Establishment Of Diplomatic Relations Research Articles

Trends in Ukraine's foreign trade in the context of complicated international transportation

Introduction. Over the past ten years, there has been a decline in the effectiveness of multilateral cooperation agreements within the WTO, resulting in the growing importance of bilateral trade agreements. The EU countries and the UK are among the most important geographical areas for deepening bilateral cooperation with Ukraine, which has been favourably influenced by trade liberalisation as a result of the signing of the Association Agreement between Ukraine and the European Union and the implementation of the Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Agreement. Improved terms of trade between Ukraine and Europe, despite the war in Ukraine, ensured positive dynamics of trade turnover, but the commodity structure has undergone significant changes. Recently, a trade embargo was imposed on agricultural products, and the border was closed for the transportation of products through Poland and other countries. In this regard, it is an urgent scientific task to determine the impact of the complication of transport. As well as identifying trends in the further development of foreign trade with partner countries. The purpose of the paper is to іdentificate the changes in export sales routes, as well as trends in Ukraine's foreign economic activity in the context of more complicated international transport. Results. The importance for Ukraine's economy of expanding the scope of foreign economic relations with European countries based on international transport is determined. The author emphasises a number of economic prerequisites and advantages of foreign economic relations between Ukraine and European countries, which determine the trends in the development of foreign trade. The author identifies the important role of continuing institutional and structural reforms in our country, which should be intensified and aimed at strengthening the competitive potential of the national economy. The main stages of integration of foreign economic relations between Ukraine and European countries are highlighted. It is proved that there is a high potential of European integration for the Ukrainian economy. However, in the current conditions of complicated movement of goods and closure of borders by partner countries, this direction of development of the national economy is considered as the main one, with certain difficulties, which will slow down the pace of socio-economic growth and restore the lost. Conclusion. By establishing international economic and trade relations and sales channels, Ukraine's foreign trade can develop and function effectively. National economies of different countries interact through the establishment of diplomatic relations, cooperation agreements, and the creation of intergovernmental associations. After analysing all the factors, it can be argued that establishing economic and political ties with the world's leading countries and increasing the level of foreign trade is possible by stepping up efforts in the most promising sectors of the global economy. Foreign economic and trade relations contribute to the growth of the national economy, acceleration of scientific and technological progress, and improvement of living standards.

중미 글로벌-지역 이중 극체제로 본 북중관계

This study aims to examine how China’s realization of polarity in international relations and its threat perception on the U.S. have affected China-North Korea relations in the post-Cold War era. Since the end of the Cold War, the world has formed a U.S.-led unipolar system, while East Asia has been a bipolar system between the U.S. and China. China has jumped on the U.S. bandwagon but confronted it when the U.S. has posed threats to East Asia where China's vital interests reside. When it has had cooperative relations with the U.S., China has kept a certain distance from North Korea, which is under international sanctions over its nuclear issue, while strengthening its relations with the DPRK when it has conflicted with the U.S. History has shown this pattern. Relations between China and North Korea, which had deteriorated since the establishment of diplomatic relations between China and South Korea in 1992, normalized after China felt threatened by NATO’ military attack on Yugoslavia in 1999. Relations between the two countries, which had deteriorated following North Korea's first nuclear test in 2006, strengthened despite the DPRK's second nuclear test in 2009 as the South Korea-U.S. alliance strengthened after the Lee Myungbak administration took power. Worsened relations between China and the DPRK caused by North Korea's continued nuclear tests and missile provocations since Xi Jinping took power strengthened again when the U.S. began to balance against China in 2018. This pattern makes us predict how China-North Korea relations will be in the future. If conflict intensifies between the U.S. and China, China-North Korea relations will be strengthened. On the other hand, if U.S.-China relations turn to a cooperative stance, China-North Korea relations are likely to become estranged. It is predicted that conflictual relations between the U.S. and China would continue, and therefore, close relations between China and North Korea would persist for the time being.

한국외교와 전략적 자율성

This study analyzed the Korea’s improvement of relations with Hungary, which was completed before the end of the Cold War, by applying the concept of strategic autonomy. This phenomenon is not easily explained by a realistic approach that emphasizes the international structure and the power of the great powers. This study emphasizes the need to examine Korea’s internal diplomatic capabilities in order to explain the improvement of relations between Korea and Hungary. To this end, this study presents strategic autonomy as an alternative analysis concept, which has not been dealt with in terms of the performance of Korean diplomacy. As a result of the analysis, Korea’s improvement of relations with Hungary is explained in terms of strategic autonomy in that it proactively achieved the goal of Korean foreign policy, establishment of diplomatic relations with the communist bloc, in cooperation with its ally, the United States.

China-Malaysia Relations and The Belt and Road Initiative

Malaysia and China are good neighbors and good partners across the sea. Since the establishment of diplomatic relations, the exchanges and cooperation between the two countries in various fields have achieved fruitful results. Thanks to the solid foundation laid by Malaysia and China, the Belt and Road Initiative has achieved remarkable results, benefiting both countries. Both countries are committed to promoting regional and international peace, stability, and development, and will continue to jointly advocate multilateralism and oppose trade protectionism and unilateralism. This paper explores the friendly relations between China and Malaysia from the perspective of the Belt and Road Initiative by reviewing and analyzing the achievements made in the political, economic, and cultural fields in the cooperation between China and Malaysia.

Kul'turno-gumanitarnye obmeny mezhdu Kitaem i Uzbekistanom v ramkah iniciativy «Odin poyas, odin put'»: dostizheniya, problemy i rekomendacii

Due to the special geographical location on the territory of modern Uzbekistan since ancient times there have been cultural clashes between East and West. Today, cooperation between China and Uzbekistan in the humanitarian sphere is of great importance and is a continuation of the glorious history of cultural exchanges along the Great Silk Road. In the 30 years since the establishment of diplomatic relations and within the framework of China’s Belt and Road Initiative, humanitarian cooperation between China and Uzbekistan has brought positive results, with a number of challenges and opportunities.

50 Years of the South Korea–India Relationship: Retrospect and Prospect

Since the establishment of diplomatic relations between South Korea (hereafter referred to as Korea) and India in 1973, their bilateral relationship has made significant progress. This year marks the 50th anniversary of their diplomatic partnership, which calls for a scholarly examination of the developments in Korea-India relations over the last five decades, and their future prospects. This special issue’s introductory paper provides a concise overview of the evolution of Korea–India relationships and introduces the other papers in the issue, emphasizing their significance in understanding the trajectory of the relationships. The primary goal of this introductory paper is to make two contributions: First, it aims to enrich the existing literature on India–Korea relations; and second, it provides key insights for policymakers to strengthen India–Korea ties in a new global order.

The Current Situation and Optimized path of Higher Education Development in the China and the Republic of Sudan under the Belt and Road Initiative

Since the Belt and Road Initiative was proposed in 2013, receiving abundantly enthusiastic as well as positive responses within the international community, especially the Arab countries along the Belt and Road, and including the Republic of Sudan in north-eastern Africa. Since the establishment of diplomatic relations between China and the Sudan 58 years ago, the two countries have achieved a series of achievements in the field of higher education. The mutual visits and exchanges between them are also gradually increasing. With the development of the times and the continuous deepening of bilateral relations, the cooperation and exchanges of higher education between the two countries are facing some new difficulties. The purpose of this article is to analyze these dilemmas and propose the optimized path for the development of Sino-Sudan higher education cooperation under the “Belt and Road” initiative.

A Study of Russian Artifacts in the Collection of Imperial Palace in the Qing Dynasty

Abstract This article systematically examines the Russian cultural relics in the collection of the Qing imperial palace and analyzes the remnants of interactions between the Qing court and the Russian court during the reigns of Peter the Great, Nicholas I, and Nicholas II. Russian cultural relics witnessed significant historical events such as the establishment of diplomatic relations between China and Russia, exchange of envoys, and the signing of a series of treaties. They carried the mission of promoting the national cultures and advantageous industries of both countries at that time. In addition, these cultural relics have high aesthetic value and contain reliable and rich historical information.

다중 FTA를 활용한 한⋅중 비즈니스 모델 연구: 소비재 수출을 중심으로

Since the establishment of diplomatic relations in 1992, China has developed into Korea's largest exporter. With the Korea-China FTA in 2015 and the RCEP in 2020, conditions have been created for Korean exporters to China to selectively utilize multiple FTA structures. In this regard, this paper studied guidelines and business models for Korean consumer goods exporters to utilize multiple FTAs. First, we designed a guideline by selectively utilizing multiple FTAs based on the criteria for determining the country of origin. In addition, ① a model by changing and combining the composition of raw materials among food products exported to China, ② a model to which the HS code was changed and applied by adjusting the composition of raw materials among foods exported to China, ③ a model that was changed to a classification favorable to the Korea-China FTA through a change in the HS code classification, ④ a model that reduced customs clearance costs by utilizing conditions for exemption from submission of certificates were suggested.

Foreign Economic Relations of China and Russia and Prospects of Sino-Russian Economic and Trade Cooperation

Over the past 30 years, economic globalization has significantly increased the pace of global economic growth, allowing emerging market economies to gain opportunities for economic development and economic modernization. After joining the WTO, China and Russia accelerated the development of foreign economic relations, while promoting the reform of the domestic economic and trade system, especially the signing of a number of bilateral and multilateral free trade agreements, which, in turn, gave a new impetus to the development of the world economy. In recent years, economic globalization has increasingly been challenged by unilateralism and trade protectionism. The attempt by the United States to use the Russian-Ukrainian conflict to divide the world economy is the biggest problem facing economic globalization now and in the future. China and Russia have always been firm supporters of globalization, opposing economic hegemony, unilateral sanctions and any actions that divide the world economy. Since the establishment of diplomatic relations between China and Russia, with the continuous improvement of bilateral relations, economic and trade cooperation has repeatedly gone against the tide to help the two countries achieve economic development and overcome the economic crisis. Against the background of repeated local outbreaks of the Covid-19 epidemic in China and tough sanctions against Russia, Sino-Russian economic and trade cooperation continues to trend towards rapid growth. In the future, China and Russia will seek new opportunities for cooperation in the face of uncertainty and contribute to the sustainable development of the global economic system.

The History of Chinese-Korean Baduk in Jilin Province

This study explored the development process of Jilin Chinese-Korean Baduk by collecting data on Jilin Chinese-Korean Baduk scattered sporadically around publications such as Jilin Newspaper and Yanbian TV Radio Broadcasting Station to systematically establish the history of Jilin Chinese-Korean Baduk. Through this, the history of Chinese-Korean Baduk in Jilin Province was divided into four stages, and the characteristics and significance of each stage are summarized as follows. First, with the establishment of the People's Republic of China in 1949, a clear definition and district division of the Chinese-Korean people was created, and the Chinese-Korean people of this period learned from the sight of the Japanese playing Baduk before liberation. From this time on, it showed the beginning of Jilin Province Chinese-Korean Baduk. Second, in 1978 Chinese-Korean Baduk started and the peak was the 1984 China-Japan Super Competition. Due to the influence of China-Japan Super Competition, there was also a Baduk class in Jilin Province that taught Baduk to Chinese-Korean for the first time. Baduk competition was also held for Chinese-Korean. Third, the leap period began after the establishment of diplomatic relations between Korea and China in 1992. Many Koreans came to china and among them, there was a Baduk director who taught Baduk, and the language of the Chinese-Korean was similar to that of Korea, so they naturally trained a lot of Chinese-Korean Baduk players. In addition, several Baduk exchanges were conducted by connecting the Korean Baduk community and the Jilin Chinese-Korean Baduk Association. In addition, the Korean director, who teaches Baduk, has a history of sending international students to Korea's Yoo Chang-hyuk and Yang Jae-ho's Baduk Dojo. During this period, the Yanbian Chinese-Korean Autonomous Baduk Association were founded and the Chinese-Korean School in Jilin Province officially promoted Chinese-Korean Baduk. The first official Chinese-Korean Baduk competition hosted by the Yanbian Korean Baduk Autonomous named "Yanbian Chinese-Korean Baduk championship" was held from 1988 to 1995, and the school selected Baduk as a regular subject for first and second graders after school. Fourth, the decline lasted from 2010 to the present. From 2010 to 2020, about 10% of Chinese-Korean living in Jilin Province are living in other cities or foreign countries in China, especially Korea, and the trend is gradually expanding. The decline in the Chinese-Korean population is the biggest reason for the development of Chinese-Korean Baduk. In addition, the Communist Party's “minority national united front” policy also weakens the characteristics of Chinese-Korean.

Indonesia's Relations With China in the Age of COVID-19

Seven decades after the establishment of diplomatic relations between Indonesia and China, the COVID-19 pandemic presents new prospects and challenges for bilateral cooperation. We seek to analyse various traits in China–Indonesia relations since 2020 by examining how Indonesia attempts balancing between such cooperation and maintaining peaceful ethnic relations domestically. By tracking the domestic discourse surrounding COVID-19 and China through Indonesia's domestic news media, the paper analyses the development of the pandemic in Indonesia, its procurement of vaccines, and, most significantly, domestic sentiments concerning Indonesia’s ethnic Chinese Tionghoa citizens, as well as Indonesia's bilateral relations with China in general. The article argues that while the COVID-19 pandemic has created new avenues of cooperation between Indonesia and China, it has also adversely affected the domestic relations between ethnic Chinese citizens and the rest of the population. However, this has not translated into a widespread backlash toward China that might hinder bilateral cooperation.

ПОЛІТИЧНА ТА АДМІНІСТРАТИВНА ДІЯЛЬНІСТЬ МИТРОПОЛИТА ПЕТРА МОГИЛИ

The political and administrative activities of Metropolitan Petro Mohyla fell on the early modern era. For Ukraine, this is a period of deep crisis, due to the loss of statehood and political dependence on neighboring countries. Under these conditions, the Cossacks and the Orthodox Church became important factors of self-identification and unification of Ukrainians. However, the last one was also in deep decline and seemed to be experiencing the last days of its existence. The administrative reforms carried out by Metropolitan Petro became a powerful historical factor in the revival of the Orthodox Church in Ukrainian lands, which in turn contributed to the unification and formation of the Ukrainian political nation. To a certain extent, the activity of Petro Mohyla defines our political, legal and socio-cultural modernity. The article examines the problem of the historical significance of the political and administrative activities of Metropolitan Petro for the formation and development of the Ukrainian nation and statehood through the revival and reformation of the institutions of the Orthodox Church and the establishment of diplomatic relations with the top of the Catholic clergy, the Polish authorities and other state and church institutions. At the same time, special attention is paid to the historical context of the metropolitan's activities. The main socio-cultural, legal and political factors that determined the peculiarities and direction of the reforms carried out by Petro Mohyla were studied. The object of the research is the administrative and political activity of Metropolitan Petro Mohyla, as a historical phenomenon. The subject of the research is the historical events and processes related to the reforming activity of Petro Mohyla, historical evidence and sources.

Opinions on the Political Consensus of Developing Bilateral Relations after the Establishment of Diplomatic Relations between China and France in 1964

Opinions on the Political Consensus of Developing Bilateral Relations after the Establishment of Diplomatic Relations between China and France in 1964

ОСМАНСЬКО-БРАЗИЛЬСЬКІ ВІДНОСИНИ 1858–1919 РР.

The article examines the complex of Ottoman-Brazilian relations in the period 1858–1919 based on a comprehensive analysis of available published sources and the scientific studies of scientists. The development, dynamics, and evolution of bilateral relations between the Ottoman Empire and Brazil during the above period are examined. The major task of this study is to provide an analysis of the prerequisites, reasons, motivation and main course of countries to establish connection and official diplomatic relations, highlighting the general features and major achievements of the activities of Brazilian diplomatic institutions in the territory of the Ottoman Empire and Ottoman diplomatic institutions in the territory of Brazil. The methodological basis of the article is the principles of historicism, pluralism, comprehensiveness, integrity and objectivity of knowledge. Methods of analysis and synthesis were also used. The scientific novelty of the article consists in the fact that for the first time the evolution of relations between the Ottoman Empire and Brazil is highlighted, theoretical assessments of the interests of the Ottoman Empire in Brazil and Brazil in the Ottoman Empire are formulated. In the conclusions of the work, it is noted that due to various and multiple legal conflicts, misunderstandings and the lack of political will, even taking into account the existence of a bilateral agreement on the establishment of diplomatic relations, the activity of diplomatic institutions was extremely complicated by the above-mentioned facts, which did not contribute to the intensification of bilateral relations and its further development. A theoretical assessment of the interests of the Ottoman Empire in Brazil and Brazil in the Ottoman Empire is formulated. The negative influence of the migration factor on bilateral relations has been revealed.

Meksiko i Republika Srbija - 77 godina neprekidnih i produktivnih diplomatskih odnosa - novi izazovi i prilike

In the archives of the Library of the University in Belgrade it is possible to find evidence that as early as 1844. the events in Mexico were written about in the old Serbian language, and that there was an interest in this country. Strong friendship and understanding between the two nations were formalized by the Protocol on the Establishment of Diplomatic relations on 24 May 1946, when the President of Mexico, Manuel Avila Camacho and the President of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, Marshal Josip Broz Tito, made this cooperation official. The closeness of these two peoples was most evident through their engagement in the Non-Alignment Movement and the promotion of the ideas of freedom and independence of each state, including their economic development. Such closeness, accompanied by mutual collaboration and assistance, has lasted for 77 years, to the satisfaction of both sides, with the perspectives of further strengthening and intensification.

The role of Thomas Jefferson's political activity in the history of American statehood.

The subject of the study is the results, results and consequences of the political activity of Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826). Jefferson was the author of the Declaration of Independence and the third president of the United States, considered one of the founding fathers of the United States. The first American president to hold the posts of Secretary of State, Vice President and President of the United States successively. The article examines the political ideas of Jefferson, who was one of the first political figures who spoke and justified the idea of separating its North American colonies from Great Britain. His political ideas and decisions as a statesman and politician were timely and brought much benefit to his country. As the author of the Declaration of Independence of the United States, he made a huge contribution to the creation of the United States. Its adoption meant the formation of a new state - the United States. For him, the principles of the declaration were to create a free American state based on the principles of democracy and civil liberty. The Declaration defined the social and legal status of a person in society. Declaring the people the only source of power, she put them on a par with the great ideologists of the Enlightenment. As Ambassador to France, he managed to secure a number of trade agreements with European countries. His merits as president undoubtedly lie in the acquisition of Louisiana and the establishment of diplomatic relations with Russia, as well as the pacification of relations with Great Britain.

«Ծայրամասային դոկտրինն» ու Մերձավոր Արևելքի «Հատվածայնացման տեսությունը» Իսրայելի ռազմավարական ընկալումների համատեքստում / The “Periphery Doctrine” and “Theory of Fragmentation” of the Middle East within the context of Israel’s strategic perceptions

October 7, 2023, saw the Israeli-Palestinian conflict step up on a new stage of combat operations. Consequently, with local, regional and global actors elucidating or clarifying their position on current military actions that hold the potential to escalate into a regional and large-scale war, importance is attached to the consideration of doctrines, concepts and theories that have become ideologies in the aspect of ensuring Israel’s own security, and its perceptions of regional security as a whole. In this sense, the article discusses the “Periphery Doctrine” (“Strategy of periphery countries”), and the essence of the “Theory of Fragmenta­tion”, stages of their transformation and Israel’s security perceptions stipulating those transformations. The aforementioned doctrine and the theory are considered within the context of Israel’s strategic security principles and its perceptions of the Near and Middle East as somewhat a heterogeneous cultural domain. Тhe axis drawn due to the Israeli-developed “New Doctrine of Periphery”, sometimes called the “Reverse periphery doctrine”, is also comprehensively analyzed, representing Israel’s desire to impose a blockade on the real periphery countries – Iran and Turkey – or to contain them. The article attaches particular interest to the consideration and comparative analysis of the differences between the classical Periphery Doctrine and the “New” one (not only in the sense of the number and motives of actors, the goals facing the new alliance or cooperation, methods of achieving them, but also within the framework of the fact of attaching special importance to their economic component along with common threats uniting all parties). The analysis allows us to sum up that Israel’s first, or “classical” doctrine “on concluding an alliance with periphery countries”, and the theory of fragmentation as a whole, were successful. Besides, owing to this strategy, the thesis on reconciliation with Israel and establishment of diplomatic relations with it was put on the agenda of the Arab States. In its turn, Israel’s “New Periphery Doctrine” is still at the formation stage. However, to some extent it comes from Israeli perceptions of not only military threats, but also economic and energy security.

한·중 문화 및 교육 교류의 미래와 전망

This study aims to analyze the status of cultural and educational exchanges and present problems and improvements on the 30th anniversary of Korea-China diplomatic relations. The inflection point of the Korea-China diplomatic bridge can be largely divided into two periods. The first period is from the establishment of diplomatic relations with the Korean Wave and the Korean Wave, until the Korean-Chinese relationship was issued in 2016, and the second period is from the Korean-Chinese relationship to the present day. Rather than exclusive confrontation between Korea and China, it is necessary to create a common identity of East Asian culture through close cooperation based on capital and technological complementarity, set a big goal of fostering global cultural industries, and form a friendly cooperative relationship in the global market. In addition, efforts should be made together to mark the upcoming 100th anniversary by reorganizing cultural exchanges that have been stalled.

CULTURAL DIPLOMACY: THE CASE STUDY OF PAKISTAN-JAPAN CULTURAL RELATIONS

The cultural presentation and exchange have always influenced international relations and have positively played a role to motivate exchange programmes between countries. This research refers Japan-Pakistan relations as a case study to understand the concept of ‘cultural diplomacy’ and its practical implementation and influence on strengthening of this kind of Diplomacy. Multiple steps have been taken since the establishment of diplomatic relations between Pakistan and Japan to promote and flourish cultural relations. This paper aims to explore influence of ‘cultural diplomacy’ on Pakistan-Japan relations. Alongside, it ascertains the practical measures both the countries taking to consolidate their relations through cultural diplomacy.