Establishment Of Germplasm Banks Research Articles

Realizing certainty in an uncertain future climate: modeling suitable areas for conserving wild Citrus species under different change scenarios in India.

Citrus is an important horticultural crop of India and is often prone to diseases, particularly under increased temperature scenarios. For developing disease-resistant Citrus varieties, conservation of wild relatives is extremely important. However, our knowledge on temperature tolerance of these wild relatives of Citrus to varied climate change scenarios is extremely limited. Therefore, we determined the climatic niche of six wild relatives of cultivated Citrus species (C. indica Tanaka, C. karna Rafin., C. latipes (Swingle) Tanaka, C. macroptera Montrouz., C. medica L., and C. sinensis (L.) Osbeck.) and identified the geographical areas in India that would remain climatically stable in future through ecological niche modeling (ENM). Raster data on 19 bioclimatic variables with a resolution of 0.04° were used to generate niche models for each Citrus species that delineated their potential distribution areas. Future species distribution predictions for the year 2050 were made using the climate change scenarios from the most appropriate climate models, i.e., IPSL-CM5A-LR and NIMR-HADGEM2-AO with four Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs). Ensemble of current and future projections was used to identify climatically stable areas for each species. Precipitation-related bioclimatic variables were the key climatic determinants for the modeled distribution pattern. The consensus of current and future projections suggests that most areas with stable climates for the species in the future would be available in the northeastern states of Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya, Mizoram, and Tripura. Efforts for in situ conservation and establishment of germplasm banks and citrus orchards may be encouraged in these identified areas.

Efficient protocol for in vitro propagation of Laelia rubescens Lindl. from asymbiotic seed germination

Laelia rubescens Lindl. is an orchid species that is currently threatened by fragmentation of its habitat. Compared to other species of the genus Laelia, this species has been less studied, and so far, well-characterized protocols for its successful in vitro establishment and conservation have not been reported. Here we describe a protocol for asymbiotic germination, in vitro development, and acclimatization of L. rubescens. Tretrazolium tests were used to monitor seed viability during 12 weeks after open pollination. A factorial experiment for asymbiotic germination was established using four different capsule ages and four different basal culture media: Knudson C, Phytamax, Vacint and Went, half-strength Murashige and Skoog, and full-strength Murashige and Skoog. Then, the effect of pineapple juice and coconut water, both at 100 ml L−1, on seedling growth was also quantified. Pine bark nuggets, pumice, tezontle, and rubber mulch were evaluated for acclimatization, to determinate their suitability on survival and ex vitro growth of L. rubescens. Temporal-course analyses of seed viability revealed that seeds from fruits nine weeks after hand self-pollination are already suitable for in vitro germination. Phytamax supplemented with peptone (100 g L−1) was the best medium to promote seed asymbiotic germination, which was strongly inhibited by NH4 as inorganic nitrogen source. Pineapple juice (100 ml L−1) had a synergetic effect with peptone to enhance seedling growth. All of the substrates for acclimatization allowed rooting and growth but the higher survival percentages and dry weight were obtained with pumice rock. This protocol can be useful for conservation, establishment of germplasm banks, and for L. rubescens breeding programs .

CONTEMPORARY AND FUTURE POTENTIAL GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION OF Cedrela fissilis Vell. UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE SCENARIOS

ABSTRACT The objective of the present work was to model the climate niche of Cedrela fissilis Vell. and to project the contemporary and future potential spatial distribution considering different climate change scenarios. Species occurrence data were obtained from the SpeciesLink and Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) databases. Altitude data, and 19 climate variables for both present and future conditions were obtained from the WorldClim database. The spatial prediction for the year 2070, considering an optimistic scenario (RCP 4.5) and a pessimistic one (RCP 8.5), was defined by Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) regarding the concentration of greenhouse gases. The climate niche modeling was performed using the Maximum Entropy algorithm (MaxEnt). The results showed that C. fissilis has a wide geographic distribution, occurring in most South American countries. Its distribution showed a high correlation associated with the isothermal and precipitation variables in the humid month. In future scenarios, impacts on the climatic suitability of the areas in which the species occur, will not be spatially homogeneous. Indeed, reductions of about 47% (RCP4.5) and 63% (RCP8.5) are expected. It is recommended the creation and expansion of Conservation Units (CU) in areas that will remain climatically suitable for this species. The areas that will not have a favorable climate in the future should be considered strategic for genetic rescue and establishment of germplasm banks. Areas changing into a favorable climate should be considered as new areas of ecological and forestry interest.

Maintenance of Brazilian Biodiversity by germplasm bank

Abstract: Currently the importance of using alternative strategies for biodiversity conservation is emphasized and since the establishment of germplasm bank is an alternative to the conservation of endangered species. This is a technique of great importance for the maintenance of Brazilian fauna. Since the early70'sthere was a growing concern about the need to preserve essential genetic resources for food and agriculture, mainly for conservation of genetic material from farm animals. Thus was created the Brasilia Zoo, in July 2010, the first Germplasm Bank of Wild Animals in Latin America, as an alternative strategy for the conservation of threatened or endangered species, using both gametes and somatic cells and stem cells. Then we argue to create new banks or research networks among different regions with aimed to tissue preservation.

Establishment and molecular characterization of a sweet potato germplasm bank of the highlands of Paraná State, Brazil

The sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L.) is a crop of great importance in developing countries, as a food staple, for animal feed, and potentially for biofuel. Development of cultivars adapted to specific regions within these countries would be useful. To start a breeding program, the first step is the establishment of a germplasm bank. We initiated a sweet potato germplasm bank with accessions collected from the highlands of Paraná State, Brazil. To establish this germplasm bank, we carried out numerous sweet potato-collecting expeditions in regions with an altitude above 700 meters in this region; 116 genotypes currently comprise this collection. The genetic diversity of this germplasm bank was estimated using inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers. Polymorphic information content (PIC), marker index (MI), and resolving power (RP) were calculated to determine the viability of ISSR markers for use in sweet potato genetic studies. The correlation between PIC and MI (r(2) = 0.81) and between MI and RP (r(2) = 0.97) were positive and significant, indicating that ISSR markers are robust for sweet potato identification. Two ISSR primers, 807 and 808, gave the best results for all attributes, and thus could be used as representative ISSR primers for the genetic analysis of sweet potato. Cluster analysis and principal component analysis indicated high genetic variability (0.51 of similarity among all genotypes); genotypes collected from different counties grouped together.

Técnicas de conservación in vitro para el establecimiento de bancos de germoplasma en cultivos tropicales.

The aim of this literature review is to describethe main techniques for short and long term germplasmconservation. These techniques allow establishment ofgermplasm banks. This article focuses on their usein tropical crops. In vitro preservation techniqueshave allowed conservation of plant genetic resourcesfor further use in plant breeding, research and foodsecurity purposes. Several research centers have usedthese techniques for tissue and seed storage of tropicalcrops, mainly for those that are difficult to preserve conventionally.