Establish Prevention Measures Research Articles

"Ethnic disparities in the prevalence of Molar-Incisor-Hypomineralisation (MIH) and caries among 6-12-year-old children in Catalonia, Spain".

To study the prevalence of MIH and caries in 6- and 12-year-old schoolchildren and their association with ethnic disparities and other relevant factors. In recent years, there has been uneven improvement in school children's oral health, highlighting inequalities in access to dental care and health outcomes, particularly among ethnic minorities. The most prevalent oral disease in childhood, caries, is preventable, as its risk factors are well known. However, MIH, a common condition affecting the enamel of permanent incisors and/or molars, has no established aetiology or preventive measures. A cross-sectional study among schoolchildren was conducted in 725 children from Masnou (Barcelona, 2013) and in 577 children from Sant Andreu de Llavaneres (Barcelona, 2018-2020). Data collection was carried out by means of clinical examination and a selfreferenced questionnaire. Oral health outcomes included: presence of dental caries, presence of MIH, hypomineralised second primary molars (HSPM). All variables were analysed according to ethnic disparities and other variables such as socioeconomics, diet, hygiene habits, plaque and access to dental services. We performed multivariate Poisson regression models with robust variance to examine ethnic disparities in MIH and caries. This cross-sectional study based in Catalonia, Spain showed that there are ethnic disparities in caries as observed with other child's diseases; however, they do not seem to follow the same pattern for MIH. More studies are needed (i) to explore how MIH behaves among populations in terms of inequality; (ii) to study the aetiological factors of MIH; and (iii) to identify potential factors associated with MIH and caries that have not been studied and that may contribute to the observed ethnic disparities.

Statistical analysis of principal components (PCA) in the study of the vulnerability of Heritage Churches

Built heritage is constantly at risk due to anthropogenic or natural threats. Its vulnerability involves factors related to construction form, state of conservation and urban pressure, for this reason the assessment of vulnerability depends largely on its conservation and restoration. Therefore, the identification of these factors and the analysis of the correlation between them can be an effective tool in the fulfilment of integrated plans focused on the preventive conservation of these buildings. This study focuses on churches built in America (Colombia and Guatemala) between the 16th and 18th centuries, which have been analysed by calculating a global vulnerability index. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was employed to obtain a better observation of the set of data and vulnerability indices to evaluate the behaviour of the factors that affect the model. This first approach by PCA allows to identify similarities and differences in the factors that affect the global vulnerability of each church and facilitate the prediction of typical future behaviours to establish prevention measures applicable to various buildings, moreover this study allowed to analysing the common characteristics and threats to help cultural heritage managers to propose preventive conservation measures applied to the maintenance of heritage buildings and the generation of urban policies focused on articulated plans in risk management, that included criteria based on sustainability and resilience.

Analyzing the Risk of Being a Victim of School Bullying. The Relevance of Students’ Self-Perceptions

School bullying is a growing concern in almost all developed economies, bringing negative and serious consequences for those students involved in the role of victims. In this paper, we propose to analyze this topic for the case of Spain, considering the data compiled in the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) report in 2018. The sample size consists of 12,549 15-old-year students (51.84% females and 48.16% males). With the help of structural equation models (SEM), we aim to detect the relationship between the risk of being a victim of bullying and several self-appreciations expressed by the students. We have considered variables that try to measure individual perceptions in several aspects, such as the self-image, the help provided by parents and teachers and how the school environment’s safety is perceived. A multigroup analysis was also performed to see the impact of the socioeconomic level of the families and the students’ academic performances on the proposed model. We conclude that several of those aspects are directly related with the risk of being bullied and this risk is higher in those students who present school failure and have a lower socioeconomic status. In this regard, the results would permit pointing out some aspects in which the decision-makers can focus their proposals to establish prevention measures.

Occurrence and distribution of microplastics in surface sediments of a typical river with a highly eroded catchment, a case of the Yan River, a tributary of the Yellow River

Investigation of microplastic contamination in riverbed sediments can help clarify long-term microplastic pollution and establish prevention measures in watersheds. However, little research has been conducted on riverbed sediment pollution on the Loess Plateau, a highly eroded area in Northwest China. This research investigates the Yan River as a case study. The occurrence and distribution of microplastics were surveyed and analyzed to explore the microplastic pollution in the riverbed of the Loess Plateau. Microplastics were found in all sediment samples, with an abundance of 208.89–686.67 items kg−1. Polypropylene and polyethylene were the main microplastic components identified using Fourier transform infrared spectrometry and imaging systems. Particles 0.5–1.0 mm in size accounted for 38.5 % of the total microplastics in this region. The main microplastic colors were black, white, and transparent, which accounted for 40.75 %, 20.75 %, and 20.38 % of the total microplastics, respectively. There was an increasing trend in the microplastic abundance in sediments in the downstream direction that accompanied the increase in population density from 55.31 persons km−2 upstream to 230.05 persons km−2 downstream. Microplastic pollution was related to the complex geographical, semiarid monsoon climate, elevation, grassland, per capita GDP, and anthropogenic factors in the Yan River basin. The erodible loess and high-intensity rainstorm promoted severe soil erosion, which caused microplastics absorbed in the soil to migrate to the river. Poorly managed solid wastes, such as agricultural mulch, plastic bottles, and other plastic products are also sources of microplastics in the riverbed. This study further clarifies microplastic pollution in typical rivers of highly erosive areas and provides useful information for basin management.

Proposal of Combined Noise and Hand-Arm Vibration Index for Occupational Exposure: Application to a Study Case in the Olive Sector.

In many production and industrial sectors, workers are exposed to noise and hand-arm vibrations (HAV). European directives have established the maximum limit values or exposure action values for noise and vibration independently. However, in many cases, workers who endure hand-arm vibration also receive high noise levels. This research suggests a procedure to aid the establishment of precautionary measures for workers with simultaneous exposure to both physical agents. This procedure defines a combined index based on the energy doses for both noise and HAV. From this combined index, the suggested methodology allows a recommended exposure time for workers with simultaneous noise and HAV exposure to be calculated. This methodology can be adapted to tackle the relative importance assigned to both agents according to the safety manager and new knowledge on combined health effects. To test this method, a measurement campaign under real working conditions was conducted with workers from the olive fruit-harvesting sector, where a variety of hand-held machinery is used. The results of the study case show that the suggested procedure can obtain reliable exposure time recommendations for simultaneous noise and HAV exposures and is therefore a useful tool for establishing prevention measures.

Evaluation of paramedical student's awareness towards COVID-19 in Thi-Qar

Introduction: To limit the COVID-19 pandemic, several countries have implemented effective procedures. However, it has been noted that an individual’s attitude, knowledge, and practices concerning COVID-19 plays a major role in determining how much they will follow the established preventive and control measures. This study aimed to evaluate the awareness level of Iraqi paramedical student's regarding Covid-19. Methods: This study conducted an online survey of (118) paramedical students over a two-week period using piloted and validated questionnaire. Data were entered into SPSS version 21 for analysis. Contingency Coefficients test was used to estimate of the association between student's responses and socio-demographical characteristics variables. Results: Of the participants, (55%) students provided correct answers, indicating moderate awareness. Only (35%) of the sampled students could correctly define “close contact.” Further, (65%) students knew about the different infection control measures such as respiratory hygiene, cough etiquette, rapid triage, and the importance of a well-ventilated and separate waiting area for patients presumed to have COVID-19. Most students (85%) also knew about clinical management, including immediately executing recommended infection prevention and control measures as well as managing complications in a supportive manner.

Nematode Parasites of the European Pilchard, Sardina pilchardus (Walbaum, 1792): A Genuine Human Hazard?

Simple SummaryThe European pilchard is one of the most frequently consumed fish species in Mediterranean countries, especially in Italy and Spain, and has been reported as the cause of at least eight human anisakidosis cases in Spain since 1991, the parasitic disease caused by the ingestion of fish or cephalopods infested by the larval stage of anisakid nematodes. With the aim to shed light on the potential human parasitosis risk posed by these nematode larvae, we helminthologically analyzed a total of 350 sardines (European pilchard) captured in the Atlantic Ocean (175 sardines) and the Mediterranean Sea (175 specimens), acquired in various Spanish nationwide supermarket chains. The statistical analysis of some helminth parameters revealed a higher presence of nematodes belonging to the genus Hysterothylacium (frequency of parasitation of 24.29%; total mean parasite burden of 2.36), usually considered non-parasitic for humans (only three cases reported worldwide), when compared to nematodes of the genus Anisakis (5.71%; 0.16). The human anisakidosis risk after the consumption of raw or undercooked sardines and the role of Hysterothylacium, the most frequent nematode, is discussed, providing information to consumers. To avoid human infection by anisakid larval nematodes, the established preventive measures are confirmed and new ones are proposed.The European pilchard is one of the most frequently consumed fish species in Mediterranean countries, especially in Italy and Spain, and has been reported as the cause of at least eight human anisakidosis cases in Spain. With the aim to shed light on the potential human parasitosis risk posed by nematode larvae belonging to families Anisakidae or Raphidascarididae, a total of 350 sardines captured in the Atlantic Ocean (175 specimens) and the Mediterranean Sea (175 specimens), acquired in various Spanish nationwide supermarket chains, were helminthologically analyzed. The statistical analysis of some helminth parameters revealed a higher presence of nematodes belonging to the genus Hysterothylacium (prevalence 24.29%; mean abundance of 2.36), usually considered non-parasitic for humans (only three cases reported worldwide), when compared to nematodes of the genus Anisakis (5.71%; 0.16). The human anisakidosis risk after the consumption of raw or undercooked sardines and the role of Hysterothylacium, the most frequent nematode, is discussed, providing information to consumers. To avoid human infection by anisakid larval nematodes, the established preventive measures are confirmed and new ones are proposed, such as the consumption of sardines preferably caught in the Mediterranean and of small-sized specimens available, and the immediate evisceration after fishing.

Recurrent ameloblastoma of mandible - A case report

Ameloblastoma is a benign odontogenic tumor of epithelial origin. It is locally aggressive with unlimited growth capacity and has a high potential for malignant transformation as well as metastasis. Ameloblastoma has no established preventive measures although majority of patients are between ages 30 and 60 years. Among all types of ameloblastomas, multicystic ameloblastoma is believed to be a locally aggressive lesion that has the tendency for recurrence. In this report we present a case of a large multicystic ameloblastoma in the right parasymphysis-body region of the mandible in a 31-year-old man. The large lesion was diagnosed with the help of cone beam computed tomography and was successfully managed by hemi mandibulectomy with simultaneous reconstruction. The need for extending the surgical margins beyond the radiographic extension to prevent recurrence is highlighted.

A protocol for a randomized trial measuring flowmetry in risk areas for pressure ulcer: Hyperoxygenated fatty acids vs olive oil

BackgroundPressure ulcers are a common adverse event in healthcare. To date, no flowmetry studies have been conducted to compare hyperoxygenated fatty acids (HFA) vs. extra-virgin olive oil (EVOO) in alleviating this condition. AimsTo determine and evaluate the effect of the application of HFA vs. EVOO on tissue oxygenation and perfusion in heels under pressure, in healthy persons and in hospitalised patients. DesignTwo-phase experimental study. MethodsPhase 1 will be conducted with healthy subjects, using a randomised, open study design, evaluating an intrasubject control group. Phase 2 will focus on hospitalised subjects, with a randomised, open study group vs. a control group. DiscussionThis Project is undertaken to identify the mechanisms that intervene in the genesis of pressure ulcers and to determine whether there are differences in outcomes between the application of HFA vs. EVOO as a preventive measureThe results of this study are of economic importance (due to the price difference between the products used) and will also impact on usual clinical practice for patients with impaired mobility and liable to suffer from pressure ulcers, by considering an alternative to established preventive measures.

COMPARATIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF CLINICAL INDICATORS OF THE CONDITION OF SCAR TISSUE OF THE FACIAL SKIN AT DIFFERENT STAGES OF THE POSTOPERATIVE PERIOD DEPENDING ON THE CHRONOTYPE OF THE PERSON.

The aim: The aim of the study was to improve preventive measures aimed at preventing the formation of pathological scarring of the skin in patients after elective surgery by intra- and postoperative use of cryopreserved placental cells. Materials and methods: The research was conducted in the Department of Maxillofacial Surgery on the basis of the Municipal Enterprise «Poltava Regional Clinical Hospital. M.V. Sklifosovsky» Poltava Regional Council. A total of 60 patients took part in the study, who were hospitalized for planned surgical interventions in the department of maxillofacial surgery. Results: We obtained clinical data on the processes of scar formation in patients with morning and evening chronotype on the background of local intraoperative injection of cryopreserved placenta extract into the wound. We have proved that short people with an established evening chronotype need additional preventive measures, especially on the 90th and 180th days of the postoperative period. Conclusions: From our study we can say with confidence that the drug "Cryocel" reduces epithelialization time, promotes optimal wound healing and leads to the formation of more aesthetic scars, which creates optimal both functional and cosmetic results.

Central line-associated bloodstream infection trend in Brazilian adult intensive care units: an ecological study.

Central line-associated bloodstream infections are the second most frequent infection in intensive care units. It represents an adverse event of significant magnitude, thus threatening the patient safety. The aim of this study was to analyze the historical trend of central line-associated bloodstream infections in patients in intensive care units, the rate of infection, central venous catheter utilization ratio, type of pathogen and their antimicrobial resistance pattern. This ecological study was performed at 42 intensive care units from a state capital of the Midwest region of Brazil. Central line-associated bloodstream infections notifications were collected from two databases, the Municipal Coordination for Patient Safety and Infection Control at Healthcare Services, from 2012-2016, and the FormSUS (National Health System Data Processing Company), from 2014-2016. The incidence of central line-associated bloodstream infections was high and stationary in the period (incidence rate of 2.3 to 3.2 per 1,000 catheter days, central venous catheter utilization ratio average 56,9%). The most frequent microorganisms were coagulase-negative Staphylococcus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter spp. and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Resistance to 3rd and 4th generation cephalosporins and carbapenems were detected among Gram-negative bacteria, and resistance to oxacillin among Gram-positive bacteria. Central line-associated bloodstream infections incidence rates were high, however the historical trend remained stationary in adult intensive care units. Infections were mostly caused by coagulase-negative Staphylococcus, K. pneumoniae, Acinetobacter spp. and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, including multi-drug resistant organisms. These findings point to the need of educational strategies addressing the adherence to established preventive measures and to the rational use of antimicrobials.

Dorsopathy in urban public transport drivers in relation to occupational risks and workloads

Drivers in urban public transport are exposed to specific risks and workloads with both somatic and psychological effects on their health. The most common somatic disorders are musculoskeletal diseases (MSDs), especially those of the spine, and some of them can be occupational diseases. The present paper represents a sequence from an ample study that has followed the effects of this professional activity on work aptitude and workers’ state of health and then has established prevention measures, respectively measures for reduction of identified risk factors. An ergonomic, complex and multidimensional methodology has been used. The health state analysis has been performed through a prevalence, cross-sectional study on three cohorts (bus, tram, trolleybus drivers). In all groups, a high percentage of spinal pathology has been found, especially lumbosacral. The highest percentage of dorsopathies has been registered in the group of the trolleybus drivers (48%), followed by the tram (43%) and the bus (42%). In all three cohorts, a significant percentage in disc herniation in the age group 36-45 years old has been found, which can indicate premature wear. The identification of occupational risk factors has allowed for the establishment of a set of prevention / reduction measures.

Social mixing and risk exposures for SARS-CoV-2 infections in elderly persons

During the transitional phase between the two pandemic waves of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), infection rates were temporarily rising among younger persons only. However, following a temporal delay infections started to expand to older age groups. A comprehensive understanding of such transmission dynamics will be key for managing the pandemic in the time to come and to anticipate future developments. The present study thus extends the scope of previous SARS-CoV-2-related research in Switzerland by contributing to deeper insight into the potential impact of “social mixing” of different age groups on the spread of SARS-CoV-2 infections. The present study examined persons aged 65 years and older with respect to possible SARS-CoV-2 exposure risks using longitudinal panel data from the Swiss COVID-19 Social Monitor. The study used data from two assessments (survey “May” and survey “August”). Survey “May” took place shortly after the release of the lockdown in Switzerland. Survey “August” was conducted in mid-August. To identify at-risk elderly persons, we conducted a combined factor/k-means clustering analysis of the survey data assessed in August in order to examine different patterns of adherence to recommended preventive measures. In summary, 270 (survey “May”) and 256 (survey “August”) persons aged 65 years and older were analysed for the present study. Adherence to established preventive measures was similar across the two surveys, whereas adherence pertaining to social contacts decreased substantially from survey “May” to survey “August”. The combined factor/k-means clustering analysis to identify at-risk elderly individuals yielded four distinct groups with regard to different patterns of adherence to recommended preventive measures: a larger group of individuals with many social contacts but high self-reported adherence to preventive measures (n = 86); a small group with many social contacts and overall lower adherence (n = 26); a group with comparatively few contacts and few social activities (n = 66); and a group which differed from the latter through fewer contacts but more social activities (n = 78). Sociodemographic characteristics and risk perception with regard to SARS-CoV-2 infections among the four groups did not differ in a relevant way across the four groups. Although many elderly persons continued to follow the recommended preventive measures during the transitional phase between the two pandemic waves, social mixing with younger persons constitutes a way for transmission of infections across age groups. Pandemic containment among all age groups thus remains essential to protect vulnerable populations, including the elderly.

A utilização de cateteres venosos centrais de inserção periférica na Unidade Intensiva Neonatal

Analisar a utilização dos cateteres centrais de inserção periférica em recém-nascidos internados na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Neonatal. Pesquisa retrospectiva, descritiva e quantitativa, realizada em 80 prontuários de uma maternidade escola federal do Rio de Janeiro, no período de abril a julho de 2018. A utilização do dispositivo foi maior em recém-nascidos pré-termo (83%), o peso predominante foi abaixo de 1.500 gramas (60,9%), a indicação mais frequente para a inserção do cateter foi o baixo peso, associado ou não a terapia intravenosa prolongada (35,2%) e o tempo de permanência foi superior a cinco dias (81,8%). A ocorrência de eventos adversos estava presente em 31,8% dos casos. Ressalta-se a importância da correta indicação, manuseio, cuidado no uso do dispositivo, além de identificação dos eventos adversos, para que se estabeleçam medidas de prevenção e treinamento da equipe, a fim de diminuir os riscos e promover a segurança dos recém-nascidos.
 Descritores: Infusões Intravenosas; Segurança do Paciente; Cateterismo Venoso Central; Unidades de Terapia Intensiva Neonatal; Enfermagem Neonatal.

Behaviour of young Czechs on the digital network with a special focus on YouTube. An analytical study

With the advent of the Internet, young people make up the largest percentage of the Czech population who spend the most time interacting with the digital network and the various tools it offers. In order to find out what activity they carry out within the digital network, this research was undertaken, which aims to find out how young Czechs spend their time when they are using the digital network. To this end, 27,177 young Czechs between the ages of 7 and 18 were sampled. (n = 27,177). Specifically, the aim was to find out which websites they spent the most time on, the types of social networks they used, the nature of the content they viewed, as well as whether they had suffered any kind of ill-treatment through the digital network. The results of the descriptive analyses allowed to elucidate that: (1): the young participants make use of visual social networks, such as Youtube; (2) most of the content they consume is linked to funny videos, challenges or gameplays; (3) It is of great concern that a large part of the sample has been the victim of verbal insults or cases of personal account theft or has been the victim of distribution of personal images without prior consent. Based on these results, it is intended to establish the focus on the possible consequences of these findings, especially in establishing prevention measures that confront the cyberbullyng in view of the possible consequences.

Do established infection prevention and control measures prevent spread of SARS-CoV-2 to the hospital environment beyond the patient room?

SummaryThe role of the hospital environment in the transmission of infection is well described. With an emerging infection whose mode of transmission is under investigation, strict infection prevention and control measures, including patient isolation, hand hygiene, personal protective equipment that is doffed on exiting the patient room, and environmental cleaning should be implemented to prevent spread. Environmental testing demonstrated that COVID-19 patients contaminated the patient area (11/26, 42.3% of tests) but contamination of general ward areas was minimal (1/30, 3%) and the virus was detected after cleaning on one item only (1/25, 4%) which was noted to be in disrepair.

Candidemia by Candida parapsilosis in a neonatal intensive care unit: human and environmental reservoirs, virulence factors, and antifungal susceptibility.

The Candida parapsilosis complex has emerged as one of the main causes of candidemia worldwide. This study aims to evaluate possible C. parapsilosis sensu stricto reservoirs in a NICU, the expression of virulence factors, and antifungal susceptibility, and to analyze their genetic and phenotypic similarity. The study included 17 isolates of C. parapsilosis: seven environmental, one from a newborn's mother, and nine samples from six newborns. We used molecular and phenotypic tests to characterize the isolates and to trace possible routes of infection. The genetic similarity was determined by random amplified polymorphic DNA. The hemolytic and DNAse activity was determined using sheep's blood and DNAse agar, biofilm production by XTT method, and the susceptibility to antifungals through microdilution methodology. Two environmental strains isolated in the same month had high similarity. The 17 isolates expressed at least one of the three virulence factors studied, and one environmental isolate was resistant to fluconazole. This study shows that environmental contamination can be an important reservoir of potentially pathogenic microorganisms, since isolates of C. parapsilosis sensu stricto collected from the hospital environment were able to express virulence factors. Therefore, we emphasized the importance of determining the transmission routes in NICU in order to detect pathogen sources and reservoirs, as well as to establish prevention measures, such as adequate disinfection of the environment.

Evaluation of Lung Function in Automobile Diesel Mechanics in a Semi Urban Town of South India-Kumbakonam Urban Rural Epidemiological Study–KURES 6

Automobile mechanics are constantly exposed to dust from the exhausts of petrol and diesel. We recruited 50 petrol two wheeler mechanics and subjected them to lung function tests. All were non-smokers without any respiratory symptoms. All mechanics were regular workers with a minimum of three years and at least an exposure of 5 hours of more per day. They were explained about the methodology and asked to attempt three times and the best of three were selected. The incidence of obstructive lung disease (FEV1/FVC<70%) was only 2%. But the incidence of reduction of effort independent MEF 25-75 in a significant manner is around 38% which coincided with reduction in PEFR values. ⁅FEV1 = Forced expiratory volume in 1 second. PEFR = peak expiratory flow rate. MEF ( 25-75) = mean forced expiratory flow between the 25% and 75% of the FVC.] We did not find any correlation with body mass index. We did not resort to analyses of deterioration of lung function with differing exposure years with a low sample size. We suggest that a regular PEFR with practice of established preventive measures may prevent the progress from asymptomatic illness to a symptomatic stage in such health workers.

CryptoKnight: Generating and Modelling Compiled Cryptographic Primitives

Cryptovirological augmentations present an immediate, incomparable threat. Over the last decade, the substantial proliferation of crypto-ransomware has had widespread consequences for consumers and organisations alike. Established preventive measures perform well, however, the problem has not ceased. Reverse engineering potentially malicious software is a cumbersome task due to platform eccentricities and obfuscated transmutation mechanisms, hence requiring smarter, more efficient detection strategies. The following manuscript presents a novel approach for the classification of cryptographic primitives in compiled binary executables using deep learning. The model blueprint, a Dynamic Convolutional Neural Network (DCNN), is fittingly configured to learn from variable-length control flow diagnostics output from a dynamic trace. To rival the size and variability of equivalent datasets, and to adequately train our model without risking adverse exposure, a methodology for the procedural generation of synthetic cryptographic binaries is defined, using core primitives from OpenSSL with multivariate obfuscation, to draw a vastly scalable distribution. The library, CryptoKnight, rendered an algorithmic pool of AES, RC4, Blowfish, MD5 and RSA to synthesise combinable variants which automatically fed into its core model. Converging at 96% accuracy, CryptoKnight was successfully able to classify the sample pool with minimal loss and correctly identified the algorithm in a real-world crypto-ransomware application.

Postcollision safety device compliance in trauma patients

Background: Noncompliance with established prevention measures (seat belts/helmets) continues to be prevalent. Research has shown three primary methods of increasing compliance: legislation, education, and postcollision intervention. We hypothesized that after a motor vehicle collision (MVC) or motorcycle crash (MCC), there are higher rates of safety device noncompliance and this behavior will not align with the benefits of prevention. The study of these patterns will, therefore, provide insight for interventions and education. Materials and Methods: This was a prospective, survey-based study of 165 patients performed during June–July 2016 at a Level 1 trauma center. Inclusion criteria consisted of adults involved in either MCC or MVC. Study groups consisted of the MVC and MCC cohorts and those compliant and noncompliant with safety devices. Outcomes were analyzed by comparison of demographics, injury severity score, self-reported safety device use, and substance abuse. Answers given to the final open-ended question of the survey were sorted based on subject matter as it related to reasoning of safety device use. Results: Seat belt users (71.3%) were older (46 vs. 39 years, P = 0.038) and had fewer passengers (1.5 vs. 2.2, P = 0.012). Helmet wearers (30.6%) were more likely women (odds ratio: 9.6, P = 0.009) and less likely to have a positive blood alcohol concentration (BAC) (59.1% vs. 100.0%, P = 0.01). Primary reasons for seat belt use were habit, safety, and law, while primary reasons for helmet use were safety and habit. Overall noncompliant individuals from both MCC and MVC cohorts were more likely to have a positive BAC. Conclusions: Noncompliant patients' reasoning was contradictory to the known benefit of safety restraints. Primary prevention device use relies on establishing habit and perceived safety. Through the postcollision survey, we were able to gather more insight for lack of compliance and this behavioral pattern. Immediate intervention allowed for an opportunity in safety education. Benefit was noted in patients' opportunity for self-reflection and willingness to change behavior. The following core competencies are addressed in this article: Patient care, Practice-based learning and improvement.