Established Discipline Research Articles

The Birth of Modern Economics and “Crossfertilization” of Sciences

The term ‘crossfertilization of metaphors’ from discipline to discipline was used by Dr. Rolf Von Eckartsberg (1983) to describe mutually enriching metaphorical projections between autonomous disciplines aimed at helping scientists to form a particular view of reality or develop their own theories. However, this interesting path of studying conceptual mappings has not received sufficient consideration on the part of researchers though there are insightful observations and case studies of the phenomenon in question in the works of many authors. The current article is an attempt to study the mechanisms underlying the formation of a new conceptual domain – economics – through an interaction of knowledge structures between the new and established intellectual disciplines. Metaphor, analogy, and comparison are “mediators” in this interaction and vehicles in the conceptualization of economic reality and in expressing new cognitive content.

Methodological lessons in neurophenomenology: Review of a baseline study and recommendations for research approaches

Neurophenomenological (NP) methods integrate objective and subjective data in ways that retain the statistical power of established disciplines (like cognitive science) while embracing the value of first-person reports of experience. The present paper positions neurophenomenology as an approach that pulls from traditions of cognitive science but includes techniques that are challenging for cognitive science in some ways. A baseline study is reviewed for “lessons learned,” that is, the potential methodological improvements that will support advancements in understanding consciousness and cognition using neurophenomenology. These improvements, we suggest, include (1) addressing issues of interdisciplinarity by purposefully and systematically creating and maintaining shared mental models among research team members; (2) making sure that NP experiments include high standards of experimental design and execution to achieve variable control, reliability, generalizability, and replication of results; and (3) conceiving of phenomenological interview techniques as placing the impetus on the interviewer in interaction with the experimental subject.

Scientific status of fatigue and pain. Publishing and professional activities: 2002–2011

Background: Clinicians and researchers often deal with fatigue and pain in patients who are ill, and in healthy individuals. Purpose: To identify fatigue and pain publishing trends and professional activities over a recent decade in order to assess the scientific status of these domains. Methods: Peer review citations and professional activities for fatigue as compared to pain were tabulated for the decade, 2002–2011. Results: For the decade, fatigue represented 15% of citations, and pain, 85%. Annual publication frequencies fit an exponential model for fatigue (R squared=0.97; p<0.0001) and a linear model for pain (R squared=0.94; p<0.0001). The most common fatigue research categories were: “non-disease” (38%; e.g., fatigue in exercise, workers, healthy populations), medically unexplained fatigue (18.8%; primarily chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalomyelitis [CFS/ME]), and cancer fatigue (8%). No overarching theory of fatigue was identified. By comparison, the central sensitization model of pain has gained cross-disciplinary recognition. Although a scientific discipline of pain was evident, the field of fatigue studies lacks many of the elements (e.g., texts, accreditation programs) necessary for an established discipline. Conclusions: Although fewer articles were found for fatigue in comparison to pain, publishing rates for both domains increased by about 90% over the decade. The literature has begun to identify the importance of the symptom of fatigue.

Cyber security: challenges for society- literature review

security is the activity of protecting information and information systems (networks, computers, data bases, data centres and applications) with appropriate procedural and technological security measures. Firewalls, antivirus software, and other technological solutions for safeguarding personal data and computer networks are essential but not sufficient to ensure security. As our nation rapidly building its Cyber- Infrastructure, it is equally important that we educate our population to work properly with this infrastructure. Cyber-Ethics, Cyber-Safety, and Cyber-Security issues need to be integrated in the educational process beginning at an early age. counter measures help ensure the confidentiality, availability, and integrity of information systems by preventing or mitigating asset losses from security attacks. Recently cyber security has emerged as an established discipline for computer systems andinfrastructures with a focus on protection of valuable information stored on those systems fromadversaries who want to obtain, corrupt, damage, destroy or prohibit access to it. An Intrusion Detection System (IDS) is a program that analyses what happens or has happened during an execution and tries to find indications that the computer has been misused. A wide range of metaphors was considered, including those relating to: military and other types of conflict, biological, health care, markets, three-dimensional space, and physical asset protection. These in turn led to consideration of a variety of possible approaches for improving cyber security in the future. These approaches were labelled Heterogeneity ,Motivating Secure Behaviour and Cyber Wellness . plays an important role in the development of information technology as well as Internet services. Our attention is usually drawn on Cyber Security when we hear about Cyber Crimes. Our first thought on National Security therefore starts on how good is our infrastructure for handling Cyber Crimes. This paper focus on cyber security emerging trends while adopting new technologies such as mobile computing, cloud computing, e-commerce, and social networking. The paper also describes the challenges due to lack of coordination between agencies and the Critical IT Infrastructure. Keywords - cyber safety,e-commerce ,intrusion detection system (IDS), internet engineering task force (IETF),metaphors

Enabling Factors for Improved Malaria Chemoprophylaxis Compliance

Dear Sir: The article, “Compliance with Antimalaria Chemoprophylaxis in a Combat Zone,” confirmed the limited adherence to such preventive measures among military service members. The authors analyzed the reasons for noncompliance while presenting measures undertaken to address them. These measures include education and training, supply of medicines before departure, directly observed therapy, and an established discipline policy with consequences rarely applied but supported by the laws of the Uniform Code of Military Justice.1 Given the importance of malaria chemoprophylaxis, solutions are needed urgently to address this critical weakness in malaria prevention and control systems, not just for troops but all other non-immune travelers and residents. Poor compliance affects the health of individuals improperly taking the medications. It has the potential to roll back the current gains in malaria control efforts in endemic countries by creating resistance and allowing the re-emergence of parasites in areas that have seen an impressive decline in parasitemia. For more than a decade, ExxonMobil has assigned thousands of non-immune workers in malaria-endemic countries. They face the same compliance challenges as the United States military service members and other long-term travelers2. In 2003, at the inception of our operations in malaria-endemic locations, more than 200 malaria cases were reported. Our strategic response to this was the implementation of a comprehensive malaria program and its integration into the health and safety procedures of our company organizations. As a result, malaria cases decreased to < 15 per year. The workplace malaria program measures are targeted at individual employees and contractors; they are also embedded into the verification and reporting systems of company operations. They include: 1. A comprehensive awareness program that communicates and confirms the risk of malaria, the program requirements, and each individual's commitment to chemoprophylaxis with their willingness to be tested for compliance verification. Education begins before departure, with consistent reinforcement of key messages upon arrival, during site induction, and safety meetings. Training completion is verified before travel, at arrival in the country, and at specific check points such as company air transportation sites or camp offices. For company providers, malaria program requirements are specified in contractor agreements and subject to review at contractor mobilization. 2. Provision of chemoprophylaxis medicines recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO)3 and the U.S. Center for Control of Infectious Diseases.4 They include Atovaquone-Proguanil, Mefloquine, and doxycycline, which can be adopted for long-term use,5 expand workers' choices, personalize their prescription, enable them to switch medications when needed while representing a panel of medicines with reported equal efficacy and side-effect occurrence.6 Medical services are available on site to ensure that medications are tolerated or changed. The costs of medicines are reimbursed by the company for employees and for contractors, through company policies and agreements. 3. Monitoring chemoprophylaxis compliance through random testing of workers. The laboratory test method was developed with a United States-based company.7 Between 5,000 and 10,000 tests were performed annually from 20038 to 2011. Non-detect rate of malaria medicines in urine samples tested during this time frame decreased from 2.5% to 0.5%. The urine tests verify the use of malaria chemoprophylaxis, although their protective levels can only be assessed through blood tests. In early 2012, a field test developed with the French Army9 for Proguanil and Mefloquine was implemented. It provides results in 10 minutes and enables more practical on-site verification and immediate feedback. 4. A “show-me process” at arrival and departure from work sites. This process requires workers to verify that they are in possession of their malaria chemoprophylaxis and are practicing bite protection (wearing factory-treated permethrin clothing, carrying insect repellent, and documentation of malaria awareness training). 5. Engagement of Senior Management for a malaria control program. Malaria cases, cases of non-detects for urine malaria drug tests, and periodic assessments of the malaria control program elements performed through Operations Integrity Management Systems are reported up line to senior company executives from affiliates. These reports are a part of the site performances in malaria locations. They are stewarded by a Corporate Malaria Steering Committee responsible for guidance and sponsor of program activities. Contractor companies are also assessed and notified of health expectations, including malaria program requirements through various mechanisms before, during, and after mobilization. Successful programs, including malaria chemoprophylaxis compliance, rely on clear expectations, personal and organizational engagement with effective verification of expectations, and application of corrective action when indicated. Like any behavior required from population groups (observance of speed limits, proper harnessing while working at heights, or adherence to required health practices), repeated training and awareness, individual and leadership commitment, verification of observance, and application of consequences for noncompliance are key enabling factors.

Do AIS and MIS have a future?

Academics and practitioners of successful, established disciplines rarely question their future viability. But in today’s world, complacency may prove dangerous. AIS and MIS operate in turbulent circumstances. The rates change of reskilling, deskilling, outsourcing and in-sourcing is unprecedented. There is no reason why craft workers in a field should be caught in a King Canute like demise. An intelligent appreciation of one’s past and present does allow for successful adaptation to new circumstances. Infused with new literatures, a field like MIS and AIS could prepare itself for this brave new world and respond accordingly.

Intelligence Studies Centers: Making Scholarship on Intelligence Analysis Useful

Improving intelligence analysis requires bridging the gap between scholarship and practice. Intelligence studies as an academic discipline is not very theoretical compared to the more established disciplines of political science and international relations. In terms of conceptual depth, levels of abstraction and theoretical development, even the theoretical portions of the academic intelligence studies literature could be described as policy relevant and potentially useful for practitioners, including intelligence analysts. Yet despite this orientation to the practitioner, there is still a substantial gap between scholars and practitioners, thus replicating within a more applied context the conventional theory/practice divide that exists in other fields. Those fields do, however, possess a variety of ideas and recommendations that could be used to bring scholarship on intelligence analysis closer to practice. If implemented, these ideas might help actualize the benefits of scholarship that are as yet still unrealized potential.

Aesthetic theory and the video game

This book draws on aesthetic theory, including ideas from the history of painting, music and dance, to offer a fresh perspective on the video game as a popular cultural form. It argues that games like Grand Theft Auto and Elektroplankton are aesthetic objects that appeal to players because they offer an experience of form, as this idea was understood by philosophers like Immanuel Kant and Theodor Adorno. Video games are awkward objects that have defied efforts to categorize them within established academic disciplines and intellectual frameworks. Yet no one can deny their importance in re-configuring contemporary culture and their influence can be seen in contemporary film, television, literature, music, dance and advertising. This book argues that their very awkwardness should form the starting point for a proper analysis of what games are and the reasons for their popularity. This book will appeal to anyone with a serious interest in the increasingly playful character of contemporary capitalist culture.

‘Sans teeth, sans eyes, sans taste, sans everything:’ resourcing mental health services for older people

For mental health services in the UK, older people are frequently defined as being over 65 years, although most people at that age are by no means old in terms of health, attitudes or behaviour. Systematic development of old age psychiatry services began during the 1970s with a handful of psychiatrists who had seen the benefits of active treatment. Almost immediately, these barely emerging services were hit by the financial effects of the oil crisis. By contrast, economic stability in the 1960s had allowed the more established disciplines of geriatric medicine and ‘general’ psychiatry to make some headway in creating modern clinical services. For example, as a proxy measurement of service development, in 1968 there were 178 geriatric medicine consultants compared to about 6 in old age psychiatry. For psychiatry, there were other influences generating change, such as the anti-psychiatry movement which was strongly focussed on younger people. The needs of mentally ill older people were largely overlooked, and lagged behind in terms of resources. There are good reasons for having dedicated old age services. First, the incidence of the various dementias begins to rise steeply at around 65 years, so clinical teams need specific skills to ensure accurate diagnoses and appropriate support and treatment. Second, as people age they are increasingly likely to have multiple diagnoses which require expertise to manage them alongside the mental illness. Third, discussion among mental health staff indicates that the agegroup of patients with whom they wish to work is important to them. Usually, general adult psychiatrists do not desire to work with older people, nor old age psychiatrists with younger. Lack of enthusiasm about your patient group does not make for good therapeutic relationships. Fourth, negative responses from the medical profession generally towards mentally unwell older people have become deep-rooted over the decades. For example, 70 years ago an editorial in a respected medical journal commented: ‘All sympathy and desire to help seem to vanish. Nothing but irritation and an impatient desire to discharge the patient ... exists’. Forty years ago, old age psychiatrist Professor Tom Arie noted that many doctors and social workers ‘cannot formulate a “psychogeriatric problem” in any other terms but as to the need to get it instantly off their hands.’ Recent experience as a liaison psychiatrist on medical and surgical wards suggests little has changed. For treatment, many older patients will be best served by specific old age services because of physical frailty, confusion, co-morbidity, and social and psychological factors, but some may benefit from services used mainly by younger people. Thus, despite the need for psycho-social treatment options beyond the confines of traditional old age facilities and activities, the other reasons indicate that specific old age services have a valid clinical rationale. Age appropriateness is sometimes misunderstood to be age discrimination. These points indicate why specific services are to the patients’ advantage and are no more discriminatory than having dedicated children’s services. Clinical benefits of providing dedicated mental health services for older people are well recognized. They are reflected in the peer-reviewed DECLARATIONS

Effect of early life housing manipulation on baseline and drug-induced behavioural responses on neurochemistry in the male rat

Employing environmental enrichment (EE) provides continual sources of dynamic interaction for animals. Though an established discipline in behavioural science, the consequences of EE on behavioural pharmacological tests have not been extensively examined. The purpose of this study was to examine the consequences of EE (or isolation housing) on a range of behavioural pharmacological tests and brain monoamine and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression in the rat. Male rats were randomly assigned to IC (isolation), SC (standard group-housed) or EE conditions. IC and SC animals were housed singly or in groups of four in standard cages, whilst the EE group were housed in groups of four in larger cages enriched with a variety of wooden, cardboard and plastic objects. After 5weeks of housing, its impact on the effects of diazepam (DZP) in the elevated plus maze (EPM); desipramine (DMI) in the forced swim test (FST) and amphetamine (AMP) effects on homecage activity were assessed. Post-mortem monoamine and BDNF levels were analysed using HPLC and ELISA. EE rats displayed reduced activity in the OFT, however no other differences were found in baseline behaviours. DMI reduced immobility time in the FST, but only for rats housed in IC, while AMP effects were somewhat greater for socially-housed animals than those in IC. There were no housing effects on monoamine or BDNF levels in discreet brain regions. The results suggest that post-weaning enrichment had no significant effect on baseline behaviours or monoamine and BDNF levels, thus it is suitable to implement as a commonplace husbandry practice, however, caution must be taken when investigating responsiveness to psychotropic drugs.

Examining the recent developments in services marketing research

Against the background of the rising importance of services in research and practice, this study systematically examines service-related publications over the last ten years to identify a set of the most relevant topics in services research. This enquiry involves pursuing two central research objectives. The first question is directed at analyzing the recent development in theoretical research activity in this field and its scope as well as identifying recurring research topics and research methods. The second objective is to investigate the global diffusion in services research. With these objectives, the study reviews 1,840 papers on topics specific to services marketing that were published between 2000 and 2009 in the 34 most relevant marketing journals, based on the VHB JOURQUAL 1 ranking from 2003 (VHB 2003). The findings of the first question report on recent developments in services marketing research since 2000, culminating in its current status as an established discipline within marketing research. The study identifies the most frequently covered research topics (i.e., ‘service quality’ and ‘service customer’) and shows that quantitative empirical research frameworks prevail within services marketing research. Focusing on the geographic development of services marketing research, it shows that services marketing research is not yet undertaken on a truly global scale; associated with the identification of geographic areas of concentration, it furthermore reveals a correlation between an author’s and editor’s geographic location of activity.

Case study of a framing effect in course evaluations

Background: When new elements are included in the medical curriculum and the total time frame remains unchanged, established disciplines have to shorten their courses. This might bring about frustration among the teachers and students concerned, which in turn might affect how other courses are perceived.Findings: Two course evaluations, one before and one after a major change in the curriculum were compared. Comments were also analysed. We found that the students’ and teachers’ frustration influenced the students’ evaluations of a new course in the philosophy of medicine and accordingly brought about an unintended message effect referred to as a framing effect.Conclusions: The results of this observational study indicate that a negative framing effect might influence course-evaluations. We suggest that this study might be used as a point of departure for further empirical studies about negative framing effects.

The entrepreneurial marketing domain: a citation and co‐citation analysis

PurposeEntrepreneurial marketing (EM) is at the brink of becoming an established discipline. To advance the field further and to better guide research efforts in different sub categories, the purpose of this paper is to examine the field's intellectual structure with the help of citation and co‐citation analysis.Design/methodology/approachThis paper is based on a two‐stage research design. First a citation analysis is carried out through which thematic clusters are identified. In a second step a co‐citation analysis is conducted to determine the intellectual structure of EM research.FindingsThis study exposes the most influential authors and publications and emphasizes conjunctions among scholars and their findings. Results show three streams that are the foundation of EM research: theoretical foundations of management, entrepreneurship, and marketing; the research interface of marketing and entrepreneurship; SME and new venture marketing.Research limitations/implicationsThe results of a bibliometric analysis are limited by the publications that have been selected as a starting point. However, through the selection criteria chosen to identify the database for analysis, the authors are confident that the results illustrate the intellectual structure of EM research in its entirety. The authors recommend that future research should be conducted in one of the three sub‐fields identified in this study.Practical implicationsBy laying out different research streams within EM it is hoped that future research will be guided in different directions. “Fine‐tuning” of research efforts will benefit small, new, and entrepreneurial firms.Originality/valueThe analyses conducted in this paper draw a picture of the field that is based on a quantitative approach and therefore sets itself apart from other literature reviews that have a qualitative core.

Anthropology in Southeast Asia: National Traditions and Transnational Practices

Abstract Over several generations, since the mid-20th century, anthropology has become an established academic discipline throughout much of Southeast Asia. Academic anthropology in Southeast Asia is emerging as a scholarly practice driven increasingly by local initiatives and dynamics, though still maintaining ties to global academic networks. The purpose of this article is to contribute to an assessment and understanding of the national traditions and transnational practices of anthropology in Southeast Asia through a comparative perspective. I focus on four national traditions — those of Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore and Thailand. While providing a comprehensive account of these diverse traditions and practices is not possible in the space of a single article, I attend to four significant issues relevant to the current state of anthropology across the region. First, I compare the emergent national traditions of the four countries, focusing on the transnational conditions shaping their development, particularly in the late colonial and early post-colonial period (i.e., the mid-20th century). Second, I compare the structuring of anthropological selves and others across these traditions, which shapes the ways in which anthropologists see their work and the people they write about. Third, I discuss ways in which localised anthropological practice can and should contribute to theory building by way of grounded theory and critical translation projects. And finally, I conclude by examining emergent transnational linkages and practices, which suggest current directions that anthropology is taking in the region. While only a partial of narrative anthropology in Southeast Asia, this article is a provocation to think beyond both the older dynamics of the-West-versus-the-rest and the newer constraints of methodological nationalism in anthropologists’ on-going efforts to build a vital and valuable discipline.

Review/PerspectiveTranslational Medicine: What is it and what could it be?

Translational medicine is not a traditional and established discipline in the biosciences, certainly not in medicine. It has become a very popular phrase which is being more and more widely used in variable contexts both by the pharmaceutical industry, funding agencies and academia. The idea of translational medicine is as obvious as persuasive if introduced into grant applications or industry tools of operation. It is driven by the general observation that there is a deep and rapidly widening trench between medical in vitro and animal research on one hand and clinical innovation on the other. Whereas the knowledge in medicine in general terms is exploding, this does certainly not translate into an explosion of novelties in patient treatments, exceptions granted. In particular, the <i>lamento</i> is coming increasingly from the pharmaceutical industry which complains about surging R&D costs at yet steadily decreasing marketing approval rates of new medicines. Academia and its sponsors join into this choir not understanding why all the knowledge obtained in the test tubes and experimental animals (e. g. knock-out mice) does help so little in changing realities of daily medical practice. Thus, translation has become a widespread phrase to indicate that research and development aims at bedside innovation or facilitates the transition from ‘bench to bedside’. For this, it utilizes biomarkers which should be predictive at an early stage of development (e. g. animal experiments) for later stages, especially at the human level. Human exploratory (non-regulatory) trials are important tools for early proof of principle. In general, however, a clear set of methods and technology is still lacking, and no solid science supports the wish to translate. If biomedical research should survive increasing competition for resources by other areas of research demands from e. g. environmental or energy concerns, it has to get the act of translation right in that a solid armamentarium of paradigms, tools, methods needs to be created. This includes translation planning, translatability assessment, and, thus, portfolio considerations to balance translational risks in both public and private funding situations.

PhD Program Prestige and Faculty Location in Criminal Justice and Sociology Programs

Criminal justice education is striving to become completely integrated into the academic community and in the process has assumed many of the characteristics of the more established disciplines. Prestigious academic programs hiring PhDs from other prestigious programs has been a familiar pattern for many established academic programs. The initiative to maximize program prestige by hiring PhDs from high-ranking programs is thought to benefit both program and individuals. This study examined the sources of PhD degrees among prestigious and less prestigious programs in criminal justice and compared the results to those found for sociology. Taking into account the multidisciplinary nature of criminal justice and its faculties, among ranked criminal justice programs, a tendency for highly ranked programs to hire PhDs from other highly ranked programs was observed although not as strongly as that found in sociology. Some questions for criminal justice education raised by this pattern were identified.

Expanding the History of the Black Studies Movement: Some Prefatory Notes

With a beginning remarkably different than conventional academic disciplines, Black Studies emerged on the American college campus amidst Black Power protests and student demands. Now more than forty years old, Black Studies exists as an established discipline constituted by a robust scholarly discourse, an ever-expanding body of innovative interdisciplinary literature, hundreds of collegiate programs at the undergraduate level, a growing number of graduate and doctoral programs, and some of the world’s most well-known intellectuals. This introduction—and special issue of the Journal of African American Studies—explores the origins and history of the Black Studies Movement in the United States. Our aim in this volume is to bring the political history to the forefront. Based on historical detail and deep archival research, the works ground the history of Black Studies in the radical Black politics of the late 1960s and 1970s, while emphasizing local materiality and ideological developments. The contributions in this special issue recover some of the names (and faces) of Black Studies’ founders, offering a range of perspectives on the movement to establish the field both within and without the American academy.

Information Security Awareness in Academia

Information security has become an established discipline as more and more businesses realize its value. Many surveys have indicated the importance of protecting valuable information and an important aspect that must be addressed in this regard is information security awareness. The academic sector is one that regularly addresses information security awareness. Because many successful security intrusions are the result of either social engineering or user complacency, there is a need for students in non IT-related disciplines to become as security literate as possible. The proposed research investigates the level of security awareness amongst the online population. For this reason sample data from a university environment was used in order to examine the state of information security awareness in the academic sector and investigate the awareness needs of students. Since information technology grows at a rapid pace, it is important for the academic sector to identify new trends and developments in information security and adapt the curricula appropriately.

Britannia and her Business Schools

Business education constitutes a significant part of offerings at modern universities. It started to emerge on both sides of the Atlantic around 1900, despite considerable resistance from professors of established disciplines. In Europe, it was mainly established outside universities, as at Handelshochschulen in Germany, écoles de commerce in France and handelshögskolor in Scandinavia. The UK in contrast was much slower to take up business education. With the exception of the London School of Economics and Political Science, which turned more into an institution preparing graduates for civil service, and accounting education in Birmingham and Manchester, it was not until the mid‐1960s that academic business education took off in the UK. This paper elaborates on the reasons for this development and shows how earlier traditions were challenged after the Robbins and Frank reports. As a result, five groups of top institutions for business education have been identified and labelled: (1) Front‐runners, (2) Engineers, (3) Frankies, (4) Followers, and (5) Latecomers. The paper also demonstrates that the relatively late diffusion of business education has implied that UK business schools have been relatively less prominent in publishing in relation to US business schools. However, a comparison between two periods (1981–1992 and 2005–2009) of publishing in 15 top journals indicates that UK business scholars are gaining ground. At the same time most top references in the published UK papers have US authors.

Interdisciplinary studies: Seeking the right toolkit

Many researchers are exploring the boundaries of established disciplines. But does this cutting-edge approach lead to job opportunities?