Business Establishments Research Articles

The historical evolution of the Greek retail trade: a first overview of its organisational-functional and spatial restructuring

The history of retailing has become an area of growing scholarly interest over the last few decades, with publications mainly concerning the national historiography of retail and wholesaling. On the other hand, although the retail sector is considered to be one of the most historically significant sectors of the Greek economy, the economic history of the Greek retail industry remains a notoriously underdeveloped area of inquiry and, as such, is on the margins of economic and social studies in Greek historiography. In this paper, we, attempt to provide a first concise (and certainly not exhaustive) analysis of the historical development of the Greek retail sector from the nineteenth century to the present (in circa) day. Specifically, we aim to analyse the evolution of the Greek retail trade to assess the spatial and social impacts associated with establishing and operating “new forms” of commerce. The focus is on the sectoral and organisational restructuring of the retail trade with the changes in the standards of the spatial location, which relate to the establishment and operation of retail businesses. Students and scholars of the history of retailing would benefit from this worthwhile exercise which for the first time provides a first overview of the historical development of the Greek retail sector.

The Impact of Tax Increment Financing on Business Entries and Exits in Iowa

One of the economic development objectives of tax increment financing (TIF) is to increase business entries and decrease exits in designated areas. The authors use data on sales and use tax permit registrations in Iowa for two of the largest counties, Johnson and Polk, during the period 1990 through 2017 to estimate the effects of TIF on business establishments, entries, and exits. Using an event-study design, the analysis of pooled data suggests that TIF has no significant effect on total establishments or business entries, and significantly reduces business exits. TIF seems to increase establishments in Johnson County and to reduce business exits in Polk County. Of the industries examined, retail stands to benefit the most from TIF. The authors also find limited evidence of spatial spillover effects of TIF.

Decoding Private or Commercial Vehicle Ownership Decisions for Low-Carbon Mobility Transitions: A Systematic Review of the Literature

Increase in vehicle ownership (VO) as a result of rapid economic and population growth and its negative environmental effects have gradually become a potential threat to the physical and social environment. A wide range of factors influences the propensity for VO by individuals or firms; however, the existing body of literature lacks a critical review which provides an understanding of their underlying associations and potential implications for policymaking in one holistic frame. To fill this research gap, this study presents a systematic review of factors affecting private and commercial VO using the PRISMA framework (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis). The factors influencing private VO decisions are extracted from the reviewed articles; subsequently, the identified factors are topologically divided into seven categories. The findings show that most studies identified the factors contributing to VO as related to socio-economic, demographic, and built environmental characteristics. A lack of research has been identified for attitudinal, technological, and parking-related variables. It is also concluded that there are gaps in the knowledge base on factors contributing to the commercial VO of a business establishment. Designing informed policy measures based on such factors that can induce a sustainable transition in the mobility sector is important to mitigate transportation-related negative externalities on the environment. The overall review findings offer actionable guidance for low-carbon mobility transition and outline a future research agenda for academic researchers and decision makers. The quantifiable factors revealed in this study are expected to assist policy makers in discouraging VO propensity among individuals or firms.

Drivers for women entrepreneurship in Central Asia: A case analysis of Kazakhstani enterprises

Female entrepreneurs in Central Asia contribute to economic development through their business establishment and workplace creation for others. Research shows that the motivation of women to start a business differs based on time and place-specific factors. Extant studies argue that women in developing economies opt for entrepreneurship because of push factors such as economic necessity and the need for a work-home balance. In contrast, women in advanced economies choose to be self-employed due to pull factors such as the need for self-actualization and independence. This study proposes a conceptual model to understand female entrepreneurial leadership in Kazakhstan by exploring the perceptions and experiences of women entrepreneurs within their leadership roles. It adopted Stewart’s model of role demands-constraints-choices (DCC) to understand their perceptions of the demands, constraints, and choices they experience within their leadership roles, exploring the main drivers for Kazakhstani women’s business establishment decisions addressing an existing knowledge gap on entrepreneurial leadership by aggregating three critical constructs of gender, leadership, and entrepreneurship. Based on semi-structured interviews, this study finds that Kazakhstani women start a business to earn an income, feed their children, and provide better living conditions. The findings also indicate that the case of women entrepreneurs’ motivation in Kazakhstan is distinct from existing literature on female entrepreneurs’ motivation in Central Asia developing economies.

Livelihood strategies of marginalised Zimbabwean women living in South Africa

abstract Zimbabwean women constitute a significant number of migrants living in South Africa. Both accompanying spouses and lone Zimbabwean migrant women face challenges in securing formal employment and are often forced to establish informal businesses for their survival. Drawing on qualitative interviews, this study explored perceived challenges and triumphs encountered by Zimbabwean women in informal trading across South Africa. All the women indicated that they established survivalist businesses once in South Africa. Lack of fulfilling employment, poor wages, family financial pressures, disruptions and exclusion from social welfare benefits during the coronavirus lockdown were some of the factors that pushed migrant women into informal businesses. Establishment of informal businesses protected women from resorting to commercial sex work and other transactional relations. Challenges encountered include lack of funding to establish their businesses, low returns, crime, sexual harassment from clients, extortion, and fear of xenophobic attacks. Despite these challenges, Zimbabwean women described how they managed to build a strong clientele and improve their financial wellbeing in the process. Funding institutions can support migrant women through the provision of business loans, and training women on how to run businesses and saving. This will financially empower migrant women and protect their physical, sexual, and mental health.

Empowerment and Socio-economic Impact of Livelihood Trainings: A Case of a Private Educational Institution in Southern Luzon, Philippines

This study explored the perceived impact of the livelihood training program on employment and entrepreneurship among participants of San Pablo Colleges' DREAMS Program. This study aimed to understand the extent to which the program has contributed to creating employment and entrepreneurial opportunities for individuals within the community. Through a mixed-methods approach, including surveys and qualitative interviews, data was collected from a diverse group of participants. The findings revealed a mixed response regarding the program's impact on employment and entrepreneurship. Out of the 30 respondents, 10 reported that the livelihood training program helped them create employment and entrepreneurial opportunities, while 20 respondents did not experience significant impact in these areas. The program's overall mean score of 3.03 on a scale of 1 to 5 suggests a moderate impact on participants' employment and entrepreneurial activities. Several factors contributed to the varied outcomes. Individual context played a crucial role, with participants' pre-existing skills, interests, and market conditions influencing their ability to translate the training into viable ventures. For those who experienced positive outcomes, the program facilitated the establishment of income-generating businesses, such as selling various products and providing services like manicure, pedicure, and hair cutting. Implementing the recommended strategies can maximize the program's positive impact and foster sustainable livelihoods among participants, contributing to community empowerment and economic growth.

USKLAĐIVANJE ZAKONODAVNOG OKVIRA BOSNE I HERCEGOVINE S PRAVNOM STEČEVINOM EUROPSKE UNIJE I SLOBODA POSLOVNOG NASTANA

Freedom of establishment is one of the fundamental freedoms guaranteed by the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union. It ensures the free movement of business entities and experts within the single market of the European Union. The recent changes to the European legislative framework, which ensure the implemen- tation of this fundamental freedom in the European Union, adequately responded to the challenges posed to the European legislator by the digital revolution and the Covid pandemic. The aim of the paper is to determine how much the legislator in Bo- snia and Herzegovina follows European trends in the modernization of the legal fra- mework of commercial (business) companies, with special emphasis on the elements of freedom of business establishment. Key words: freedom of business establishment; legal acquis; European Un- ion; Bosnia and Herzegovina

노동조합이 임금프리미엄과 임금불평등에 미친 영향

This paper analyzed the effect of labor unions on wage premium and wage inequality using establishment-worker linked panel data which combines workplace panel survey from 2014 to 2019 with employment insurance data.
 First, an unconditional quantile regression methodology was used to estimate how much union wage premiums differed over the entire sample during the period. The result shows that the union raises the wage premiums of the 40th quartile wage group the most and decreases the effect toward the low wage group and especially the high wage group. It seems that union represent the economic interests of the middle and lower wage groups most.
 Estimating the relationship between the inequality index by business establishment and the unionization rate using the fixed effect, the unionization rate showed a statistically significant negative(-) relationship with all inequality indexes such as the Gini coefficient, the Tile index, the Palma ratio, and the p90/p10 quantile.
 The above estimation results imply that labor unions have had a statistically significant impact on inequality reduction in the labor market of at least the sample (business establishment with 30 or more employees), and it is necessary to consider progress in unionization as a way to improve the unequal labor market situation in the future.

PERSPECTIVES AND PROBLEMS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF WOMEN'S ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN SERBIA

Female entrepreneurship is gaining an increasingly significant role on the domestic and international economic scene and represents an important potential for the development of a country's economy. In developed countries, women have special incentives and support for the development of their own entrepreneurship. In addition to the applied policies that protect women against discrimination and inequality, numerous organizations and associations that deal with women's issues and provide them with various types of support operate in these countries. Female entrepreneurship represents an important potential for the development of the global economy. Female entrepreneurship affects the reduction of unemployment, the establishment of businesses in new spheres, the application of new technologies and the development of entrepreneurship. This statement draws attention to the development trends of female entrepreneurship in developed countries, but also in developing countries. For women, success is not only measured in terms of profit, although financing is the biggest problem when starting and developing a business. It is very important for women that their descendants inherit their business, and the legacy of their business is very important to them in order to feel successful, but also the social impact of their company. The above is in support of the fact that women are better social entrepreneurs and open social enterprises more often, and all this is due to the fact that money is not the most important and decisive factor for them to engage in entrepreneurial activity.The paper investigates whether women entrepreneurs have any specific characteristics and what motivates them to entrepreneurship. It also identifies the obstacles that women face in establishing new businesses and what kind of support should be provided to them in order to encourage entrepreneurship. The main goal of this paper is to draw attention to the untapped potential of women entrepreneurs. Based on the identified problems and experiences of other countries described in the paper, initiatives and good practices can be defined to support women entrepreneurs that can be applied in domestic conditions. The paper ends with a description of organizations and programs that exist and are implemented in other countries, and have shown success in creating a positive climate for the development of female entrepreneurship.

Challenges of Women Entrepreneurship and Empowerment in South Africa: Evidence from Rural Areas

This study aims to identify impediments to expanding women-owned businesses in rural areas of South Africa. The study used a quantitative research method to collect data. The study concentrated on 250 female business owners in the rural communities of Hluhluwe, Ulundi, and Eshowe in northern KZN. The study found that the main obstacles to expanding women-owned businesses in rural areas were financial constraints, a lack of education, and inadequate infrastructure. However, these difficulties experienced by women business owners in rural South Africa can be conquered. Overcoming these obstacles could empower women entrepreneurs and stimulate economic growth in rural areas, thus reducing poverty and enhancing the living standards of rural communities. Based on these findings, the study recommends various interventions, such as alternative financing models, targeted education and training programs, and infrastructure development, to support the growth of women-owned enterprises in rural areas. Future research should examine additional issues such as cultural and social hurdles, a lack of access to markets and information, and legal and regulatory restrictions that impede the establishment of women-owned businesses in rural areas.

EFFICIENCY OF STATE PROMOTION OF SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN KAZAKHSTAN IN POST-COVID SITUATION

The global pandemic, which has engulfed the entire world and all sectors of activity, has undeniably exerted a negative impact on the economic development of all nations. This impact has not spared small and medium-sized businesses, in addition to larger enterprises. In response to the economic challenges faced by small-scale enterprises, governmental authorities have initiated comprehensive support measures, encompassing both financial and humanitarian assistance. However, upon closer examination, these measures reveal certain shortcomings and inadequacies. The declaration of a state of emergency and the enforcement of quarantine measures within Kazakhstan have had detrimental consequences for the commercial landscape. Approximately 300,000 business establishments temporarily halted their operations, while the adverse effects of the pandemic were directly felt by approximately 1 million business entities, with a predominant concentration in the service and trade sectors. A noteworthy concern emerges from the situation of the workforce during this period. A significant number, amounting to 1.6 million individuals, were placed on furlough without accompanying sustenance, raising valid questions about the sufficiency and efficacy of the government's support programs in safeguarding their livelihoods. Furthermore, a subset of the business community, approximately 14,000 to 15,000 establishments, that had previously obtained loans from second-tier financial institutions, sought relief through deferment mechanisms. It is essential to critically assess whether these mechanisms, despite their intention to aid businesses, provide genuine respite or merely represent a temporary postponement of financial obligations. The fundamental problems of business remain the lack of access to finance and loans, and those that are available are offered by banks at exorbitant rates. The fact that the National Bank of the Republic of Kazakhstan raised the rate only worsens the situation - this tool for fighting inflation does not work, but despite this, the National Bank persists. There is an imbalance in the government. The government is expanding budget expenditures, and the National Bank is trying to level it out, only banks and a very narrow layer of rich citizens who have deposits will earn from this high-interest rate, and they will be able to give them at high interest rates. In summary, while governmental efforts to alleviate the economic impacts of the pandemic are commendable, a critical analysis reveals areas where improvements may be necessary. A more comprehensive and effective approach may be required to address the profound economic challenges encountered by businesses and individuals within Kazakhstan. The principal characteristic of the entrepreneurial environment within the Republic of Kazakhstan resides in the division of the country, based on its geographical structure, into distinct macro-regions characterized by divergent resource endowments and economic attributes. Consequently, Kazakhstan exhibits heterogeneity in its business activities.

Financial model for assessing the economic effect of corporate entrepreneurship development

The study highlights the importance of developing applied tools to assess the economic impact of the development of corporate entrepreneurship within established business organisations. It was found that preliminary studies focus on the positive impact of the application of the entrepreneurial management style on the performance of business organisations, but there is a lack of specific proposals for assessing the impact of the implementation of employees' internal business initiatives on organisational performance. The financial model for assessing the economic impact of the implementation of innovative solutions, ideas and projects proposed by employees and the creation of new business units based on them has been substantiated. The results of the authors' calculations are presented, which confirm the practical possibility of applying the proposed model and demonstrate the positive impact of the development of corporate entrepreneurship and the creation of new business units on the value of the business organisation as a whole.

Exploring the Untapped Potential: The Role of Local Resources in Fostering Modern Village Businesses

Modern villages are innovative sources of economic growth, harnessing the untapped potential of local resources to drive sustainable development. This study explores the dynamic interplay between local resources and the establishment of modern businesses in Pandansari Lor Village. By adopting a qualitative approach and using interviews and field observations, the research uncovers the distinct local resources that play a pivotal role in the community's economic transformation. The findings demonstrate the significance of natural resources, cultural heritage, and traditional knowledge as drivers of entrepreneurial initiatives, paving the way for the modernization of village businesses. The study not only contributes to the academic literature on rural development, but also provides valuable insights for policymakers and local communities seeking to leverage their inherent resources for sustainable economic growth and community well-being.The development of local resource management today shows that the community already has a tradition to do business, in the form of opening cafes around Coban Jahe waterfall and the cassava processing industry that already has a market outside the village. Industrialization must be based on the local potential of the village, namely processed cassava, and coconut with various variants of product diversification. Village industrialization is carried out in two ways, first the development of various appropriate technologies in the form of production machines to increase the processing capacity of cassava, coconut, and herbal plants, and second, digital technology and automationfor water resources management, namely Hippam management and fish farming. This industrialization process is very important for increasing village production capacity, village product quality and tourism village branding in the future. The development of village industry will be able to accelerate the realization of a modern tourism village.

Edukasi Peluang Usaha Kecil Berdasar Karakteristik Sosial Ekonomi Masyarakat Kecamatan Kutalimbaru


 The purpose of this community service is to increase the understanding of community small business actors in Kutalimbaru sub-district, Deli Sedang Regency about business opportunities based on socio-economic characteristics. The specific target in this community service is that small business actors in the Kutalimbaru sub-district community know what business opportunities are and the concept of socio-economic characteristics how to apply them in the world of household businesses and their impact on household income, for example by becoming a new source of income from small household businesses that have been applied so that they are able to read the problems that occur in the market closest to the settlement, and as well as small markets around the Kutalimbaru sub-district. The materials presented in this community service are: what are business opportunities and socio-economic characteristics, how the impact of business opportunities on household income. Which is related to improving the welfare of households as economic actors in Kutalimbaru sub-district through community knowledge/understanding related to the establishment of small household businesses, target markets and forms of problems that exist in the market. From this community service, the results show that the Kutalimbaru sub-district community already knows and understands business opportunities based on the concept of socio-economic characteristics, so that they start opening small businesses that can increase income that utilizes productivity to become an alternative in increasing income and then can improve welfare through community income.
 Keywords: Economic; Kutalimbaru; Opportunity; Social; Business

The Impact of External Outsourcing of Internal Audit on The Quality of External Audit - A Field Study

The study dealt with the impact of external outsourcing of internal audit on the quality of external audit in a field study. The study aimed to identify the concept and importance of external outsourcing for internal auditing, and to identify the concept and importance of the quality of external audit. The problem of the study was represented by the business establishments' lack of interest in qualifying and developing the employees of the Internal Audit Department, which results in the adoption of the establishments management to perform these tasks from an external source. The study reached results, the most prominent of which is the benefit of business establishments from the expertise of external parties by allowing the outsourcing process in its various branches (total, partial, joint) to them. The study recommended the need for academic and professional bodies to hold seminars and training courses regarding attribution in its various branches to clarify its advantages and the possibility of benefiting from it. Keywords: Outsourcing of the internal audit, Full-Outsourcing, Partial-Outsourcing, Partnering/Co-sourcing, Quality of external audit.

A latent auction model of firm establishment location choice in the Greater Toronto Area

We present a maximum bid model for business establishments in the Greater Toronto Area (GTA). The model is based on a latent auction approach, wherein price and utility are jointly modeled in a random utility-maximizing framework. Structural relationships between establishments by their industry classification and type (i.e., headquarters, subsidiary, branch, or single location) are explored through a generalized nesting correlation structure. This structure provides a mechanism for differentiating between branch and single-location establishments, having seemingly similar functions, but differing in their allocation between industry and type nests. Maximum bid models are estimated for the full establishment population in the GTA at the level of individual buildings. The model scope allows us to provide a range of insights into establishment location choice behavior, which was previously infeasible due to data limitations. We find that professional service establishments tend to locate near passenger rail stations (i.e., subway and LRT), while industrial establishments tend to locate near major highway interchanges. We confirm the finding by Kenworthy and Laube (1999) that Canadian cities are less auto-dependent than US cities, albeit from the perspective of establishment location rather than individual vehicle travel data.

On the question of the use of the museum of the Ukrainian military medical academy and museums of the city of Kyiv in military-patriotic education

The creation of the military medical museum of the UVMA and the organization of a comprehensive study of the history of military medicine strengthened the scientific and cultural potential of the educational institution, created an atmosphere of involvement of the UVMA staff in the centuries-old traditions of military medicine in Ukraine, and gave a new impetus to the military and patriotic education of students. In addition, the creation of the museum made it possible to strengthen the representative functions of UVMA, create an additional factor of successful communication and establishment of business and professional contacts with colleagues in Ukraine and abroad, contributed to the organization of a meaningful cultural program for the stay of various delegations and individual officials at the academy. Museums of military and military medical educational institutions acquire special importance in the conditions of a full-scale war of the Russian Federation against Ukraine. The demand is put forward to them to truthfully reflect the military resistance of Ukraine for the preservation of its own state independence, which began in 2014, by various museum means. With the help of photo and video materials, documents, fragments of weapons, transformed into museum exhibits, it is necessary to depict the long, exhausting, tragic and at the same time heroic struggle of the Armed Forces of Ukraine, which turned into a national war of Ukraine against Russian aggression from February 24, 2022. Relevance of research. In accordance with the current legislation of Ukraine, the educational process carried out in educational institutions combines three components: the educational process, the scientific process and the educational process. The educational process, as an important integral component of the educational process, is aimed at forming in those who study patriotism, respect for the state language and state symbols of Ukraine, a careful attitude to national, historical, cultural values, the cultural heritage of the Ukrainian people, the need in case of need to protect the sovereignty and territorial integrity of Ukraine. This direction of educational activity acquires special importance in the conditions of a full-scale war between the Russian Federation and Ukraine. The valuable experience of the organization of medical support of the Armed Forces (AF) of Ukraine during the years of armed resistance to the military aggression of the Russian Federation should be highlighted in a museum exhibition. The need for military-patriotic education is determined by the requirements that the state and society apply to servicemen, the Military Oath and the Statutes of the Armed Forces of Ukraine. Activities of military and patriotic education in higher military educational institutions of the Armed Forces of Ukraine are carried out in the format of lectures, discussions, meetings with veterans, organization of thematic exhibitions, museum expositions.The purpose of the study is aimed at a comprehensive analysis of materials that highlight the specific results of using the museum of the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences and the museums of the city of Kyiv in the military and patriotic education of students. Materials and methods. The information base of the article consists of materials that highlight the impact of military-patriotic education activities on students of UVMA (excursions to museums of UVMA and the city of Kyiv, meetings with veterans of the medical service of the Armed Forces of Ukraine, prominent Ukrainian public and cultural figures, leaders and members of foreign delegations of military medical services NATO member countries, etc.). Current visual content (photo materials) is attached. The article uses general scientific methods - analysis-synthesis and special historical methods: historical-systemic and biographical.

Crowdsourced data indicates broadband has a positive impact on local business creation

Broadband connectivity is regarded as generally having a positive macroeconomic effect, but we lack evidence as to how it affects key economic activity metrics, such as firm creation, at a very local level. This analysis models the impact of broadband Next Generation Access (NGA) on new business creation at the local level over the 2011–2015 period in England, United Kingdom, using high-resolution panel data. After controlling for a range of factors, we find that faster broadband speeds brought by NGA technologies have a positive effect on the rate of business growth. We find that in England between 2011 and 2015, on average a one percentage increase in download speeds is associated with a 0.0574 percentage point increase in the annual growth rate of business establishments. The primary hypothesised mechanism behind the estimated relationship is the enabling effect that faster broadband speeds have on innovative business models based on new digital technologies and services. Entrepreneurs either sought appropriate locations that offer high quality broadband infrastructure (contributing to new business establishment growth), or potentially enjoyed a competitive advantage (resulting in a higher survival rate). The findings of this study suggest that aspiring to reach universal high–capacity broadband connectivity is economically desirable, especially as the costs of delivering broadband services decline.

Faith-based Social Entrepreneurship: Improving Mosque's Socio-Economic Values in Emerging Country

The religious perspective in the literature on social entrepreneurship remains largely unexplored, resulting in a scarcity of studies that analyze social entrepreneurship through a religious lens. Social entrepreneurship, including its manifestation in religious organizations as faith-based social enterprises, has emerged as a significant innovation in addressing diverse social issues, with the vast number of mosques in Indonesia presenting a promising opportunity to contribute to the betterment of the community's well-being. This study aims to identify the transformation process at the Masjid Ar Rahmah Surabaya and its impacts on social welfare considering its successful establishment as a faith-based social enterprises over the past five years, managing multiple business units and generating social benefits. Employing a case study, data were collected through interviews, observations, and document studies. The findings of the study present a model consisting of stages such as opportunity recognition, business establishment, resource acquisition, and organizational reconfiguration. These insights have implications for addressing social issues and enhancing community welfare in Indonesia and other emerging countries.

Application of Innovative Methods of Managing the Labor Potential in the Hotel and Restaurant Business Establishments

Purpose: The purpose of the academic paper is to study the tendencies and practice of applying innovative methods of managing labor potential in the hotel and restaurant business in changing environmental conditions.
 
 Theoretical framework: Considering labor shortages in the hospitality industry and the necessity to attract employees after the pandemic, the EU hospitality and restaurant businesses have been changing their methods of managing the labor workforce.
 
 Design/methodology/approach: The research methodology is based on a systematic approach to studying trends and the practice of applying innovative methods of managing labor potential in the context of the external environment’s challenges. Based on the Eurostat panel data for 2020, linear regression models of the dependence between turnovers, employment, and labor productivity in the field of hospitality in EU countries were constructed. Secondary data from interviews with owners of the largest EU hotel chains were used to identify methods of managing labor potential after the pandemic.
 
 Findings: The results demonstrate the existence of challenges toward the EU hotel and restaurant chains related to the labor shortage in the conditions of spreading the pandemic, the set of skills and low-skilled migrants. In order to solve the problems outlined, network managers hire and quickly train employees without work experience from various social categories (young people, students, specialists from other sectors, migrants, etc.). Moreover, hotels’ and restaurants’ managers offer employees housing, additional wages, social insurance, bonus payments in order to attract the workforce.
 
 Research, Practical & Social implications: The research demonstrates a positive change in the employees’ working conditions in the hospitality industry in the EU states due to the problem of their shortage, which arose with spreading the pandemic and the labor force movement to other economy sectors.
 
 Originality/value: The practical value of the research lies in the possibility of using the knowledge about the identified trends of managing labor potential in the EU hospitality industry by small and micro enterprises of the industry.