Establishment Of Legal Framework Research Articles

Digital Safety for Women and Children: Legal and Policy Challenges Indonesia, Philippines, and Thailand

This study explores the legal protections against online sexual exploitation of children and online gender-based violence (OGBV) in Southeast Asia, focusing on Indonesia, the Philippines, and Thailand. Using a systematic literature review (SLR) methodology, this research identifies and evaluates legal frameworks, implementation challenges, and the role of digital platforms in addressing these issues. Key regulations such as the Electronic Information and Transactions (ITE) Law in Indonesia, the Cybercrime Prevention Act in the Philippines, and the Computer Crime Act in Thailand were analyzed alongside institutional reports and academic studies. The results reveal that while these countries have made significant progress through the establishment of legal frameworks, implementation remains hindered by limited technical capacity, a lack of digital forensic expertise, and low public digital literacy. Furthermore, weak enforcement and insufficient oversight of digital platforms exacerbate the problem, as many platforms fail to respond promptly to reports of illegal content. Despite progressive laws such as Indonesia's Sexual Violence Prevention Law and the Philippines' international collaborations, slow law enforcement processes and economic vulnerabilities contribute to the persistence of these issues. The study concludes that Southeast Asian countries need to enhance technical capabilities, expand public education, strengthen international collaboration, and ensure greater accountability from digital platforms. These measures are essential to addressing gaps in enforcement and creating a safer digital environment for women and children in the region.

Deepfakes in digital media forensics: Generation, AI-based detection and challenges

Deepfake technology presents significant challenges for digital media forensics. As deepfakes become increasingly sophisticated, the ability to detect and attribute manipulated media becomes more difficult. The main challenge lies in the realistic and convincing nature of deepfakes, which can deceive human perception and traditional forensic techniques. Furthermore, the widespread availability of open-source deepfake tools and increasing computational power contribute to the ease with which malicious actors can create and disseminate deepfakes. The challenges posed by deepfakes for digital media forensics are multifaceted. Therefore, the development of sophisticated detection algorithms, the creation of comprehensive datasets, and the establishment of legal frameworks are crucial in addressing these challenges. This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of current methods for deepfake generation and the issues surrounding their detection. It also explores the potential of modern AI-based detection techniques in combating the proliferation of deepfakes. This analysis aims to contribute to advancing deepfake detection by highlighting the limits of current detection techniques, the most relevant issues, the upcoming challenges, and suggesting future directions for research.

Advancing The Blue Economy Through Sustainable Mariculture: The Prospect of Pearl Oyster and Sponge Cultivation in St. Vincent and The Grenadines

The Blue Economy is estimated to be worth over USD 2.5 trillion annually, or almost 3% of the world’s GDP in 2020. St. Vincent and the Grenadines (SVG) in the Caribbean region has a vast and rich marine space that is underutilized. This study aimed to explore the feasibility of pearl oyster and sponge farming to advance the country’s Blue Economy through sustainable mariculture. A qualitative approach was applied, using a literature review and thematic analysis of data gathered through semi—structured interviews and focus group discussions with relevant stakeholders. Among several species evaluated, the result of the study revealed that the Pinctada imbricata oyster species and Hippospongia lachne sponge species are the most suitable for cultivation in SVG coastal waters, specifically in the Ashton Lagoon of Union Island. The study concluded that while there is strong support from the stakeholders in SVG for pearl oyster and sponge farming in the country, challenges still exist. Nevertheless, it has been found that by learning and adopting the strategies of the leading Small Island Developing States (SIDS) in the Blue Economy development combined with the critical enablers such as meticulous planning, stakeholder collaboration, establishment of legal frameworks, and ecosystem—based management, pearl oyster and sponge mariculture in the identified location in SVG could potentially aid the expansion of the country’s Blue Economy.

Barriers to increase surgical productivity in Sierra Leone: a qualitative study

ObjectiveTo explore factors influencing surgical provider productivity and identify barriers against and opportunities to increase individual surgical productivity in Sierra Leone, in order to explain the observed increase in unmet...

Waste Management – A Case Study of Producer Responsibility Scheme (PRS) on Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) in Hong Kong

This paper aims to study the implementation of the producer responsibility scheme (PRS) on waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) (also known as WPRS in Hong Kong) which is a newly enacted policy by the local government. This is a qualitative case study based on content analysis of European countries with similar experiences in handling the WEEE. By initial review of journal articles in respect of WEEE system implemented by fifteen European countries, four countries with best practice are selected for detailed analysis so that the key success factors of each country will be identified. The results are concluded with generally six characteristics of WEEE system with operational efficiency and a WEEE value with these features as components is also drawn. At the same time, the past and current situations of WEEE management in Hong Kong will be explored. This case study reveals that, based on the establishment of legal framework and execution of environmental governance, a successful WEEE system is affected by (1) stakeholders’ responsibility, especially government involvement, (2) comprehensive and formal governed recycling (collection and treatment of end-of-life product) system, i.e. a well-developed closed-loop supply chain or circular economy to handle wastes and (3) adequate and sufficient controlling mechanism to ensure the compliance with PRS’s requirements. These findings are valuable to the Hong Kong government to effectively and efficiently implement the WEEE policy. Finally, I draw conclusion and recommendation based on the findings in this study.

Not decided in the kitchen! Technocracy and the regulatory-welfare politics of India’s Direct Benefits Transfer reform

Public policies designed to advance governance reform without the corresponding legal frameworks that secure democratic values can exacerbate the power imbalance between the government and the policies’ targets. This article discusses India’s post-liberalization changes through the governance paradigms of New Public Management and technocracy. Using the case of Direct Benefits Transfer reform, it traces the emergence of technocracy as a governance paradigm. It discusses the implications of technocracy’s complementarity with contemporary populism for the restructuring of social citizenship. It makes a case for a neo-Weberian transformation through a renewed commitment to a legal approach to public administration in order to reinforce the public’s faith in the role of the administrative state as an instrument of emancipation and social progress. Points for practitioners Public administration, especially in non-Western contexts, is characterized by the prioritization of managerial innovations in government over the establishment of legal frameworks. In that context, this article illustrates two central points for practitioners: • The powers of delegated legislation should be exercised transparently and by establishing a clear relationship to the formally stated policy objectives. • The operations of the administrative state should be structured in order to advance the goals of both distributive and procedural justice.

The Establishment of Legal Framework in Shanghai Free Trade Zone

The Establishment of Legal Framework in Shanghai Free Trade Zone

The Establishment of Legal Framework in Shanghai Free Trade Zone

The Establishment of Legal Framework in Shanghai Free Trade Zone

Kratki pregled novih zakonskih rješenja za sankcionisanje maloljetnih učinilaca krivičnih djela u Brčko distriktu BiH

By signing the UN Convention on the Rights of the State of Bosnia and Herzegovina is committed to improving the rights and freedoms of the child through the establishment of legal frameworks and establish institutions and mechanisms necessary for the application of the provisions of this convention. According to this convention, children in conflict with the law are entitled to the „process complies with advancing their own sense of dignity and value of the child“. Basic principles of this convention respecting the best interests of the child, the child’s right to life, survival and development, non-discrimination and active participation of the child in all proceedings affecting it. Experience shows that the rights of children in conflict with the law is often violated. It is not uncommon for these children long wait for the start of the trial without a proper representative, exposed to violence in prison or are done for imposing inappropriate sanctions. This paper aims to show how the application of the new law, which should contribute to the achievement of a legal framework for the creation of a new juvenile justice system through monitoring and improvement of the work of criminal proceedings and the enforcement of criminal sanctions.

Protection of Cultural Heritage in Bhutan: Towards the Establishment of Legal Framework

Protection of Cultural Heritage in Bhutan: Towards the Establishment of Legal Framework

Urban tenants and community involvement

One reason that community involvement in local improvement projects does not work is because this activity is based on the assumption that local residents are owners of their housing. In a growing number of cities, a very significant proportion of residents are no more than the renters of the property they occupy. The number of renters is growing largely because they are part of a group which cannot afford the cost of house purchase due to their poverty. Much urban development policy ignores this important fact and, as a result, improvements through upgrading do not occur. Based particularly on evidence from East Africa, but from other countries as well, the paper concludes that there is an urgent need to develop new approaches to the human settlement situation. These must include a wider approach to the various options of tenure, the development of community organisations dealing with a broader set of issues than just housing, the training of technicians and social workers to help organise improvements and the establishment of legal frameworks.