias the bioassay. Using standard bioassays, we tested the effects of commercial formulations of vegetable oil-based surfactants similar to Mero on the activity of a spectrum of active ingredients including four neonicotinoids (acetamiprid, clothianidin, imidacloprid and thiamethoxam) and two pyrethroids (permethrin and deltamethrin). We found that three different brands of linseed oil soap used as cleaning products drastically enhanced neonicotinoid activity in Anopheles mosquitoes. At 1% (v/v), the surfactant reduced the median lethal concentration, LC50, of clothianidin more than 10-fold both in susceptible and in resistant populations of Anopheles gambiae. At 1% or 0.5% (v/v), linseed oil soap restored the susceptibility of adult mosquitoes fully to clothianidin, thiamethoxam and imidacloprid and partially to acetamiprid. By contrast, adding soap to the active ingredient did not significantly affect the level of resistance to permethrin or deltamethrin suggesting that vegetable oil-based surfactants specifically enhance the potency of some classes of insecticides. Our findings indicate that surfactants are not inert ingredients, and their use in susceptibility testing may jeopardize the ability to detect resistance. Further research is needed to evaluate the potential, the limitations and the challenges of using some surfactants as adjuvants to enhance the potency of some chemicals applied in mosquito control.

Improvement of the flashover threshold of TUK pressboard by using FeO3‐based nanofluid of monoesters

AbstractThis article deals with the improvement of the dielectric properties of TUK cellulose paper by impregnation. The experiment was carried out using a nanofluid based on vegetable oil esters and iron nanoparticles (FeO3). The insulating liquids used are palm kernel oil methyl ester (PKOME) and castor oil methyl ester (COME). The evaluation of the improvement is based on the analysis of the flashover voltage of the creeping discharges produced on the immersed paper. The tests were carried out under a positive lightning impulse voltage and for two electrode configurations. The concentrations of nanoparticles used in the experiment are 0.10 wt.%, 0.15 wt.% and 0.20 wt.%. The experimental results show that the 0.10 wt.% concentration gives the best improvement for the two electrode configurations used. The improvements are 53% for the inclined tip and 56.90% for the vertical tip in the case of COME + FeO3. For PKOME + FeO3, the results are 59.90% and 64.60%, respectively, for the two configurations.

Preparation of sustainable mineral oil-free offset printing ink with vegetable oil esters.

Mineral oils are used in substantial quantities for the production of varnishes and inks due to their abundance and versatility. However, as part of the production process, some of mineral oil components are separated as waste material, whereupon they can mix with air, water, or soil and become potentially harmful to the environment. Almost all these waste materials are volatile organic compounds (VOCs), chemicals that can easily evaporate at room temperature and have toxic effect. Therefore, a novel green, mineral oil-free offset printing ink was produced using vegetable oil esters as bio-renewable raw materials. Accompanying varnishes were prepared with linseed oil, methyl oleate, octyl stearate, and four types of resin (A, B, C, and D). The application of these varnishes to magenta color offset ink was subsequently studied to screen out the best combination of resin and ester in terms of setting time. Meanwhile, dyeing force tests were conducted to evaluate the ink's printability, while rheological analysis was done via viscosity and flowability tests. The setting time of the magenta color offset ink made by varnish A was observed to be considerably shorter than that of the ink samples prepared using varnishes B, C, and D. Furthermore, varnish A proved to be a good alternative varnish for the production of yellow, cyan, and black color offset printing inks. Samples of these inks were printed on coated paper, and their printability was contrasted against that of vegetable oil-based (pure vegetable oil), mineral oil-based, and other mineral oil-free offset printing inks. Results determined that the varnishes produced with linseed oil, methyl oleate, and octyl stearate can replace mineral oil-based varnishes for the production of offset printing ink.

Effect of emulsifiers addition in sponge cake premix on the physical and sensory of sponge cake

Baked products such as bread, biscuits, and cakes are among the most popular food categories because of their convenience. Sponge cake has a porous structure like a sponge and is lightweight and soft. The single-stage mixing method has been developed and widely applied in the large-scale production of sponge cakes. The sponge cake formulations generally use an additional emulsifying agent to form better aeration. The effect of adding emulsifiers in the formulation of sponge cake premix on the cake expansion and stability, appearance, softness, and moistness of the sponge cake was investigated. The emulsifiers contain several functional molecules, including acid esters of vegetable oils, naturally occurring partial glycerides, and proteins. Different concentrations of emulsifiers significantly affect the physical of sponge cake. The addition of 3% emulsifiers resulted in the highest cake expansion and the highest score of the overall sensory attribute. According to De Garmo’s effectiveness index analysis, an addition of 3% resulted in the most optimum physical and sensorial attributes.

Environment impact assessment of agricultural diesel engines utilizing biodiesel derived from phoenix sylvestris oil

Uncontrolled emissions, massive price increases, and other factors encourage searching for a suitable diesel engine fuel alternative. In its processed form, vegetable oil biodiesel is an appealing green alternative fuel for compression ignition engines. Vegetable oil esters have qualities comparable to those of standard diesel fuel. As a result, biodiesel may be utilized to run a diesel engine without any further alterations. This article analyses the potential of Phoenix sylvestris oil, which may be found in forest belts across the globe, as a viable feedstock for biodiesel extraction. Phoenix sylvestris oil is found to be abundant in different forest belts worldwide. The free fatty acid must first be transformed into esters using catalytic acid esterification before proceeding to alkaline catalytic esterification. The molar ratio (6:1), catalyst concentration (1 wt%), reaction temperature (60 °C), and reaction time (2 h) have all been optimized for biodiesel extraction. Biodiesel produced had characteristics that were similar to standard biodiesel specifications. The biodiesel yield from Phoenix sylvestris oil was 92.3% under optimum conditions. The experimental results revealed that the Phoenix sylvestris oil biodiesel performed better than neat Phoenix sylvestris oil and its blends. Phoenix sylvestris oil blend produced better brake thermal efficiency with lower smoke, hydrocarbon, and CO emissions. The biodiesel produced from non-edible Phoenix sylvestris oil has the potential to be employed as a viable alternative to diesel fuel.

A Qualitative Investigation of Volatile Organic Components of Antimicrobial Oil Smoke Vapors

A petroleum middle distillate, known as fog oil (FO), has been used in the United military battlefield to create obscurant smoke screens. During studies on the feasibility of replacing FO with relatively environmentally benign natural oil esters, with similar flow properties, such as methyl soyate (MS), it was observed that FO and MS aerosols and vapors were lethal to Salmonella typhimurium strains (Ames strains used to test for mutagenic activity in the Modified Ames Assay) even after very short exposures. It was further shown that vapors produced from the vegetable oil esters under certain conditions exhibited antimicrobial activity against a wide range of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. In this study, we examined the antimicrobial properties of volatile organic compounds detected in vegetable oil ester vapors. The experiments involved introduction of a known amount of specific compounds present in oil smoke vaors, individually and in combination, into an exposure chamber containing nutrient agar petri dishes inoculated with Salmonella typhimurium. Petri dishes were removed from the chamber after varied exposure periods to determine survival of the bacteria. The results of the experiments showed that individual compounds exhibited antimicrobial activity but lower than the vapors produced during thermal aerosol generation process suggesting the antimicrobial activity of the vapors is likely a synergistic activity of multiple components of the vapors.

An Initial Report of the Antimicrobial Activities of Volatiles Produced during Rapid Volatilization of Oils.

Aerosols generated through volatilization and subsequent recondensation of oil vapors have been used as obscurant (smoke) screens during military operations since the early twentieth century. Specifically, a petroleum middle distillate known as the fog oil (FO) has been used in US military battlefields to create obscurant smoke screens. During a study on the feasibility of replacing petroleum-derived FO with vegetable oil-derived esters such as methyl soyate (MS), it was observed that that FO and MS aerosols and vapors did not exhibit detectable mutagenic activity but were lethal to Ames strains bacteria even after very short exposure periods. These results opened the potential use of oil-derived vapors as antimicrobial agents. Subsequent studies showed that optimal aerosol/vapor production conditions could further enhance disinfectant efficiency. For this purpose, we examined the antimicrobial activities of mineral oils and biogenic oil ester aerosols/vapors against a wide range of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The results of the study showed that the aerosols/vapors obtained from mineral oil or vegetable oil ester under proper conditions can serve as an excellent antibacterial disinfectant.

Thermal Performance of Bio-Phase Change Materials for Thermal Insulation Coefficients in Malaysian Buildings

The global building sector has demonstrated a massive increase in energy demand, which is contributed by the rapid economic progress, urbanisation, and improved living standards. Furthermore, a significant portion of this energy is consumed by the space cooling and heating processes through daily activities. In this study, the energy efficiency benefits of bio-phase change materials (BioPCMs) in improving the thermal insulation of Malaysian buildings were investigated. Additionally, the study aims to contribute to the sustainable development objectives. Malaysia has several abandoned palm and plantation oil sources, which can be studied as BioPCMs in the tropical climate environment. Furthermore, a heat flow metre was utilised to measure the thermal conductivity of concrete specimens. Based on the findings, an improved thermal expansion coefficient was determined between palm oil and vegetable oil ester. The palm oil thermal performance measured was 0.0983 W/mK, which was lower than vegetable oil (0.1031 W/mK). Resultantly, palm oil and vegetable oil are efficient BioPCMs in lowering thermal conductivity values and improving energy efficiency in tropical climate buildings. Thus, palm oil has demonstrated its suitability as a sustainable energy source for applications, such as cold storage, space applications, and transportation.

Fabrication of Stable Oleofoams with Sorbitan Ester Surfactants.

Sorbitan esters have been extensively used as surfactants to stabilize emulsions in many fields. However, the preparation of an oleofoam with sorbitan ester alone has not been reported. Here, we apply a novel protocol to fabricate stable oleofoams of high air volume fraction from mixtures of vegetable oil and sorbitan ester. To incorporate more air bubbles into the oil matrix, aeration is first carried out in the one-phase region at high temperatures, during which the highest over-run can reach 280%. Due to foam instability at high temperatures, the foam is then submitted to rapid cooling, followed by storage at low temperatures. For high-melting sorbitan monostearate, the resulting foams containing many crystal-encased air bubbles are ultrastable to drainage, coarsening, and coalescence for several months. On the contrary, the cooled foams with low-melting sorbitan monooleate go through a gradual decay lasting for more than 1 month. We highlight the importance of hydrogen bond formation between surfactant and oil in enhancing foam stability. The generic nature of the above findings is demonstrated by preparing oil foams with various vegetable oils and sorbitan monooleate.

Contamination level and population exposure assessment of chloropropanol esters in edible vegetable oil in Shandong Province from 2016 to 2020

To investigate the contamination of 2-chloropropanol esters and 3-chloropropanol esters in commercial edible vegetable oils in Shandong Province, and to assess the dietary 3-chloropropanol esters exposure and the health risk of intaking 3-chloropropanol esters. From 2016 to 2020, 406 individually packaged edible vegetable oils were collected from stores and farmers' markets in 16 prefecture-level cities in Shandong Province. According to the 2016 National Food Contamination and Harmful Factors Risk Monitoring Manual, using gas chromatography-triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry detection, isotope internal standard method for quantification, laboratory determination of 2-chloropropanol ester and 3-chloropropanol in vegetable oil ester content. Combined with population weight, oil consumption and monitoring data, the point assessment method was used to evaluate the exposure of residents in Shandong Province to 3-chloropropanol esters. The detection rate of 3-chloropropanol ester was 92.4%(375/406), the concentration range was<limit of detection(LOD)-18.4 mg/kg, the median was 0.470 mg/kg, the average was 0.833 mg/kg, and the maximum value was 18.4 mg/kg in rice oil; the detection rate of 2-chloropropanol ester was 88.7%(360/406), the concentration range was <LOD-8.46 mg/kg, the median value was 0.204 mg/kg, the average value was 0.432 mg/kg, and the maximum value was 8.46 mg/kg in rice oil. The average exposure of each age group was less than the tolerable daily intake, and the high-end exposure of the children(2-6 years old) and adolescents(7-10 years old) group was greater than the tolerable daily intake. The contamination of chloropropanol esters of edible vegetable oil in Shandong Province from 2016 to 2020 is widespread, and the highest detection value appears in rice oil. Children(2-6 years old) and adolescents(7-10 years old) in high-risk situations ingest 3-chloropropanol esters present health risks.

ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ ДИЗЕЛЬНОГО СМЕСЕВОГО ТОПЛИВА, ОБРАБОТАННОГО В КОМБИНИРОВАННОМ СМЕСИТЕЛЕ

Diesel mixed fuel has found wide application in the agricultural industry. Vegetable oils or methyl esters of vegetable oils are used as an additive to the mixed fuel. The use of this type of fuel helps to reduce emissions in the exhaust gases of automotive equipment, reduce sulfur content, reduce the use of oil resources, and improve the environmental situation of the region. However, the resulting diesel mixed fuel has an increased viscosity compared to the original diesel fuel. To eliminate this disadvantage, various kinds of combined devices are used. The article considers a modular combined mixer that allows not only to obtain diesel mixed fuel, but also to process it, affect its composition and structure. The combined mixer consists of several composite modules that allow for hydrodynamic, cavitation, and ultrasonic effects on the fuel. Chromatographic examination of fuels (diesel fuel, ginger oil, biodiesel and 20% diesel mixed fuel) was carried out before and after treatment. After the combined treatment of 20% diesel mixed fuel in the mixer module, there was a decrease in the light (by 0.19%) and heavy (by 3.61%) fractions, an increase in the average fraction (by 3.78%). That is, the fractional composition of diesel fuel is "normalized". This is due to the breaking of intermolecular bonds, activation, recombination and reduction of double bonds in fatty acid residues of unsaturated acids. Thus, processing in a combined mixer module with the use of an ultrasonic module makes it possible to mix efficiently, improve the physico-chemical parameters and composition of the resulting diesel mixed fuel.

Influence of benzyl esters of vegetable oils on curing, mechanical and dynamic properties of silica filled natural rubber and styrene-butadiene rubber compounds

Influence of benzyl esters of vegetable oils on curing, mechanical and dynamic properties of silica filled natural rubber and styrene-butadiene rubber compounds

Influence of Nozzle Hole Geometry of CI Engines Performance and Emission Parameters Fuelled by Diesel and Biodiesel-A Review

In the quest to reduce hazardous pollutant emissions and environmental impact, various renewable alternative fuels derived from bio-based sources have entered the market. Biodiesel, a vegetable oil ester, has gained a lot of popularity and attention for diesel engine applications. The performance of diesel engine and emission characteristics are closely linked with fuel atomization and spray pattern of fuel injection nozzles. In modern engines various orifices with different designs are used. In a diesel engine, the shape of the diesel fuel injection nozzle and the fuel flow parameters in the nozzle have a considerable impact on the processes of fuel atomization, combustion, and exhaust emissions. The main focus of this study is to explore how number of nozzle hole and shape affects the performance of diesel engine, combustion, and emissions for both Biodiesel and diesel fuels.

Experimental and Theoretical Performance Analysis of Emission and Combustion Characteristics of Diesel Engine using Bio Diesel as an Alternate Fuel

In this study the biodiesel derived from different vegetable oil esters (VOE) including Jatropha and Karanja is compared with diesel. The efficiency, emission and combustion properties of different VOE in single cylinder compression ignition engine were compared with Diesel. The main objective of our study is the theoretical and experimental comparison of the efficiency, emission and combustion properties of biodiesel using Jatropha and Karanja esters with diesel. Vegetable oil from Jatropha and Mahua was transesterified and used in a turbocharged engine water-cooled single-cylinder Diesel Engine attached to an ac induction motor with a current of 0 to 5kw. Brake thermal efficiency is decreased by around 1.4 percent for Jatropha, 2.0 percent for Karanja compared to Diesel. Brake specific fuel consumption improved by 0.2 percent for Jatropha and 3.4 percent for Karanja compared to Diesel.

A New Green Method for the Production Polyvinylchloride Plasticizers from Fatty Acid Methyl Esters of Vegetable Oils

AbstractThe current work has shown the potentials for the aerobic oxidation of fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) of vegetable oils in the production of polyvinylchloride (PVC) plasticizers with the exclusion of other reagents. The reaction mixtures contain epoxidized derivatives of FAME, and esters, with the quantity of the ester groups being higher than in the initial raw material. It was established that the increase in the additional ester groups resulting from the “aerobic” Baeyer‐Villiger (BV) reaction has a significantly positive influence on the plasticizing ability of the oxidized FAME mixtures for PVC when compared to the formation of epoxide compounds. The development of the technology for the production of PVC plasticizers proposed in this investigation provides an opportunity for resolving some of the environmental issues normally associated with the use of phthalate‐based plasticizers.

ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЕ БИОЛОГИЧЕСКОГО СЫРЬЯ ДЛЯ ПРОИЗВОДСТВА ЭНЕРГЕТИЧЕСКИХ РЕСУРСОВ

The article reviews the ways of improving economic sustainability by means of growing bio-raw materials for the production of energy resources. Biogas and its derivative – biomethane, are considered the most promising in terms of the efficient use of various types of biofuels (bioethanol, rapeseed oil, methyl esters of vegetable oils, biogas or biomethane) per unit area. The production of gaseous biofuels will replace fossil non-renewable energy resources and reduce the production costs of agricultural items. It is worth noting that animal waste and plant raw materials are effectively used in biogas complexes.

The Strategies for the Production of Biodiesel through Eco-Friendly Microalgal Systems

The fast depleting energy sources and other environmental concerns, like carbon emissions, have led the scientific community on a race against time to find an ecofriendly, sustainable and renewable source of energy. Biofuels obtained from domestic used materials cannot practically satisfy the existing demand for an industrial fuel. Biodiesel is mono-alkyl esters of vegetable oils or animal fats. The major advantage of biodiesel is that it can be used directly into existing engines without any modifications. One of the potential sources for renewable biodiesel production which can effectively supply biodiesel for international and industrial demand is microalgae. Besides production of biofuels microalgae have been seen as a potential source for a number of areas including pharmaceuticals, nutrition and aquaculture. This review discusses on the different aspects, challenges and current scenario in the biodiesel production from microalgae. Cultivation of a high yielding marine microalgal strain in a very economical and well scrutinised open raceway pond could prove to be the key to future of energy sector. Various lipid enhancement methods and proposed culture methods are also discussed. On an industrial perspective, a well-engineered and continuously monitored open raceway pond for cultivation of marine micro algae seems to be a promising economically viable method for production of biofuel.

Friction and wear behavior of karanja oil derived biolubricant base oil

This work deals with the tribological performance of karanja oil trimethylolpropane ester (KOTMPE) biolubricant base oil for its probable application as automotive lubricant. The biolubricant was synthesized by transesterification of karanja oil methyl ester with trimethylolpropane (TMP) under acid catalyst. The study was made with Ducom TR30L four-ball tester at 1200 rev min−1 speed and 75 °C temperature over 60 min duration under normal loads of 15 kg and 40 kg as per ASTM D 4172-94 A and B standard test method. Principal results at two loads are given here: Coefficient of friction (CoF) 0.100 and 0.042, wear scar diameter (WSD) 0.30 mm and 0.44 mm, flash temperature parameter (FTP) 80.932 and 126.249, and thermal energy (TE) 0.054 J and 0.060 J, respectively. The study found that KOTMPE has lowest CoF than any vegetable oil, TMP ester or commercial lubricant. Similarly, the WSD was lowest among all the vegetable oil based lubricants and was at par with SAE 20W-50 and SAE 40 commercial lubricants. FTP was better compared to any vegetable oil or TMP ester. Finally, the energy efficiency of KOTMPE was better than that of other vegetable oils, TMP esters and mineral lubricants. The synthesized ester demonstrated the outstanding performance in terms of friction and wear characteristics along with high thermal stability and energy efficiency worthy of comparison with multiple lubricating products reported by different research groups in available literature during last two decades.