Esterified Fatty Acid Concentrations Research Articles

Effects of Lactobacillus fermented plant products on dairy cow health, production, and environmental impact

During the onset of lactation, dairy cows experience increases in metabolic demands causing an increase in metabolic and oxidative stress that may result in disorders and reduced milk production. Dairy cows also represent a source of negative environmental impacts. Accordingly, natural products which alleviate these stresses and sources of environmental pollutants would be beneficial. The objective of this experiment was to determine how commercial products Lactobacillus fermented seaweed (Ecklonia radiata) (SWO; Animal Health Tonic; AgriSea Ltd.; Paeroa, NZ) and Lactobacillus fermented seaweed plus terrestrial plants (SWP; Fortress+; Agrisea Ltd.; Paeroa, NZ) influence dairy cow oxidative stress, environmental impacts, and production. Pregnant multiparous Holstein-Friesian × Jersey cross dairy cows (n = 27; body weight = 488.8 ± 47.6, mean ± SD) received daily oral doses of water (CON), SWO, or SWP. During the prepartum period (i.e., last third of gestation) the cows received 5-mL of their respective treatments once daily and this dose was increased to 100-mL per cow per d following calving. Ruminal fluid and blood samples were collected on d 0, 38, and 80 and blood samples were again collected 3 days after calving. Total volatile fatty acids concentrations in ruminal fluid were 26% greater (P = 0.05) in animals administered SWP compared with CON during the prepartum period. The CON cows had greater (P < 0.05) whole blood glutathione peroxidase activity than cows on SWP and SWO at all-time points following treatment application. After 80-d of administering the treatments and 3-d post calving, SWO and SWP had greater (P < 0.05) total antioxidant status of plasma (marker of ability to reduce oxidants). Three days after calving, the SWO and SWP cows had less (P < 0.05) plasma non esterified fatty acid concentrations and urea nitrogen than CON cows. Further, the SWP treatment had the lowest concentration of milk urea N and was less (P < 0.05) than CON. Accordingly, the calculated daily urinary N excretion of SWP was 18.0% lower (P < 0.05) than CON and SWO had a tendency (P = 0.07) to have 14.7% lower urinary N excretion than CON. Collectively, these results highlight the ability for these Lactobacillus fermented plant products to reduce oxidative stress during the onset of lactation in dairy cows and to reduce environmental impacts. This experiment provides important information for the improvement in periparturient dairy cows’ health and environmental impacts, which have economically important implications.

Influence of genotype on the fatty acids composition of virgin olive oils from advanced selections obtained by crosses between Arbequina, Picual, and Frantoio cultivars along the ripening process

The aim of this research was to study the influence of the ripening stage of olive fruits and genotype on the composition of esterified fatty acids (EFAs) and non esterified FAs (NEFAs) in virgin olive oils (VOOs) from advanced selections obtained by crosses between Arbequina, Picual, and Frantoio cultivars. For this purpose, a method based on gas chromatography with flame ionization detection (GC–FID) was used to estimate the percent of each type of FAs. Principal Component Analysis was applied to find clustering of samples attending to the ripening stages. Discrimination was observed for VOOs associated to early and advanced ripening stages according to the concentration of FAs. The contribution of ripening and genotype to explain the variability in the concentration of EFAs and NEFAs was evaluated by ANOVA. Linoleic acid was the FA most influenced by the genotype. The highest genetic variability in FAs composition was observed in the ripening stage in which the fruit color is reddish or light violet, since five EFAs (palmitic, palmitoleic, oleic, linoleic, and linolenic) were significant to explain this effect. Therefore, the interval that lasts this ripening stage is the most appropriate to compare Arbequina, Frantoio, and Picual genotypes in olive breeding programs according to FAs composition.Practical applications: The composition of fatty acids (FAs) is one of the most critical aspects that affect the quality of VOOs, which has been related to balance of the concentrations of saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated FAs. The results of this study can be used to improve olive oil quality by olive breeding programs.() Dark green to yellow or yellowish–green skin (RI 0–1); () yellowish with reddish spots (RI 2); () reddish or light violet to black (RI 3–4).

Considerations about the in situ derivatization and fractionation of EFA and NEFA in biological and food samples

Despite their important role in tissues, fluids and foods, the analysis of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) as methyl esters (NEFAME) is performed using expensive, cumbersome and time-consuming procedures that needs of isolation, fractionation and derivatization steps. However, Yi et al. [1] proposed a promising in situ, single-step procedure to analyze esterified fatty acids (EFA) and NEFA from a same sample on the basis that acylglycerols and free fatty acids can be derivatized using specific reactions. However, according to the data presented in this research work, some modifications need to be performed to increase the reliability of the method:•Increment of the transesterification performance by adding hexane to the reaction mixture, decreasing the time for the derivatization of acylglycerols from 10min to 3–4min and stopping the reaction with sulfuric acid.•Avoid cross-contamination of the NEFAME extract by adding 500μL of water after collection of EFA methyl esters (EFAME).•Samples are spiked with three internal standards: a triacylglycerol (to calculate the concentration of EFA), a free fatty acid (to calculate NEFA) and a FAME (to control isolation of FAME and cross-contamination).

Effect of unsaturated fatty acids and triglycerides from soybeans on milk fat synthesis and biohydrogenation intermediates in dairy cattle

Increased rumen unsaturated fatty acid (FA) load is a risk factor for milk fat depression. This study evaluated if increasing the amount of unsaturated FA in the diet as triglycerides or free FA affected feed intake, yield of milk and milk components, and feed efficiency. Eighteen Holstein cows (132±75 d in milk) were used in a replicated 3×3 Latin square design. Treatments were a control (CON) diet, or 1 of 2 unsaturated FA (UFA) treatments supplemented with either soybean oil (FA present as triglycerides; TAG treatment) or soybean FA distillate (FA present as free FA; FFA treatment). The soybean oil contained a higher concentration of cis-9 C18:1 (26.0 vs. 11.8g/100g of FA) and lower concentrations of C16:0 (9.6 vs. 15.0g/100g of FA) and cis-9,cis-12 C18:2 (50.5 vs. 59.1g/100g of FA) than the soybean FA distillate. The soybean oil and soybean FA distillate were included in the diet at 2% dry matter (DM) to replace soyhulls in the CON diet. Treatment periods were 21 d, with the final 4 d used for sample and data collection. The corn silage- and alfalfa silage-based diets contained 23% forage neutral detergent fiber and 17% crude protein. Total dietary FA were 2.6, 4.2, and 4.3% of diet DM for CON, FFA, and TAG treatments, respectively. Total FA intake was increased 57% for UFA treatments and was similar between FFA and TAG. The intakes of individual FA were similar, with the exception of a 24g/d lower intake of C16:0 and a 64g/d greater intake of cis-9 C18:1 for the TAG compared with the FFA treatment. Compared with CON, the UFA treatments decreased DM intake (1.0kg/d) but increased milk yield (2.2kg/d) and milk lactose concentration and yield. The UFA treatments reduced milk fat concentration, averaging 3.30, 3.18, and 3.11% for CON, FFA, and TAG treatments, respectively. Yield of milk fat, milk protein, and 3.5% fat-corrected milk remained unchanged when comparing CON with the UFA treatments. No differences existed in the yield of milk or milk components between the FFA and TAG treatments. The UFA treatments increased feed efficiency (energy-corrected milk/DM intake), averaging 1.42, 1.53, and 1.48 for CON, FFA, and TAG treatments, respectively. Although milk fat yield was not affected, the UFA treatments decreased the yield of de novo (<16-carbon) synthesized FA (40g/d) and increased the yield of preformed (>16-carbon) FA (134g/d). Yield of FA from both sources (16-carbon FA) was reduced by the UFA treatments but to a different extent for FFA versus TAG (72 vs. 100g/d). An increase was detected in the concentration of trans-10 C18:1 and a trend for an increase in trans-10,cis-12 C18:2 and trans-9,cis-11 C18:2 for the UFA treatments compared with CON. Under the dietary conditions tested, UFA treatments supplemented at 2% diet DM as either soybean FA distillate or soybean oil increased milk yield but did not effectively cause a reduction in milk fat yield, with preformed FA replacing de novo synthesized FA in milk fat. Further research is required to determine if the response to changes in dietary free and esterified FA concentrations is different in diets that differ in their risk for milk fat depression.

The low density lipoprotein receptor is not necessary for maintaining mouse brain polyunsaturated fatty acid concentrations

The brain cannot synthesize n-6 or n-3 PUFAs de novo and requires their transport from the blood. Two models of brain fatty acid uptake have been proposed. One requires the passive diffusion of unesterified fatty acids through endothelial cells of the blood-brain barrier, and the other requires the uptake of lipoproteins via a lipoprotein receptor on the luminal membrane of endothelial cells. This study tested whether the low density lipoprotein receptor (LDLr) is necessary for maintaining brain PUFA concentrations. Because the cortex has a low basal expression of LDLr and the anterior brain stem has a relatively high expression, we analyzed these regions separately. LDLr knockout (LDLr(-/-)) and wild-type mice consumed an AIN-93G diet ad libitum until 7 weeks of age. After microwaving, the cortex and anterior brain stem (pons and medulla) were isolated for phospholipid fatty acid analyses. There were no differences in phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylinositol, ethanolamine, or choline glycerophospholipid esterified PUFA or saturated or monounsaturated fatty acid concentrations in the cortex or brain stem between LDLr(-/-) and wild-type mice. These findings demonstrate that the LDLr is not necessary for maintaining brain PUFA concentrations and suggest that other mechanisms to transport PUFAs into the brain must exist.

Fish oil prevents the adrenal activation elicited by mental stress in healthy men

A diet rich in n-3 fatty acids (fish oils) is associated with reduced risks of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases, but the mechanisms remain incompletely understood. Sympathoadrenal activation is postulated to be involved in the pathogenesis of these diseases, and may be inhibited by n-3 fatty acids. We therefore evaluated the effects of a diet supplemented with n-3 fatty acids on the stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system and of stress hormones elicited by a mental stress. Seven human volunteers were studied on two occasions, before and after 3 weeks of supplementation with 7.2 g/day fish oil. On each occasion, the concentrations of plasma cortisol, and catecholamines, energy expenditure (indirect calorimetry), and adipose tissue lipolysis (plasma non esterified fatty acid concentrations) were monitored in basal conditions followed by a 30 min mental stress (mental arithmetics and Stroop's test) and a 30 min recovery period. In control conditions, mental stress significantly increased heart rate, mean blood pressure, and energy expenditure. It increased plasma epinephrine from 60.9 +/- 6.2 to 89.3 +/- 16.1 pg/ml (p<0.05), plasma cortisol from 291 +/- 32 to 372 +/- 37 micromol/l (p<0.05) and plasma non esterified fatty acids from 409 +/- 113 to 544 +/- 89 micromol/l (p<0.05). After 3 weeks of a diet supplemented with n-3 fatty acids, the stimulation by mental stress of plasma epinephrine, cortisol, energy expenditure, and plasma non esterified fatty acids concentrations, were all significantly blunted. Supplementation with n-3 fatty acids inhibits the adrenal activation elicited by a mental stress, presumably through effects exerted at the level of the central nervous system.

Substrate utilization and thermogenic responses to beta-adrenergic stimulation in obese subjects with NIDDM.

This study intended to investigate disturbances in beta-adrenergically-mediated substrate utilization and thermogenesis in obese subjects with mild non insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). Following a baseline period of 30 min, the beta-agonist isoproterenol (ISO) was administered in increasing doses of 6, 12, and 24 ng/kgFFM x min, each dose for 30 min. Nine healthy lean males (CON, 50.6+/-2.4 y, % body fat: 16.0+/-1.8) and 10 obese subjects with NIDDM (51.8+/-2.4 y, % body fat 34.1+/-1.9). Basal non esterified fatty acid concentrations (NEFA) and basal fat oxidation (absolute or expressed per unit fat free mass, FFM) were significantly higher in NIDDM as compared to CON, whereas basal carbohydrate (CHO) oxidation was significantly lower. The ISO-induced increase in NEFA-concentrations was blunted in NIDDM (delta at 24 ng/kgFFM x min: CON: 717+/-59 micromol/l vs NIDDM: 358+/-97 micromol/l, P< 0.01). The non-protein respiratory exchange ratio (RER) did not change in NIDDM and significantly decreased in CON during ISO-infusion (P < 0.05), reflecting the tendency towards a blunted increase in fat oxidation in NIDDM (delta fat ox at 24 ng; CON: 0.025+/-0.005 g/min vs NIDDM 0.016+/-0.007 g/min). The ISO-induced thermogenic response was comparable in NIDDM and CON (at 24 ng %increase above baseline: CON: 16.8+/-2.2% vs NIDDM: 14.7+/-0.9%). At all time points, there were no significant differences in circulating ISO and noradrenaline concentrations. Basal adrenaline (A) concentrations and A concentrations during ISO-infusion were significantly lower in NIDDM (basal A; CON: 64+/-15 pg/ml vs NIDDM: 25+/-2 pg/ml, P < 0.001). There appear to be deviations in beta-adrenoceptor mediated fat utilization and adrenal medulla function in obesity-associated NIDDM. The impairments in sympathetically mediated fat utilization have previously been observed in 'simple' obese subjects, indicating that these disturbances are confined to the obese state per se.

A comparison of different metabolic types between goat kids and lambs: Key blood constituents at different times in the first two months after birth

With the aim of establishing the metabolic causes of the differences in the corporal development of goat kids vs. lambs, diurnal patterns of serum concentrations of some key metabolites in relation to the energy and protein utilization were determined. For this, every 5 days from the 10th until the 60th day after birth, the pre-feeding and 1, 2, 4 and 8 h post-feeding levels of glucose, non-esterified and esterified fatty acids, urea and total protein were determined. Between goat kids and lambs, there were no outstanding differences for the diurnal mean values of glucose, urea and total protein concentrations in the serum. With the exception of the values measured at 0 and 8 h post-feeding and at 10 and 45 days of age, mean values of serum non-esterified fatty acid concentrations in kids were higher ( p<0.05) than in lambs. Mean values of esterified fatty acid concentrations measured at 35 and 40 days of age and at 1, 2 and overall at 4 h post-feeding, were generally higher ( p<0.05) in kids' serum than in lambs' serum. Pre-feeding mean levels of non-esterified fatty acids for kids and lambs were very similar, resulting at the same time values, two and seven times higher than those measured 1 h post-feeding; 419 vs. 235 μmol/l for kids and 386 vs. 56 μmol/l for lambs, respectively. From these results it is concluded that goat kids may have a higher rate of fat mobilization than lambs, understanding this as the net result of the balance between the processes of lipogenesis, lipolysis and re-esterification of the fatty acids released during lipolysis. At the same time, and in spite of that, goat kids utilize dietary protein with a higher efficiency than lambs; this difference was not supported by blood levels of nitrogenous metabolites.

Neurochemical changes by inhalation of environmental pollutants sulfur dioxide and hydrogen sulfide: degradation of total lipids, elevation of lipid peroxidation and enzyme activity in discrete regions of the guinea pig brain and spinal cord.

This study was undertaken to predict the neurochemical effects of two environmental factors simultaneously. Guinea pigs were exposed alternately to SO2 (10 ppm) and H2S (20 ppm) one hour daily for 30 days. Combined toxicity of SO2 and H2S revealed statistically significant decrement of the total lipids in all the regions of the brain and spinal cord. A significant decrement was also discernible in the levels of phospholipids in the cerebral cortex and spinal cord.While, phospholipids concentration was significantly elevated in cerebellum and in the brain stem. The contents of cholesterol exhibited remarkable depletion in all the regions of the brain and spinal cord. In spite of varied responses of cholesterol and phospholipids, C/P ratio showed decrement in various regions of the brain and spinal cord. The concentration of free fatty acids exhibited increment in cerebral cortex and basal ganglia, but the cerebellum, brain stem and spinal cord showed decrement. Remarkable diminution in the concentration of esterified fatty acids was discernible in cerebral cortex, cerebellum and in the spinal cord. Interestingly, these levels showed significant elevation in the brain stem. On the other hand, the concentration of gangliosides showed a significant increase in basal ganglia, cerebellum and in the brain stem. However, these levels were significantly decreased in the cerebral cortex. Lipid peroxidation and lipase activity showed remarkable elevation in different regions of the brain and spinal cord. The results clearly show that peroxidation of endogeneous lipids has been enhanced by SO2 and H2S and thus led to degradation of brain lipids. However, lipid fractions have exhibited regional heterogeniety.

MEDIUM CHAIN TRIGLYCERIDES FOR TREATMENT OF SPONTANEOUS, NEONATAL CHYLOTHORAX Lipid Analysis of the Chyle

Volume and contents of lipid and protein in the pleural fluid from a three weeks old girl with spontaneous chylothorax were studied (a) during parenteral, nonfatty nutrition and later (b) during administration of a formula (Biosorbin) containing medium chain triglycerides (MCT). The pleural fluid production could not be correlated to the treatment employed but suddenly ceased after 20 days management. Triglyceride and total esterified fatty acid concentrations in pleural fluid were high on admission when feeded with human milk, and chylomicrons and other lipoproteins were present in the chyle. During parenteral treatment a pronounced decrease in pleural fluid concentrations of triglyceride and total fatty acids occurred concomitant with a disappearance of the chylomicrons. During the following MCT diet a pronounced increase in triglyceride and total fatty acids concentrations appeared and the chylomicrons reappeared in the chyle. The cholesterol and phospholipid concentrations in the pleural fluid showed only small changes during the different treatments. No significant changes in protein and albumin concentrations of chyle were observed. It is concluded, that administration of the Biosorbin MCT formula, containing 871/2% of the fat as MCT, seems without value ih the treatment of spontaneous, neonatal chylothorax.

Lipid concentration in cryoprecipitated plasma used as perfusion fluid for kidney preservation.

Concentration of lipid was investigated in 11 portions of pooled human plasma prepared as described by Belzer et al. (1968). A significant fall was found in the concentration of cholesterol, triglycerides, phospholi-pids and P-lipoproteins. Total proteins and protein fractions were not altered apart from a significant fall in fibrinogen concentration. There was an increase in the concentration of esterified fatty acids and free glycerol.Cryoprecipitation and the use of additives separately caused modifications in the same direction and of the same magnitude, apart from the concentration of fibrinogen, which decreased only on cryoprecipitation, and the concentration of free glycerol, which showed a significanlly smaller rise when no additives were used, while esterified fatty acids in this case showed no change. The electrophoretic pattern of lipoproteins and proteins was unaltered. It is concluded that the decisive factor for lipid concentration in the Belzer procedure is the filtration, whereas cryopreci...

Comparative studies of lipid metabolism in Zebu and British cattle in a tropical environment. II. Blood lipid levels of cattle on different diets.

Breed differences in plasma lipid levels were previously reported for cattle grazing near Rockhampton, Qld. The present study investigated the blood lipids of British� and Zebu� type cattle subjected to the same dietary treatments. On high-quality diets only plasma non�esterified fatty acid concentrations were significantly affected (P &lt; 0�01) by level of intake. Plasma total cholesterol, phospholipid, and triglyceride levels were depressed by a low-quality diet which elevated the free: total cholesterol ratio.

Lipid metabolism in fatty liver of lysine- and threonine-deficient rats

Rats were fed a low protein diet deficient in and supplemented with lysine and threonine. Liver lipids contained more lecithin, sphingomyelin, and free fatty acids, and less amino phospholipids in the deficient rats. No variations in fatty acid composition of choline- and ethanolamine-containing phospholipids were found; only palmitic acid was increased in the serine-containing phospholipids of the deficient animals. The incorporation of acetate-(14)C into phospholipids, but not into other liver lipids, was lower in deficient rats. In the plasma of deficient rats the concentration of esterified fatty acids and phospholipids was lower, of free fatty acids higher, than in the controls. The fatty acid composition of depot fat differed from that of liver neutral fat both in deficient and supplemented animals. The results presented establish that multiple metabolic defects resulting from lysine and threonine deficiency accompany the fatty liver. The design of the experiments does not permit conclusions to be drawn regarding the causal relationship between the various alterations in lipid metabolism and the fatty liver.

The effect of lowered environmental temperature on lipid metabolism in rats fed on normal and high-fat, high-cholesterol diets.

1. Prolonged intermittent exposure to reduced environmental temperature (+2°) produced in rats given a nutritionally well-balanced diet a decrease in the concentration of esterified fatty acids in the blood serum, liver and epididymal fat tissue. In the last there was a significant increase in the unesterified: esterified fatty acid ratio. The hepatic synthesis of fatty acids from [1–14C]acetate remained unchanged. A decrease in the concentration of cholesterol was found in the blood serum, liver and lungs of animals exposed to cold.2. When a high-fat, high-cholesterol diet was given, exposure to cold increased the mobilization of lipids; this was indicated by the elevation of the unesterified fatty acid levels in the blood serum and in the epididymal fat tissue. In rats given the high-fat diet the lipotropic action of cold on the liver was confirmed. This action was characterized by a decrease of esterified fatty acid levels and by an increase of glycogen concentration in the liver. This effect is probably due to a lowering of hepatic lipogenesis and to increased oxidation of fatty acids in the liver tissue. In rats given the high-fat dict, cold exposure produced an increased cholesterol accumulation in the tissues and more pronounced morphological changes in the myocardium.

SYMPATHOLYTIC DRUGS AND HYPERLIPAEMIA INDUCED IN RATS BY INTRAPERITONEAL INJECTIONS OF SURFACE-ACTIVE AGENT.

Hyperlipaemia and hypercholesterolaemia were induced in white rats by intraperitoneal injections of tyloxapol. Various sympatholytics and adrenolytics, including blocking agents of beta-receptors, were given simultaneously with tyloxapol. Bretylium tosylate prevented the increase in the serum levels of esterified fatty acids and cholesterol caused by tyloxapol. Phentolamine decreased the enhancement by tyloxapol of cholesterol and total lipid concentrations in the serum. Guanethidine and phenoxybenzamine reduced the increase in the concentration of esterified fatty acids, whereas dichloroisoprenaline insignificantly increased the tyloxapol-induced hyperlipaemia. A small dose of pronethalol slightly increased the esterified fatty acid level in tyloxapol-treated animals; a large dose significantly decreased the serum cholesterol concentration.