Establishment Of Forest Plantations Research Articles

Farmers’ Forest Values and Preferences for Strategies for Managing Smallholder Forest Plantations Established on State Reserve Lands, Ghana

Forest fringe communities have considerable knowledge of the value of forests. Quantitative forms of such knowledge can provide useful insights to complement scientific knowledge in forest resource management. Nonetheless, little attention has been given to the relevance of quantitative forms of such knowledge. A questionnaire survey of a sample of 92 farmers from six communities in Ghana engaged in smallholder forest plantation establishment was used to gather data on forest values and management strategies. Principal component analysis was employed in the data analysis. The results showed that ‘recreation’ (component 1) is dominated by direct use values and ‘habitat for wildlife’ (component 2), is dominated by indirect use values. In addition to filling the gap created by declining timber resources from natural forests, this study provides useful information on how smallholder plantations can be profitably managed for market and non-market values.

Stabilization of stage–discharge curves following the establishment of forest plantations: Implications for sediment production

AbstractThe Purapel watershed in central Chile has experienced drastic land‐use changes since the 1950s, beginning with the conversion of native forests to forest plantations. Controversy exists on the effects of reforestation on sediment production in watersheds. The temporal evolution of stage–discharge curves and sediment production was evaluated and correlated with historic sediment deposition at the Purapel watershed's main gauging station. Annual stage–discharge curves and the evolution of the stage–discharge relationship over time were developed. Trends were generated using the Mann‐Kendall statistical test, comparing results with the evolution of sediment downstream. Obtained results denote a positive and significant trend at flows greater than 90 m3 s−1 (Z = 2.77). This can be explained by major flows that deepen the bed, which is consistent with a significant and sustained decrease in channel width (Z = −2.51) and the production of sediments (Z = −2.49). Similarly, the average annual number of curves decreased from 1.7 to 1.4. This analysis supports the conclusion that sediment production from the Purapel watershed drastically decreased after the majority of forest plantations were established around 1990, with important implications on how to retain sediments on degraded slopes through large‐scale afforestation projects, as well as the necessary politics to make it happen.

The effects of several planting media on the red jabon (Anthocephalus macrophyllus (Roxb.) Havil) growth

Forest plantation establishment covers not only in the areas with optimum conditions but also in the marginal land areas. The selection of appropriate tree species is required when the plantation will be established in the marginal areas. This study aimed to determine the effects of several planting media, which is similar to the condition of the marginal/extreme conditions, on the growth of red jabon seedlings. The trials were conducted in a factorial complete randomized design with two tested factors, i.e., planting media (M) and watering conditions (P), in which each factor has three levels. The first factor consists of topsoil medium (M1) as control, subsoil ultisol + topsoil medium (M2), and sandy soil + topsoil medium (M3); while the second factor consists of: watered with tap water (P1), watered with salted-water (P2), and waterlogged condition (P3). The best growth response was shown by the red jabon seedlings, which were planted in the subsoil ultisol + topsoil with a waterlogged condition (M2P3). The growth response of red jabon seedlings in the M2 treatment was similar (2.35 cm height, 0.26 mm diameter) and was not significantly different from the control (2.36 cm height, 0.26 mm diameter). The waterlogged condition (2.6 cm height, 0.28 mm diameter) also resulted in similar growth response to the control treatment (2.39 cm height, 0.29 mm diameter). The sandy soils and salted-watering conditions showed inferior growth responses compare to the other treatments. Thus, the seedlings showed its preference both to the fertile topsoil and subsoil ultisol media with adequate to high moisture levels rather than sandy medium with salted-watering conditions.

Advance technology of tropical tree seed handling in Indonesia for high quality seed and seedling productions

Seed, as a primary input, plays a vital role for establishment of forest plantation and for any afforestation program. In the recent years, forest and land rehabilitation and community forestry become a great emphasis for Indonesian national forestry programs that make the requirement of seed has multiplied manifold. Seed has become a valuable commodity and thus needs a prudent planning and sophisticated innovated equipment to support procurement of high-quality seeds and seedlings. In the last few years, research and development in seed science and technology have made significant progress. Basic problems faced in tree seed procurement in the tropic are seed characters of recalcitrant and intermediate which well known for drastically deteriorating in seed viability and vigor, sensitive to drying process and low storability. Applied technology for improving seed and seedling quality can be conducted by invigoration methods including physical invigoration (hydro-priming, osmo-priming, matri- conditioning, gamma-ray irradiation) and physiological invigoration (hormone priming, micronutrient, bio-priming, ultra-fine bubble). Seed storage technique has been developing for preparation of planting program and in-situ conservation through seedling storage and cryopreservation. In seed distribution scheme, seed and seedling certifications were developed by compiling the seed testing and seed quality standard of Indonesian Nasional Standard.

Financial analysis of potential Pinus patula plantations in Antioquia, Colombia

The establishment of commercial forest plantations requires the selection of sites where reasonable profitability can be attained. A financial analysis was made for the identification of the most suitable areas for the establishment of new Pinus patula plantations in the central region of Antioquia, Colombia. The analysis was performed assuming basic silvicultural treatments at the establishment but no management during the entire rotation period. A volume yield data at the stand level was obtained from a previously fitted model that uses biophysical variables and stand density as predictors. The estimated stand volume, a detailed cash flow, and a derived stumpage price were combined to perform a financial analysis. The Land Expectation Value (LEV) and Internal Rate of Return (IRR) at the optimal rotation age, along with their spatial variation, were calculated in this study. Results suggest that the estimated volume and the current stumpage price are not sufficient to guarantee reasonable profitability for new timberland investments. While the LEV was negative, the IRR was in the range 4.1±1.5%, which is less than the discount rate of 6.8% used in the financial analysis. However, a positive LEV and an IRR at 8% would be achieved if forest productivity increases by 20% because of silvicultural practices or costs reduction in a similar proportion (obtaining IRRs up to 8.4%). Moreover, if the government provide subsidies, the IRR would increase up to 10.3% (without requiring an increase in productivity or a decrease in costs) on sites with high growth potential (mean annual increment greater than 16 m3 ha-1 year-1), and close to the mills (less than 45 km radii).

Impacts of Norway spruce (Picea abies L., H. Karst.) stands on soil in continental Croatia

A quantitative analysis of pedo-physiological indicators aimed at determining changes in the soil attributable to the effects of spruce plantations was done. The study was conducted at eight sites in central and north-western Croatia where spruce plantations were planted in the late 20th century. At each site, a pedological profile was opened within the spruce plantation and the endo-morphological parameters of the soil were determined. Composite soil samples from two depths (0-10 cm and 10-20 cm) and from the forest floor were taken in the spruce plantation and compared with samples taken at plots covered by natural vegetation (natural stands) located in the surroundings. The following pedo-physiographic indicators were measured on the collected soil samples: quantity of forest floor, particle size distribution of soil, pH values in H2O and in CaCl2 aqueous solution (concentration 0.01 mol dm-3), content of Corg, content of Ntot and content of bioavailable nutrients (using the Mehlich III method). The results showed that the forest floor had a higher mass in the spruce plantations than in natural stands. The mineral soil showed clear trends of influence of the spruce plantations on soil in terms of reduced pH values. Most plots in the spruce plantations showed a lower nitrogen content in the soil, a higher C/N ratio and lower content of bioavailable phosphorus. This study provides an insight into the amelioration effects of spruce plantations on soil, and represent a reliable basis for decision-making in planning specific interventions in terrestrial ecosystems, such as the establishment of new forest plantations.

Patrón y magnitud de la variación de la densidad de la madera en rodales semilleros de Pinus oocarpa

En el estado de Chiapas, México, Pinus oocarpa Schiede ex Schlechtendal es una especie predilecta para el establecimiento de plantaciones forestales y de restauración ecológica. Sin embargo, se desconoce la variación de variables importantes como la densidad de la madera. El objetivo fue conocer las fuentes de variación fenotípica de la densidad básica de la madera, los patrones de variación axial y radial, y los modelos predictivos para estimar densidad promedio de la madera (DPM) de Pinus oocarpa en rodales semilleros en Chiapas, México. Se recolectaron especímenes obtenidas a 0.30 m, 1.30 m, a 40% y a 60% de la altura total del fuste. La densidad de la madera (dm) se determinó con el método empírico. La variación fenotípica se determinó mediante análisis de varianza y de componentes de varianza. La variación atribuible a rodales semilleros fue baja (10.70%). La mayor variación se detectó entre y dentro de árboles con 39.30% de la variación total. El patrón de variación axial fue descendente, presentando mayor densidad en la parte baja del fuste. La variación radial indica aumento de la densidad de la madera de la médula hacia corteza. El modelo DPM = 0.107 + (0.714 * den0.30) es el más simple y tiene un valor de R2 ajustada de 0.927 para determinar la DPM del árbol. Los índices de correlación en Corazón del Valle sugieren la posibilidad de seleccionar y producir genotipos de P. oocarpa de rápido crecimiento y obtener al mismo tiempo mayor densidad en la madera producida.

Establishment and Development of Forestry Operation Mechanization

Development of machinery and equipment for forestry operation mechanization at the institute started practically right after its establishment. Special focus was on development of horse and tractor driven machinery for soil preparation, sowing and agrotechnical treatments. In post war years a new forestry mechanization development stage commenced in particular development of special power sources. A design bureau and production experimental workshop were established for engineering documentation development. In early 60es laboratories for mechanization of key forestry operation technologies, forest seed harvest and treatment, planting stock production, forest plantation establishment, afforestation of gullied and mountain slopes, thinning were founded. Longterm work of the Insitute mechanization experts and Tsokbleshozmash officers resulted in development and introduction into serial production of over 150 brands of new machines, equipment and tools most of them is secured with inventors certificates and patents. The developed machinery and equipment was introduced in many regions of the nation and its applications enabled mechanization of practically all forestry technological operations with sufficient quality and performance growth. Приведены основные этапы становления и развития научноисследовательских и опытноконструкторских работ во ВНИИЛМ по созданию машин и оборудования для лесного хозяйства. Отмечены наиболее важные достижения в этой области и сотрудники института, внесшие существенный вклад в решение проблемы механизации лесохозяйственных работ.

Loss of soil organic carbon following natural forest conversion to Chinese fir plantation

China manages the largest area of forest plantations on the globe, with most of them converted from natural forests. Establishment and management of forest plantations often involves severe human disturbances such as slash burning and intense site preparation which could lead to rapid and substantial soil organic carbon (SOC) losses and affect long-term SOC recovery. In this study we examined SOC dynamics and soil microbial respiration following the conversion of natural secondary forest to a Chinese fir plantation with slash burning in southern China. SOC decreased by 28% in the first year after forest conversion, with more than 40% of the decrease due to volatilization from slash burning. Slash burning also increased soil microbial respiration in the first five months following forest conversion. SOC of the Chinese fir plantation did not recover to the pre-burning level in 40-years, indicating that the loss of SOC is a long-term phenomenon in forest conversion. We found that soil microbial respiration was largely controlled by photosynthesis in the natural secondary forest; however, both newly formed photosynthates and SOC were important C sources for soil microorganisms in the young Chinese fir plantation. The intensive burning of harvest residue not only induced direct SOC losses through volatilization, but may also have accelerated the decomposition of SOC in the first few years after forest conversion. We conclude that slash burning is the primary, initial pathway by which SOC is lost in these subtropical forest plantations, and that the recovery of SOC in this subtropical forest system will likely be a slow process, requiring centuries or more. Replacing natural forest with Chinese fir plantations using slash burning is likely to substantially deplete C stored in the soil for many years and may negatively affect long-term SOC sequestration potential.

ÁREAS POTENCIALES PARA ESTABLECER PLANTACIONES FORESTALES COMERCIALES DE Pinus pseudostrobus Lindl. Y Pinus greggii Engelm. EN MICHOACÁN


 
 
 El establecimiento de plantaciones forestales es una alternativa para recuperar terrenos degradados, disminuir las tasas de erosión y asegurar el abastecimiento a la industria. En Michoacán se han utilizado, con esa intención, varias especies de coníferas y hojosas, sin embargo, presentan una baja supervivencia y reducidos incrementos, en respuesta a factores como: el establecimiento sin un propósito específico, mala elección de especies, densidades inadecuadas para el buen desarrollo del arbolado y falta de manejo silvícola. El objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar áreas potenciales para plantaciones comerciales de Pinus pseudostrobus y P. greggii, en el estado de Michoacán. La delimitación de las áreas se realizó con los Sistemas de Información Geográfica (SIG) IDRISI 32, y ArcView. Para ambos taxa se consideraron las variables: uso y tipo de suelo, temperatura media anual, precipitación total anual, altitud y pendiente. Los resultados se verificaron en campo. Se generaron cuatro mapas con las áreas potenciales para las plantaciones, así como la superficie total para cada taxón. P. pseudostrobus se estimaron 234,766 ha, con pendiente 0-15% y 99,760 ha (pendiente 15-30%); para P. greggii 253,626 ha (pendiente 0-15%) y 108,365 ha (pendiente 15-30%). Se concluye que con el uso de los SIG para definir la ubicación de las plantaciones comerciales de las dos especies de Pinus se tienen mayores probabilidades de supervivencia, buenos incrementos, además de ser una herramienta confiable para determinar las áreas potenciales.
 
 

Izdvajanje potencijalnih površina za osnivanje šumskih zasada za energetske potrebe na primeru opštine Lazarevac

The needs for energy sources in Serbia are constantly increasing. Wood as the most important energy source is not only used for energy purposes, but also for the wood industry, and it is clear that pressure on the resource is increasing. According to FAO methodology, the estimated energy potential of the available biomass derived from forests and wood processing industry in Serbia amounts to 1.53 Mtoe/year (BrašanacBosanac et al., 2018). In 2016, the Institute of Forestry in Belgrade carried out a preliminary study on the establishment of forest plantations for energy needs. The municipality of Lazarevac was selected as a pilot project for the establishment of forest plantations for energy purposes. It was estimated that this municipality, given its geographical position and ecological conditions, is absolutely in line with the planned production. In selecting potential areas for the establishment of forest plantations, strict attention was paid to the current use of the available areas. The study area includes the areas that can be determined but are not necessarily required for the needs of such production. Out of a wide range of autochthonous and allochthonous species, the tree species that are most capable of exploiting the potentials of the site and provide high energy values in the given ecological conditions were selected.

Selection of species for the establishment of forest plantations in Northern Vietnam

Selection of species for the establishment of forest plantations in Northern Vietnam

CRECIMIENTO MADERABLE Y BIOMASA AÉREA EN PLANTACIONES JÓVENES DE Pinus patula Schiede ex Schltdl. et Cham. EN ZACUALPAN, VERACRUZ


 
 
 La superficie de bosques nativos a escala mundial disminuye en proporciones alarmantes, pues cada año se deforestan 13 millones de ha, y para México, en particular, se ha calculado una tasa de deforestación anual de 0.25 % para bosques templados y de 0.76 % para selvas. La creciente demanda de productos maderables en el país ha impulsado el establecimiento de plantaciones comerciales forestales. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue analizar un sistema de crecimiento maderable, con variables dasométricas y de edad a partir de los datos tomados en una crono-secuencia en plantaciones de Pinus patula establecidas del 2000 al 2007 en áreas agropecuarias reconvertidas. Se presenta un modelo de índice de sitio con base en una familia de curvas polimórficas generadas con el modelo de Chapman-Richards. En la condición promedio se pueden lograr rendimientos de 15 m3 ha-1año-1 durante los primeros 10 años de crecimiento, mientras que en las mejores condiciones es factible alcanzar hasta 30 m3 ha-1 año-1. La captura de carbono fue estimada en 31.3, 41.2, 51.0 y 60.2 Mg ha-1, respectivamente, para los años 9, 1, 13 y 15. A partir de los resultados de ocho años, y las proyecciones, se infiere que la zona tiene un alto potencial productivo tanto de madera como de captura de CO2.
 
 

Модрина та ялиця в штучних насадженнях Прикарпаття і Карпат: лісівничо-таксаційна характеристика та особливості росту

Встановлено основні технологічні елементи створення модриново-ялицевих культур, здійснено порівняння середніх таксаційних показників Larix L., Abies alba Mill., Picea abies (L.) Karst. у штучних насадженнях – висоти, діаметра та об’єму середнього дерева в умовах вологих букових та грабово-букових яличин і суяличин, а також ялицевих дібров. Встановлено, що створення лісових культур за участю модрини та ялиці є перспективним напрямком формування високопродуктивних багатоярусних і стійких лісових фітоценозів.
 Насадження за участю ялиці та модрини відзначаються високими таксаційними показниками та значними запасами стовбурової деревини, де темнохвойна порода відіграє роль підгону, а модрина формує повнодеревні стовбури, зростаючи у пристигаючих насадженнях за Іа-Іb класами бонітету. Модрина, при цьому, завжди має перевагу над ялицею за висотою, що дає їй змогу успішно рости в модриново-ялицевих деревостанах.
 У молодих насадженнях 30-35-річного віку модрина, при сумісному зростанні з ялицею, а також з ялиною має перевагу за висотою в межах 20-25%, за діаметром – 25-30%, за об’ємом середнього дерева – в два рази. У насадженнях 41-50-річного віку модрина має перевагу над ялицею за висотою на 10-20%, хоча в окремих випадках може відставати в рості за діаметром.
 Аналіз ходу росту показує, що до 30-річного віку найвищою інтенсивністю росту за висотою та діаметром характеризуються модрина та ялина, тоді як ялиця починає формувати значні прирости, як за висотою так і за діаметром, після 30-40-річного віку.
 Під час формування високопродуктивних та стійких ялиново-модриново-ялицевих насаджень лісокультурними і лісівничими заходами необхідно забезпечити участь модрини в їх складі в межах 30-40%.
 Встановлено доцільність створення часткових культур модрини методом висаджування породи окремими рядами чи біогрупами серед природного поновлення корінних порід – бука та ялиці.

Calidad de planta de Gmelina arborea Roxb. producida con diferentes mezclas de sustratos en vivero

La calidad de planta que se produce en vivero es importante para lograr el establecimiento exitoso de plantaciones forestales. El objetivo del estudio que se describe consistió en evaluar el crecimiento y calidad de plantas de Gmelina arborea, especie que se ha adaptado, fácilmente, a las regiones tropicales húmedas y subhúmedas de México, con diferentes mezclas de sustrato mediante el sistema de producción tradicional en vivero. Se aplicó un diseño experimental completamente al azar, con seis tratamientos, cinco repeticiones y 25 plantas por unidad experimental. Los tratamientos evaluados fueron: T1 (50 % tierra +50 % cascabillo de café), T2 (50 % tierra + 50 % aserrín (mezcla de Mangifera indica, Tabebuia rosea y Tabebuia donnell-smithii)), T3 (50 % tierra + 50 % cáscara de cacao), T4 (50 % tierra + 50 % bagazo de caña), T5 (50 % tierra + 50 % estiércol de ganado) y T6 (100 % tierra de monte). Después de 75 días de haber llevado a cabo la siembra, el análisis estadístico mostró diferencias significativas (P≤0.05) entre ellos, en las que el T5 generó los valores más altos en diámetro (8.76 mm), altura (66.08 cm), área foliar (1 097.42 cm2), biomasa total (11.48 g) e índice de calidad de Dickson (1.00). Se concluye que este sustrato produce plantas de calidad de la especie probada.

Áreas potenciales para plantaciones forestales con Brosimum alicastrum Sw., con fines de restauración

Las plantaciones forestales con fines de restauración son parte de una estrategia para recuperar los terrenos degradados y la prevención de la erosión, así como para la reconversión de suelos desmontados con fines agrícolas y pecuarios al uso forestal. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue determinar las áreas potenciales para plantaciones forestales con Brosimum alicastrum, con fines de restauración en el estado de Michoacán, mediante el uso de los sistemas de información geográfica. La delimitación de las superficies se realizó con los programas IDRISI 32 y ArcView, a partir de los requerimientos ambientales de la especie; las variables consideradas fueron: altitud, precipitación total anual, temperatura media anual, pendiente, uso y tipo de suelo. Se generaron mapas para dos condiciones de pendiente (12 en total) para cinco regiones forestales (10) y para la entidad (2), en los que se muestran las áreas potenciales para el establecimiento de plantaciones en intervalos de pendiente de 0-15 % (mecanizadas) y de 15-30 % (no mecanizadas). La superficie total con potencial fue de 86 408 ha, de estas 71 687 ha corresponden a pendientes de 0-15 %, y 14 721 ha de 15-30 %; localizadas en las regiones: IV Oriente, V Tepalcatepec, VIII Tierra Caliente, IX Sierra Costa y X Infiernillo. El trópico seco de Michoacán por sus características ecológicas, geológicas, fisiográficas y topográficas presenta condiciones favorables para el desarrollo potencial de plantaciones forestales de restauración con Brosimum alicastrum.

Eff ects of Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) plantations on plant diversity in Northern Mongolia

This study was carried out in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) plantations that were previously established in West Khentii Mountains of Northern Mongolia. In this study, species composition, richness, diversity and plant cover changes among planted forests with different plantation ages were analyzed. We found an obvious difference of species composition between natural stands and plantations. Our findings revealed continuous changes in vascular plant composition among plantations by increasing light-demanding species. A number of species from forest and forest-meadow mesophytes were replaced with xerophytes from forest-steppe and steppe. Current profound changes in species composition and a stable existence of invasive plant species from different ecological groups have a tendency to be stored during the initial stage of forest plantation establishment. The strong effect of planted trees on the growing environment appeared rather late, and has intensified since 15 years after the plantation establishment.

Tropical and Highland Temperate Forest Plantations in Mexico: Pathways for Climate Change Mitigation and Ecosystem Services Delivery

Forest plantations are a possible way of increasing forest productivity in temperate and tropical forests, and therefore also increasing above- and belowground carbon pools. In the context of climate change, monospecific plantations might become an alternative to mitigate global warming; however, their contribution to the structural complexity, complementarity, and biodiversity of forests has not been addressed. Mixed forest plantations can ensure that objectives of climate change mitigation are met through carbon sequestration, while also delivering anticipated ecosystem services (e.g., nutrient cycling, erosion control, and wildlife habitat). However, mixed forest plantations pose considerable operational challenges and research opportunities. For example, it is essential to know how many species or functional traits are necessary to deliver a set of benefits, or what mixture of species and densities are key to maintaining productive plantations and delivering multiple ecosystem services. At the same time, the establishment of forest plantations in Mexico should not be motivated solely by timber production. Forest plantations should also increase carbon sequestration, maintain biodiversity, and provide other ecosystem services. This article analyzes some matters that affect the development of planted forests in the Mexican national context, and presents alternatives for forest resources management through the recommendation of mixed forest plantations as a means of contributing to climate change mitigation and the delivery of ecosystem services.

Forest Plantation Establishment: A Question of Subsistence or Commercial Farming in Gathiuru and Hombe Forests

Forest Plantation Establishment: A Question of Subsistence or Commercial Farming in Gathiuru and Hombe Forests

Participatory forest management: A case of equity in the forest plantation establishment and livelihood improvement Scheme in Gathiuru and Hombe forests in Central Kenya

The study analysis equity in participatory plantation establishment and livelihood scheme (PELIS) formally known as shamba (farm) system in Gathiuru and Hombe forests Kenya. This is done by determining annual inputs and outputs of three partners in PELIS including the Kenya forest service (KFS), three saw milling companies and the communities farming in Hombe and Gathiuru forests. The study uses Adams equity theory and applies the equity theory ratios as the basis of formulating equity under PELIS arrangements. The analysis is limited to a three year period (2012 to 2014), which corresponds to the number of years farmers cultivate in one plot under the scheme. Equity ratio analysis based on annual average annual output: input ratios for KFS 2012-2014 were 4.1:1; 2.6:1; and 3.1:1; for the three timber companies were 2.8:1; 3.1:1 and 1.9:1 while for community were 2.8:1; 2.4:1 and 2.8:1. The three year average ratios were 3.2:1 for KFS, 3.0:1 for the timber companies and 2.7:1 for communities. This indicates that the equity ratios were very close meaning that they all benefitted at the same level of respective inputs between 2012 and 2014. The study therefore concludes that applying the equity theory ratios can provide an opportunity to address inequity in PELIS under participatory forest management