Ester Oil Research Articles

Corncob-Derived Sulfonated Magnetic Solid Catalyst Synthesis as Heterogeneous Catalyst in The Esterification of Waste Cooking Oil and Bibliometric Analysis

A corncob-derived magnetic solid acid catalyst was synthesized through the sulfonation method and an impregnation process, respectively. In the sulfonation process, the concentrated H2SO4 was utilized as an activation agent to obtain acidic properties. The solution of ferric sulphate-ferrous sulphate was utilized for impregnation to generate the magnetic behaviour of the material. The prepared magnetic acid solid catalyst had a high saturation magnetisation value of 16.48 emu/g and a total acidity of 1.43 mmol/g. The performance of the catalyst was evaluated in the esterification reaction of waste cooking oil. The best result presented 86.12% FFA conversion under reaction conditions of 5% catalyst loading and a 1:15 oil-to-methanol molar ratio at 60oC for 4 h. The catalyst was separated magnetically from the reaction solution and exhibited a good reusability with 61% remaining active after 5 consecutive cycles of reaction. This study resulted in a promising method to obtain magnetic-sulfonated carbon-based catalyst from corncob residue, and it is economical potentially and environmentally friendly for the esterification of low-quality feedstock for biodiesel production.

Dynamic Viscosity-Temperature Characteristics and Models of Various Lubricating Oils

Background: The dynamic viscosity - temperature characteristics of lubricants are the main factors used to determine the oil film thickness and carrying capacity. There are few studies on the factors affecting the dynamic viscosity-temperature characteristics of lubricating oils and the dynamic viscosity-temperature model. Objective: This research aims to analyse the influences of lubricating oil type and initial kinematic viscosity on dynamic viscosity - temperature characteristics and present a new dynamic viscosity - temperature model. Methods: The characteristic curves of dynamic viscosity versus temperature of polyol ester oil, paraffinic mineral oil, and five types of PAO (poly a-olefin) oils with different initial viscosities were obtained by using a kinematic viscosity test device and a density test device. The influences of lubricating oil type and lubricating oil viscosity on dynamic viscosity - temperature characteristics were analysed. Based on our patent technology and repeated verification, a new dynamic viscosity - temperature model was presented. Results: Viscosity - temperature curves of three different types of lubricating oils and viscosity - temperature curves of PAO oils with different initial kinematic viscosities were obtained. A new dynamic viscosity - temperature model η=A×e^(((-T)/n) )⁡+ η_0 was proposed. Conclusion: The dynamic viscosity - temperature characteristics of lubricating oils are not only determined by the type of oils but also determined by the initial kinematic viscosity.The variation of dynamic viscosity of lubricating oils with temperature in the scope of -40~110℃ can be described by the following viscosity temperature model : , which can be used in wider temperature range than the existing models.

Wear mechanism and evolution of tribofilm of ceramic on steel pairs under ester oil lubrication in wide temperature range

The ceramic-steel-pentaerythritol ester system has a broad application prospect under high temperature conditions, which are respectively in the fields of aviation, aerospace and advanced equipment manufacturing. However, a comprehensive understanding of the friction and wear mechanisms of this system across a broad temperature range remains elusive. The tribological properties of the system at 25–475 °C were studied. With the increase of temperature, the evolution of the tribofilm follows the sequence: discontinuous tribofilm → uniform tribofilm → tribofilm removal. At 200–300 °C, an approximately 100 nm thick amorphous PxOy compound tribofilm is formed, and its nanohardness and modulus are reduced by 81.33 % and 54.02 %, respectively, compared with base steel. The tribofilm effectively reduces shear resistance by blocking friction pair contact. When the temperature exceeds 300 °C, it will lead to high-temperature coking, which adversely affects the lubrication performance. It is worth noting that the system can endure short-term service at a maximum temperature of 475 °C. Therefore, this research can help achieve continuous, stable operation of high-temperature resistant systems, as well as short-term use under extreme conditions encountered by complex equipment.

Biochar-based bi-functional catalyst derived from rubber seed shell and eggshell for biodiesel production from waste cooking oil

The application of biomass-based sources for energy generation has attracted much interest in recent times due to theirenvironmental benefits. In this study, the potential use of rubber seed shells and eggshells in the synthesis of bi-functional catalysts for biodiesel production has been investigated. The catalyst was produced in a sequence of steps that includedcarbonization, sulfonation, calcination, and impregnation. The catalyst was characterized using Scanning electron microscopy, X-ray fluorescence spectrophotometry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller analysis. The catalysts’ performance was assessed throughthe simultaneous esterification and transesterification of waste cooking oil with a free fatty acid content of 2.9 %. Response surface methodology based on central composite design was employed to model and optimize the process. The factors investigated included methanol/oil ratio (4:1 – 20:1), catalyst concentration (1 – 5 wt%), reaction temperature (50 – 70 °C), and time (1 – 5 h). The catalyst was found to have a specific surface area of 241.0 m2/g, a pore volume of 0.189 cc/g, and a pore size of 1.132 nm. A methanol/oil molar ratio of 14.2:1, catalyst concentration of 2.0 wt%, temperature of 62.5 °C, and reaction time of 2.3 h were the optimum reaction conditions required to achieve an optimum average biodiesel yield of 89.4 % and FFA conversion of 91.8 %. Also, the leaching of the catalysts wasinsignificant, and the catalysts demonstrated good reusability, producing a biodiesel yield of 81.9 % after the fifth cycle. The physicochemical properties of the produced biodiesel fall within the ranges of the recommended ASTM 6751 and EN14214 international standards. The utilization of rubber seeds and eggshells for catalyst synthesis offers a promising, cost-effective, and eco-friendly way to produce biodiesel.

Facile Production of Biodiesel from Candlenut Oil (<i>Aleurites moluccana</i> L.) Using Photocatalytic Method by Nano Sized-ZnO Photocatalytic Agent Synthesized via Polyol Method

Biodiesel production from non-edible oil is an alternative way to reduce edible oil dependency and reduce the competition for feed and food. Candlenut oil (Aleurites moluccana L.) is one of the non-edible oils which can be used as feedstock for biodiesel production since they have a high oil content. Herein, the biodiesel production from candlenut oil has been conducted using zinc oxide (ZnO) synthesized by the polyol method. Polyol methods facilitated the formation of ZnO nanoparticles with various shapes, including spherical, rod, and hexagonal. Besides, ZnO showed a mesoporous characteristic, facilitating the conversion of fat fatty acid to fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) of 61%. Increasing ZnO dosage led to enhancing the FAME yield. Similarly, the FAME yield was also improved by increasing the reaction time. The results of esterification of candlenut oil and methanol yielded 70.76% FAME with 2% nano-ZnO polyol catalyst at 180 min reaction time at room temperature whilst being stirred constantly at 400 rpm. A good FAME conversion using ZnO at room temperature provides good information to produce biodiesel with a simple method. Apart from that, photocatalytic promoted transesterification at room temperature, which is beneficial for reducing energy consumption.

Experimental study on effects of pilot injection mass strategy on combustion, Performance and emission characteristics of CRDI Engine

This experimental work reports how different pilot masses of biodiesel-blended fuel in Common Rail Direct Injection (CRDI) engines affect engine performance, combustion, and emissions. This experiment used 20MEWCO (20 % Methyl Esters of Waste Cooking Oil + 80 % Diesel) as the test fuel. Several parameters, such as timing and injection mass, affect how the CRDI system delivers fuel. In this work, the pilot injection mass was varied by 5 %, 7.5 %, and 10 %, keeping other factors such as injection pressure at 500 bar and the timing of the pilot and main injections at 36°Crank Angle before Top Dead Centre (bTDC) and 15°Crank Angle before Top Dead Centre (bTDC), respectively. This work reveals that when pilot mass is increased in steps of 2.5%, the combustion performance parameters like cylinder pressure, heat release rate and specific fuel consumption values decrease. Also, it gave off less smoke, carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons than regular diesel with more nitrous oxide. Also, it was found that at 10 % of the pilot mass, carbon monoxide, hydrocarbon, and smoke emissions were significantly reduced, with a slight rise in oxide of nitrogen emissions at the same time, without affecting the engine performance.

Research on the Performance Parameters of a Compression-Ignition Engine Fueled by Blends of Diesel Fuel, Rapeseed Methyl Ester and Hydrotreated Vegetable Oil

This research compares the air pollution (CO, CO2, HC, NOx, smoke), energy (brake-specific fuel consumption, thermal efficiency) and noise indicators of a compression ignition engine fueled by first-generation biodiesel (rapeseed methyl ester (RME)) and second-generation biodiesel (hydrogenated vegetable oils (HVO)), or conventional (fossil) diesel fuel blends. The concentration of first- and second-generation biodiesel in two-component blends with diesel fuel was up to 15% and 30% (RME15, RME30, HVO15, and HVO30); for comparison, the three-component blend of diesel fuel, HVO and RME (RME15–HVO15) was considered. The fuels’ physical and chemical properties were tested in a specialized laboratory, and the engine load conditions were ensured by the engine brake stand. Referring to ship power plants with constant-speed engines, detailed research was carried out in one speed mode (n = 2000 rpm). Studies have shown that two-component fuel blends with HVO are superior to conventional diesel fuel and two-component blends with RME in almost all cases. The HVO in fuel blends reduced fuel consumption up to 1.8%, while the thermal efficiency was close to that of fossil diesel fuel. In addition, a reduction in pollutants was observed: CO by ~12.5–25.0%; HC by ~5.0–12.0%; NOx by ~6.5%; smokiness by ~11–18% (two-component blend) and up to ~29% (three-component blend). The CO2 and noise characteristics were close to those of fossil diesel fuel; however, the trend of reduced smoke emission was clearly seen. A fundamental obstacle to the wide use of HVO can be seen, however, which is the price, which is 25–90% (depending on the EU country) higher than the price of conventional (fossil) diesel fuel.

Atomic scale microparameter analysis of modified natural ester molecules related to impulse discharge characteristics under electric field

Modified natural ester (MNE) has significant potential for application in transformers as an environmentally friendly and renewable energy source. In comparison to natural esters, MNE offers notable advantages in terms of viscosity and power frequency breakdown voltage. However, the lightning impulse breakdown characteristics of MNE and the atomic-scale microscopic mechanisms related to its discharge characteristics remain unclear. Understanding the lightning impulse breakdown characteristics of MNE is crucial for ensuring the safe operation of transformers. In this paper, the density functional theory is used to calculate the change law of the microscopic parameters related to the discharge characteristics of MNE under the electric field under the action of electric field, so as to theoretically evaluate the lightning impulse discharge behavior of MNE. The results reveal that the electronic and geometric structures of MNE molecules are influenced by electric fields, which is the primary factor contributing to the variations in microscopic parameters under different electric field strengths. As the electric field intensity increases, the dipole moment of MNE tends to increase, while the ionization potential and excitation energy of MNE tend to decrease. The decrease of ionization potential, excitation energy and energy gap of MNE molecules is about 6.61%–68.01%, 4.34%–47.66% and 2.01%–69.23%. By comparing the calculated results of mineral oil, natural ester, and MNE microparameters, it can be inferred that the lightning impulse breakdown behavior of MNE is similar to that of natural ester and lightning impulse breakdown voltage of MNE is higher than that of natural ester but still lower than that of mineral oil. The average negative polarity lightning impulse voltages of MNE, natural ester and mineral oil in the 85 mm oil gap are about 245 kV, 199 kV and 304 kV, respectively. The test results confirmed the simulation conclusions. This study provides robust theoretical support for understanding the lightning impulse breakdown characteristics of MNE and ensuring its safe operation in transformers.

Aging analysis of non-edible natural ester oil–paper insulation under various conditions

Natural esters have emerged as a viable and sustainable alternate for liquid insulation in power transformers. However, the natural esters currently used for transformer applications are extracted from edible sources, leading to concerns about their impact on the food supply. In order to overcome this issue, studies on the dielectric properties of non-edible natural esters have received a lot of attention in industries as alternative dielectric liquids for power transformers. In this research work, non-edible natural esters, namely Jatropha oil, Karanja oil, and Mahua oil are taken for analysis. Cellulose materials are impregnated with these oil samples, further, the samples are aged at 130 °C up to 28 days. Different dielectric, mechanical, physical and chemical parameters are measured and analyzed after every 7 days of aging. When comparing the results, karanja oil performed better than others.

Carbon-Based Solid Acid Catalyzed Esterification of Soybean Saponin-Acidified Oil with Methanol Vapor for Biodiesel Synthesis

In this study, carbon-based solid acids were used to catalyze the esterification of soybean saponin-acidified oil (SSAO) with methanol vapor for the synthesis of biodiesel. The esterification conversion under different conditions was determined, and the catalyst components were determined using acid-base titration, elemental analysis, and inductively coupled plasma spectroscopy. The results showed that the conversion of SSAO under the optimal esterification conditions (i.e., catalyst loading of 6 wt%, methanol/oil molar ratio of 50:1, reaction temperature of 76 °C, and reaction time of 4 h) was 98.9%. The conversion was still higher than 80% after the catalyst was reused for four batches. The methanol vapor esterification (MVE) effectively mitigated the leaching of sulfonic acid groups and the production of sulfonate esters, while the activated white clay adsorption can significantly reduce the metal ion content in SSAO, which weakens its ion exchange with sulfonic acid groups. MVE for biodiesel synthesis is less costly compared to liquid methanol esterification because of the high recovery of methanol and the improved catalyst stability. Therefore, the addition of methanol in the form of vapor in the carbon-based solid acid-catalyzed esterification system is an effective way to maintain the catalyst activity and reduce the production cost of biodiesel.

Bio Diesel as the Next Generation Sustainable Fuel-an Overview

Demand of petroleum based fuels is increasing and contrary to that the fossil fuels are depleting. India being a developing country, with multi fold increase in population needs more energy resources. The vegetable oils, edible and non edible, have promised an opportunity to utilize them as an alternative source as a fuel in place of diesel.Edible oil being costly, researchers have given more emphasis on non-edible oils and investigation was done after proper experimentation in IC engines. Major problems associated with vegetable oils are higher viscosities, lower heating values, chocking of nozzles, engine compatibility, higher engine wear and high price of bio diesel, cold start problem, lower energy content, higher copper strip corrosion etc. Esterification of vegetable oils and their conversion to bio-diesels have opened a new opportunity to experiment and know the performance in the existing CI engines with no modifications.

Analysis on insulating characteristics of natural high oleic ester and mineral oil based blended oil under accelerated thermal aging exposure

Analysis on insulating characteristics of natural high oleic ester and mineral oil based blended oil under accelerated thermal aging exposure

Tribological characterisation of graphene hybrid nanolubricants in biofuel engines

The rapid development of nanotechnology allows further enhancement of the tribological performance of lubricants by utilizing nano-additives. This study used a four-ball tribometer to examine the tribological properties of three different oils, namely 15 W-40 mineral oil, 5 W-30 completely synthetic polyalphaolefin with ester oil and pongamia oil with additional graphene nanoplatelets. The experiment model was constructed using a mathematical technique known as Response Surface Methodology (RSM), with the experimental design developed by using Optimal Custom Design. The extent of the influence to which various operating parameters, including load, speed and concentration of nanoparticles, were assessed by analysis of variance (ANOVA) and regression analysis. The simulation results are used for optimization purposes to determine the optimum concentration of nanoparticles that provides excellent tribological properties. The surface morphology was analysed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy to explore the mechanisms that improve the tribological performance. The optimum concentration of graphene nanoplatelets (GNP) was determined to be 0.126 wt%, 0.15 wt%, and 0.096 wt% for mineral oil, synthetic polyalphaolefin with ester oil and pongamia oil respectively. The optimization of graphene nanoplatelets (GNP) concentration on mineral oil (MO), synthetic oil (SO) and Pongamia oil (PO) exhibits 5.78, 15.63 and 6.82% friction reduction respectively and 17.68, 29.46 and 97.32% wear reduction respectively compared to base oils. The dispersion stability results show that GNP is more stable in MO and SO than PO in the absence of surfactant. Finally, the improvement on worn surface was observed with optimization of concentration due to the significant polishing effect of GNP.

Catalytic hydrothermal liquefaction of water hyacinth: An investigation into bio-oil generation and co-synthesis of Cu core-shell carbon hybrids

ABSTRACT The present study involved examining the hydrothermal liquefaction of Cu-impregnated water hyacinth for bio-oil production, and the co-synthesis of Cu Core-shell carbon hybrids. Effects of operating parameters such as temperature and Cu-impregnated biomass-to-water ratio on bio-oil and carbon hybrid yield were discussed. Results showed the highest total bio-oil yield of 34.82% was attained at 280°C with a biomass-to-water ratio of 1:9 at a residence time of 15 min. Carbon nanometal hybrids were characterized by TEM and FESEM to confirm the formation of Cu Core-Shell carbon hybrids and resulted in the average particle size of 351 nm, whereas XRD and XPS ensured the catalytic carbothermal transition of Cu2+ to Cu+/Cu particles. GC-MS and NMR analyzed the bio-oil samples and identified alcohols, alkanes, and esters in light oil. In contrast, carboxylic acids, ethers, esters, and phenols were key compounds in heavy oil.

A Comparative Evaluation of a Compressed Ignition Engine Fuelled with Nano Methyl Esters of Punnai and Waste Cooking Oil

In this experimental work focused on, the performance, emission, and combustion characteristics of Nano methyl esters of Punnai oil and Waste Cooking oil, and their diesel blends in a Compressed Ignition were experimentally tested. In the study, Nano Punnai oil methyl esters (NPOME), and Nano Waste Cooking Oil Methyl Esters (NWCOME) were prepared by the transesterification process. The Bio diesel-diesel blends were prepared by mixing 10%, 30%, 50%, and 70% of biodiesel with diesel. The effects of two nano methyl esters and their diesel blends on engine performance, combustion, and exhaust emissions are tested at different engine loads. Experimental results concluded that up to 30% of no methyl esters did not affect the performance, combustion, and emissions characteristics. On the other hand, above B30 (30% Biodiesel with 70% diesel) a reduction in performance, combustion, and emission characteristics is clear from the study.

A new type of laboratory microdevice for distillation of lavender and herb raw materials

Abstract. Bulgaria is known for its essential oils and medicinal plants, which occupy increasing parts in the agricultural areas. In recent years, the boom in lavender production has made our country the largest producer of lavender oil in the world. This intensified the scientific work with it and led to the creation of new lavender varieties and lines that are used in production. All research and tests on an industrial scale go through the laboratory distillation of small amounts of plant material to determine the quantity and quality of essential oil. In laboratory practice, micro-apparatus for water distillation is widely used, which does not reflect the real results for the yield and quality of the product. This necessitated the creation of a new laboratory device for determining the content of essential oil in raw materials with labile (rich in esters) oil by the application of steam distillation. The design of this apparatus mirrors industrial installations, thus the results it produces accurately simulate those of industrial production. Tests with herbal raw materials, like Lavandula angustifolia Mill., Salva sclarea L. and Helichrysum italicum (Roth) G. Don showed that the model is effective and applicable. The oils obtained by the new apparatus retained an ester content of 40.2%, 75.0% and 4.8%, respectively; these figures represent a significant improvement over previous methods.

Production of Biodiesel Using Enzymatic Esterification of Multi-Feedstock Oils

Biodiesel is produced from oils esterified with alcohol into glycerol and water. Vegetable edible oil raw materials are the main consideration in biodiesel production. This study used three types of oil, namely palm oil (PO), waste frying oil (WFO), soybean oil (SO), and corn oil (CO), with the catalyst of the enzyme lipase. The price of WFO as raw materials is low, although it must be controlled acid and water levels. In the research run, the oil mixture consists of two types of oils mixed with a certain composition and the addition of certain lipase enzymes. The research resulted that the yield produced by multi-feedstock biodiesel with free fatty acid (FFA) < 2 was 89.7%, 89.03%, and 86.11% higher than the sample with FFA > 2 at 79.54%, 74.66%, and 73.33%, respectively. The minimum density produced is a mixture of WFO with CO of 861.1 kg/m3. The largest viscosity produced is a mixture of WFO with SO of 18.03 mm2/s. Mixing raw materials can lower the number of iodine multi-feedstock biodiesel. The number of acids produced by multi-feedstock biodiesel exceeds ASTM standards. The total glycerol produced by multi-feedstock biodiesel varies, whereby a multi-feedstock blend of PO can lower total glycerol. In contrast, a multi-feedstock blend of WFO tends to produce high total glycerol.

Optimization of biodiesel yield from non-food karanja seed oil: Characterization and assessment of fuel properties

In the present research work, a non-conventional oil i.e., karanja (Pongamia pinnata L.) seed oil was selected to synthesize biodiesel through base catalyzed transesterification reaction. To minimize the FFA (free fatty acid) value of oil, esterification of oil using H2SO4 was carried out before the transesterification. The esterified oil was then subjected to transesterification with methanol in the presence of KOH, yielding karanja oil methyl esters (KOMEs) along with glycerol as a side-product. The transesterification was carried out under optimized reaction parameters such as alcohol to oil molar ratio of 6:1, temperature of 60 °C, KOH concentration of 1.00%, reaction time of 120 min, stirring rate of 750 rpm and maximum KOMEs yield of 95.4% was achieved. Different functional groups in KOMEs were traced via FTIR whereas GC-MS profiling was investigated to characterize different fatty acids in KOMEs. Moreover, fuel characteristics of KOMEs were determined and matched with standards. The findings of this research work support the use of Pongamia pinnata seed oil as a viable non-conventional/non-food oil feedstock for production of good quality biodiesel with value-added perspectives.

Comparative analysis of AC breakdown properties of Jatropha-based ester and other insulating oils: commercial natural ester, synthetic ester, and mineral oil

Comparative analysis of AC breakdown properties of Jatropha-based ester and other insulating oils: commercial natural ester, synthetic ester, and mineral oil

Re-Assemblable, Recyclable, and Self-Healing Epoxy Resin Adhesive Based on Dynamic Boronic Esters.

Thermosetting adhesives are commonly utilized in various applications. However, covalent cross-linked networks prevent thermosetting adhesives from being re-assembled, which necessitates higher machining precision. Additionally, the primary raw materials used in adhesive preparation are derived from non-renewable petroleum resources, which further constrain adhesive development. In this study, a recyclable adhesive was developed by incorporating dynamic boronic esters into epoxy resin derived from soybean oil. The successful synthesis of epoxidized soybean oil and boronic esters was confirmed through the analysis of proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectra and differential scanning calorimetry results. Swelling tests and tensile curves demonstrated the presence of covalently cross-linked networks. Self-healing and reprocessing experiments indicated that the cross-linked network topology could be re-assembled under mild conditions.