Establish Construct Validity Research Articles

The Psychometric Properties of a Portuguese Version of the Trait-Meta Mood Scale: an Attachment Framework

This study examined the psychometric properties of the Portuguese version of Trait Meta-Mood Scale (TMMS). The TMMS is a self-report measure that assesses stable individual differences in the way people attend, discriminate, and repair their mood and emotions. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses (CFA) were conducted in a sample of 1070 Portuguese university students, aged 17–30 years. Attachment, coping and rumination measures were used to establish construct validity, and internal consistency was also tested. The CFA failed to gather support for the original three-factor structure. Results suggested that a four-factor structure, including 26 items tapping suppression, clarity, repair, and difficulties in defensive repression provided the best fit to the data. The four subscales evidenced good internal consistency. In addition, concurrent validity with attachment, coping, and rumination variables was determined. This four-factor structure provided a valid and reliable measure to assess emotion regulation and is proposed to add some comprehensive value to the assessment of emotion regulation under an information-processing and attachment framework.

Development And Validation Of An Electronic Sports Nutrition Knowledge Questionnaire For Athletes

PURPOSE: Reliable assessment of sports nutrition knowledge (SNK) would help inform athlete nutrition education to address knowledge gaps. Electronic assessment is an accessible option able to provide immediate feedback. The aim of the study was to validate an electronic SNK assessment tool - Platform to Evaluate Athlete Knowledge of Sports Nutrition Questionnaire (PEAKS-NQ). METHODS: PEAKS-NQ was informed by focus groups with sports nutritionists (n=16) from elite sports institutes in Australia and New Zealand (NZ) with content validity established via a modified Delphi Process. The PEAKS-NQ captured demographics (Section A) and assessed SNK across 5 domains (Sections B-F; max score 113 points). PEAKS-NQ was deployed to 92 developmental (junior) athletes (DA) in NZ, with a subset (n=50) invited to complete a re-test to evaluate reliability. To establish construct validity via the known groups method, 255 accredited sports dietitians (ASD) were invited to complete PEAKS-NQ. Score differences between DA and ASD were analysed using independent t or non-parametric tests. Reliability and internal consistency were evaluated using Sign Tests and Cronbach’s α (good = ≥0.8) respectively. Results are reported as mean±SD. RESULTS: DA (n=88) were 17.6±1.4y, 61.4% female, and mostly in high school (94.3%). ASD (n=45) were 37.8±7.6y, 82.2% female, with >5 years of dietetic experience (59.1%). ASD scored higher in all sections and overall (91.5±3.4%) compared to DA (67.1±10.5%)(p<0.001). Both DA and ASD scored best on Section B - Food groups (87.1±8.5 v 98.5±3.5%, p<0.001) and lowest on Section D - Applied Sports Nutrition (51.1±13.8 v 86.7±10.0%, p<0.001). In DA, there were no section or overall differences between re-tests (n=18; p=0.14). Overall Cronbach’s α was good (0.86). Overall median completion time was 24 minutes. CONCLUSIONS: PEAKS-NQ is a valid and reliable instrument for assessing SNK in athletes. A final stage of testing with more athletes will assist in establishing score ranges and factors influencing SNK.

A comparison of two personalization and adaptive cognitive rehabilitation approaches: a randomized controlled trial with chronic stroke patients

BackgroundPaper-and-pencil tasks are still widely used for cognitive rehabilitation despite the proliferation of new computer-based methods, like VR-based simulations of ADL’s. Studies have established construct validity of VR assessment tools with their paper-and-pencil version by demonstrating significant associations with their traditional construct-driven measures. However, VR rehabilitation intervention tools are mostly developed to include mechanisms such as personalization and adaptation, elements that are disregarded in their paper-and-pencil counterparts, which is a strong limitation of comparison studies. Here we compare the clinical impact of a personalized and adapted paper-and-pencil training and a content equivalent and more ecologically valid VR-based ADL’s simulation.MethodsWe have performed a trial with 36 stroke patients comparing Reh@City v2.0 (adaptive cognitive training through everyday tasks VR simulations) with Task Generator (TG: content equivalent and adaptive paper-and-pencil training). The intervention comprised 12 sessions, with a neuropsychological assessment pre, post-intervention and follow-up, having as primary outcomes: general cognitive functioning (assessed by the Montreal Cognitive Assessment - MoCA), attention, memory, executive functions and language specific domains.ResultsA within-group analysis revealed that the Reh@City v2.0 improved general cognitive functioning, attention, visuospatial ability and executive functions. These improvements generalized to verbal memory, processing speed and self-perceived cognitive deficits specific assessments. TG only improved in orientation domain on the MoCA, and specific processing speed and verbal memory outcomes. However, at follow-up, processing speed and verbal memory improvements were maintained, and a new one was revealed in language. A between-groups analysis revealed Reh@City v2.0 superiority in general cognitive functioning, visuospatial ability, and executive functions on the MoCA.ConclusionsThe Reh@City v2.0 intervention with higher ecological validity revealed higher effectiveness with improvements in different cognitive domains and self-perceived cognitive deficits in everyday life, and the TG intervention retained fewer cognitive gains for longer.Trial registrationThe trial is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02857803. Registered 5 August 2016, .

Comparing Chinese youth with American youth on adjustment: An illustration of measurement issues in cross-cultural research.

In this article, we used results from two studies to show the need to go beyond linguistic equivalence to establish construct validity and measurement invariance in cross-cultural research. Study 1 examined Rosenberg Self-Esteem (RSE; 10 items) data from 156 Mainland Chinese youth (M=13.8 years, SD=.53) and 213 Chinese-American youth (M=13.6 years, SD=2.1) from high socioeconomic status (SES) families. The Chinese translation of the RSE has been widely used. Study 2 included 1060 Mainland Chinese youth (M=15.6 years, SD=2.3) and 412 racially diverse American youth (M=16.0, SD=2.9) from all SES backgrounds. Data were collected with the third and newest edition of the Behavioural Assessment System for Children-Self Report of Personality (BASC-3-SRP; 189 items). We translated and back-translated the BASC-3-SRP between English and Chinese to establish linguistic equivalence. All participants were females. Study 1 showed that the RSE had acceptable internal consistency but lacked construct validity. Study 2 showed that the original and the translated BASC-3-SRP had good internal consistency and construct validity, but nine of its 16 subscales lacked measurement invariance. These results highlight measurement issues facing international and cross-cultural research.

Measuring social interdependence in collaborative learning: instrument development and validation

BackgroundIn health professions education, several collaborative learning approaches have been used. As collaborative learning has a theoretical background of social interdependence theory, a theory informed and valid instrument to measure social interdependence is required to evaluate and compare several learning approaches. The aim of this study was to develop an instrument (the SOcial interdependence in Collaborative learning Scale; SOCS) to measure students’ perceived social interdependence in collaborative learning and validate it.MethodsWe conducted a modified Delphi procedure among stakeholders to develop the content validity of the instrument. To establish construct validity, we performed a confirmatory factor analysis, and we estimated reliability.ResultsTwo rounds of Delphi were conducted to develop the instrument. Confirmatory factor analysis yielded a three-factor model with 15 items, which provided an excellent fit with CMIN/df = 1.838, GFI = 0.924, CFI = 0.951, RMSEA = 0.061, and PCLOSE = 0.121. Alpha-coefficients for all factors indicated high internal consistency of all the factors.ConclusionThis study describes the development and construct validation of the SOCS for measuring social interdependence in collaborative learning. This instrument will provide teachers and schools with feedback about their classroom environment.

Adaptación cultural, validez y confiabilidad de la escala de Adopción del Rol Materno en Colombia

Introducción: En la actualidad, se necesita un instrumento con sustento teórico disciplinar, válido, confiable y adaptado culturalmente, que mida el proceso de convertirse en madre en primerizas.&#x0D; Métodos: Estudio de validación de escalas. En la adaptación cultural, la validez facial y de contenido participaron expertos de Colombia. Se utilizó el índice de validez de contenido y el análisis de factores. Un total de 282 madres participaron para establecer la validez de constructo y confiabilidad. La confiabilidad se estimó mediante el coeficiente alfa de Cronbach.&#x0D; Resultados: Se realizaron adaptaciones culturales. La validez facial para las madres fue la siguiente: alta comprensión (97%); y para expertos: alta comprensión (95.50%), alta claridad (94.38%) y alta precisión (93.58%). En relevancia, el índice de validez de contenido fue de 0.97 (muy relevante) y en pertinencia, el índice de validez de contenido fue de 0.96 (muy pertinente). La validación de factores identificó diez factores que representaron el 66% de la varianza. El valor del alfa de Cronbach general fue 0.96 IC95% (0.95-0.97).&#x0D; Conclusión: La escala de Adopción del Rol Materno adaptada culturalmente en Colombia, es válida y confiable para madres primerizas con bebés a término. Esta escala permite identificar el nivel: bajo, medio o alto del proceso de convertirse en madre y puede utilizarse para evaluar las intervenciones enfocadas a favorecer el proceso de convertirse en madre.

Construct Validity of a Serious Game for Laparoscopic Skills Training: Validation Study.

BackgroundSurgical residents underutilize opportunities for traditional laparoscopic simulation training. Serious gaming may increase residents’ motivation to practice laparoscopic skills. However, little is known about the effectiveness of serious gaming for laparoscopic skills training.ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to establish construct validity for the laparoscopic serious game Underground.MethodsAll study participants completed 2 levels of Underground. Performance for 2 novel variables (time and error) was compared between novices (n=65, prior experience <10 laparoscopic procedures), intermediates (n=26, prior experience 10-100 laparoscopic procedures), and experts (n=20, prior experience >100 laparoscopic procedures) using analysis of covariance. We corrected for gender and video game experience.ResultsControlling for gender and video game experience, the effects of prior laparoscopic experience on the time variable differed significantly (F2,106=4.77, P=.01). Both experts and intermediates outperformed novices in terms of task completion speed; experts did not outperform intermediates. A similar trend was seen for the rate of gameplay errors. Both gender (F1,106=14.42, P<.001 in favor of men) and prior video game experience (F1,106=5.20, P=.03 in favor of experienced gamers) modulated the time variable.ConclusionsWe established construct validity for the laparoscopic serious game Underground. Serious gaming may aid laparoscopic skills development. Previous gaming experience and gender also influenced Underground performance. The in-game performance metrics were not suitable for statistical evaluation. To unlock the full potential of serious gaming for training, a more formal approach to performance metric development is needed.

Can the Implicit Association Test Serve as a Valid Measure of Automatic Cognition? A Response to Schimmack (2021)

Much of human thought, feeling, and behavior unfolds automatically. Indirect measures of cognition capture such processes by observing responding under corresponding conditions (e.g., lack of intention or control). The Implicit Association Test (IAT) is one such measure. The IAT indexes the strength of association between categories such as “planes” and “trains” and attributes such as “fast” and “slow” by comparing response latencies across two sorting tasks (planes–fast/trains–slow vs. trains–fast/planes–slow). Relying on a reanalysis of multitrait–multimethod (MTMM) studies, Schimmack (this issue, p. 396) argues that the IAT and direct measures of cognition, for example, Likert scales, can serve as indicators of the same latent construct, thereby purportedly undermining the validity of the IAT as a measure of individual differences in automatic cognition. Here we note the compatibility of Schimmack’s empirical findings with a range of existing theoretical perspectives and the importance of considering evidence beyond MTMM approaches to establishing construct validity. Depending on the nature of the study, different standards of validity may apply to each use of the IAT; however, the evidence presented by Schimmack is easily reconcilable with the potential of the IAT to serve as a valid measure of automatic processes in human cognition, including in individual-difference contexts.

Development and initial validation of the Clinician Attitude Toward Violence Affecting Women With Disabilities (CAVAWD) Scale: An exploratory study.

The study aim was to develop and psychometrically assess an instrument to measure clinician attitude and competence in understanding violence affecting women with disabilities. Data were collected from 419 clinicians with a master's degree or higher. Once collected, data was split randomly into two equal groups. Exploratory factor analysis was conducted on the first half of the data (n = 209) and confirmatory factor analysis was conducted on the second half of the data (n = 210) to establish construct validity. The draft instrument thus generated was designated as the Clinician Attitude Toward Violence Affecting Women With Disabilities (CAVAWD) Scale, which includes 4 factors (perception of problem, training competency, screening and reporting competency, and policy awareness). These four factors loaded on 40 items, with an overall Cronbach's alpha of 0.898 and McDonald's omega of 0.903, explaining 58.7% of the total variance. Initial psychometric assessment of CAVAWD showed good reliability and consistent construct validity through 4 moderate to highly loaded factors that are interpretable and parsimonious. Further testing is needed; however, at present, the CAVAWD may be potentially useful to evaluate and measure counselor attitude, competency, and understanding of violence affecting women with disabilities. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).

Developing a questionnaire to measure psychological disturbance associated with tooth loss

ObjectivesTo develop and validate a self-reporting measure to assess the psychological disturbance in adult patients with tooth loss and denturesMethods: Ethical approval obtained from the Health Research Authority NHS England (Ref:17/NI/0098). 128 participants (100 patients - 28 clinicians) were recruited to participate in the development and validation of the questionnaire. Inclusion criteria included adults (age ≥18) with tooth loss/dentures. Exclusion criteria included patients with a history of psychotic mental illness or patients who had treatment with dental implants. The development processes included: Phase 1. Development of questionnaire: describing the aims/target population of the questionnaire, generating a pool of items, defining the constructs to be measured, adapting psychological morbidity screening tools, Items reduction and producing a preliminary questionnaire. Phase 2. Validation of questionnaire: content validation, face validation, establishing construct validity, pilot testing and establishing reliability. ResultsFace and content validation indicated that the questionnaire was an appropriate tool to measure the impact of tooth loss and related psychological morbidities. Reliability analysis (Test re-test reliability/internal consistency) indicated the questionnaire has satisfactory reliability (correlation >0.7). Testing the theoretical hypothesis structure of the impact of tooth loss has also enhanced the construct validity of the questionnaire (domains correlated mildly (r>5 & <3) to strongly (r>5). Pilot testing confirmed the scale adequacy and wording clarity (>90 % of respondents). Results indicated that the developed questionnaire has adequate psychometric properties. ConclusionA disease-specific measure that assesses the psychological impact of tooth loss and the effectiveness of interventions (i.e. dentures) has been developed and validated. Clinical significantA patient outcome measure was developed which could be used to assess the psychological impact of tooth loss and compare the effectiveness of various interventions like dentures and implants.

Development and validation of a tool to assess the rational use of drugs in Turkish adults

This methodological study was performed to develop a Rational Use of Drugs Scale (RUDS). After defining the scale items and taking expert opinion, 325 adults tested the internal consistency, structure, and criterion validity of the final scale. A literature review was used to generate the initial items. Evaluation by an expert panel established content validity for these items, and pilot testing of the draft tool was performed. Explanatory and confirmatory factor analyses were used to establish construct validity, and internal consistency and test-retest reliability were calculated. Using exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses, the RUDS was found to have a structure comprising 1 factor and 21 items, with a total scale variance of 31.99%. The RUDS assessed whether patients used effective, safe, appropriate, and inexpensive drugs. Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was 0.84. The RUDS might be a valid and reliable instrument for public health practitioners to assess knowledge, attitude, and behaviors related to drug use.

Construct validity of Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2-Restructured Form scale scores in correctional settings.

Limited research has examined the link between Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2-Restructured Form (MMPI-2-RF) scales and contemporary personality and psychopathology models within correctional settings. This study focused on establishing construct validity of the MMPI-2-RF in offender samples from a broad personality framework. Two samples of incarcerated men and women completed a battery of broadband personality measures and narrowband measures that capture conceptually related constructs. To examine how MMPI-2-RF scale scores and criterion measures converged in a conjoint latent structure, we conducted a series of exploratory structural equation modelling analyses, which revealed factors similar to those of extant hierarchical personality models. At the broadband level, four factors (Positive Activation, Negative Affectivity, Inhibition and Agreeableness) were observed, whereas narrowband criteria yielded five factors (Behavioural Approach System, Disinhibition/Externalizing, Danger/Thrill Seeking, Self-Assurance/Boldness, and Unemotionality/Coldheartedness). MMPI-2-RF scale scores converged with the personality/psychopathology models in a theoretically expected manner. Limitations and directions for future research are discussed. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Fatigue in Aeromedicine: A Validity Study of the Flight Risk Assessment

ABSTRACT Objective: A validation study was conducted on the Flight Risk Assessment (FRA), a unique self-report fatigue measure for flight medics on duty. Background: Air medical professionals face unique challenges above and beyond the difficulty of working in a hospital setting or prehospital ground medicine. Providers frequently work multiple 24-hour shifts, resulting in circadian rhythm disturbance and cumulative sleep loss. The plane environment and the effects of flight are also contributory to fatigue; however, air medics must engage in emergent, time-sensitive, life-saving procedures despite these challenging circumstances. Although the aeromedical industry has rapidly expanded in the past several decades, the field of flight medicine lacks validated tools to evaluate fatigue levels, and many companies rely on flight providers’ recognition of fatigue to prevent work-related mistakes. Method: To establish construct validity, scores on the FRA were compared to scores on the Psychomotor Vigilance Test (PVT), an objective measure of fatigue. Results: The results indicate that a total of five questions on the FRA was significantly and strongly correlated with mean reaction time on the PVT (r = .60, p = .001). Perceived fitness for duty was poorly correlated with fatigue levels as measured by the FRA (r < .01) suggesting medics may have difficulty recognizing when they are fatigued and fit for duty. Conclusion: The air medical industry is rapidly expanding, and valid and reliable measures are indicated to assess fatigue levels among providers. Initial findings suggest the FRA is an efficient tool to objectively measure the fatigue levels of air medics through a self-report measure.

Developing and Assessing the Feasibility of Implementing a Surgical Objective Structured Clinical Skills Examination (S-OSCE)

To1 describe the development and evaluate the feasibility of a surgical objective structured clinical examination (OSCE) for the purpose of competency assessment based on the Royal College of Canada's CanMEDS framework. A unique surgical OSCE was developed to evaluate the clinical and surgical management of common orthopaedic problems using simulated patients and cadaveric specimens. Cases were graded by degree of difficulty (less complex, complex, more complex) Developing an assessment tool with significant resource utilization and good correlation with traditional methods is challenging. The feasibility of an OSCE that evaluates independent clinical and surgical decision making was evaluated. In addition, as part of establishing construct validity, correlation of OSCE scores with previously validated O-scores was performed. A tertiary level academic teaching hospital. Thirty-four Postgraduate year 3-5 trainees of a 5-year Canadian orthopedic residency program creating 96 operative case performances available for final review. The development of the OSCE cases involved a multistep process with attending surgeons, residents and a surgical education consultant. There were 4 different OSCE days, over a 3 year period (2016-2018) encompassing a variety of less complex and more complex procedures. Performance on the OSCE correlated strongly with the (O-SCORE, 0.89) and a linear regression analysis correlated moderately with year of training (r2 = 0.5737). The feasibility analysis demonstrated good financial practicality with solid programmatic integration. The unique surgical OSCE scores correlate strongly with an established entrustability scale. Administering this OSCE to evaluate preoperative and intraoperative decision making to complement other forms of assessment is feasible. The financial burden to training programs is modest in comparison to the insight gained by both residents and faculty.

Effects of Contract Ambiguity in Interorganizational Governance

This work introduces the concept of contract ambiguity from the law literature into the interorganizational governance literature. Within the context of franchising, the authors present a three-study multimethod design empirically establishing the construct of contract ambiguity of franchisor obligations, providing new insights into the strategic design of contracts and their outcomes. In Study 1, the authors establish construct validity by demonstrating that contract ambiguity of franchisor obligations is distinct from contract specificity and contract completeness of franchisor obligations, with differential outcomes. In Studies 2 and 3, the authors demonstrate that contract ambiguity of franchisor obligations increases an interest-based (vs. a rights-based) conflict solving approach, implying greater cooperation and joint problem solving, and reduces franchisee-initiated litigation. The findings also indicate that while contract ambiguity of franchisor obligations decreases franchisee-initiated litigation, this effect is amplified by higher levels of franchisor training programs but mitigated by the presence of a franchisee association. The article closes with a discussion of implications for academics and practitioners.

Development and Validation of the Self-Compassion Scale for Youth

We present a series of studies on the development and validation of the Self-Compassion Scale—Youth version (SCS-Y), which is intended for use with early adolescents in middle school. Study 1 (N = 279, Mage = 12.17) describes the selection of 17 items out of a pool of 36 potential items, with three items each representing the subscales of self-kindness, mindfulness, common humanity, self-judgment, isolation, and two items representing over-identification. Using state-of-the-art psychometric analyses ideal for examining multidimensional constructs like self-compassion—bifactor exploratory structural equation modeling (bifactor-ESEM)—findings supported the use of a general self-compassion score and six subscale scores. Study 2 cross-validated the factor structure of the SCS-Y with a second sample of youths (N = 402, Mage = 12.43). Study 3 found support for the test-retest reliability of the SCS-Y (N = 102, Mage = 12.52). Study 4 (N = 212, Mage = 12.18) established construct validity for the SCS-Y by demonstrating that SCS-Y scores were significantly associated with mindfulness, happiness, life-satisfaction, depression, resilience, and achievement goal orientation in expected directions. Overall, findings suggest that the SCS-Y is a reliable and valid measure of self-compassion for use with youths.

Adaptation and validation of receptive expressive emergent Language Test-3: Evidence from Hindi speaking children with cochlear implant

IntroductionSelection of an effective tool for assessment of language learning outcomes in post cochlear implantation is always an important but challenging task. Receptive expressive emergent language test-3rd Eds. (REELT-3) is one of the comprehensive language assessment tools used in India. In case of administration of REELT-3, which is standardized in English speaking typically developing western population, to another language speaking population with post-cochlear implant condition, the test outcome may get compromised owing to linguistics and population variability. The objective of the study is to test and validate REELT-3 in Hindi speaking children with cochlear implantation. MethodsNinety six typically developing children (22.3 ± 6.9 months, 48 boys and 48 girls) and 96 children with cochlear implantation (25.8 ± 9.2 months, 57 boys and 39 girls) participated in this study. As per the eligibility criteria of REELT-3, infants and toddlers with cochlear implant of age below 36 months participated in this study. Criterion, content and construct validity were tested using correlation based statistical analysis. ResultsHigh content validity was established by obtaining very low correlation coefficient r = 0.16 across two distinct population of typically developing children and children with cochlear implantation. Similarly, correlation coefficient of r = 0.84 revealed high criterion validity across REELT-3 in English and Hindi speaking conditions. Finally, correlation coefficient of r = 0.87was obtained between language raw score and chronological age to establish construct validity. Chronbach alpha coefficient (Chronbach α = 0.85) and interclass correlation coefficient 0.87was observed for REELT-3 which suggests good internal consistency and test-retest reliability, respectively. Receiver Operating Characteristics curve analysis of the REELT-3 suggested that area under curve 0.95 (95% CI = 0.89–0.99, p < 0.001) is excellent. The cut-off Language Ability Score (LAS) was determined as 74.5 with the sensitivity of 87.9% and specificity of 84.1% infer high sensitivity and specificity. ConclusionsThese results validate that REELT-3 can be used in assessment of language outcome in Hindi speaking children with post-cochlear implantation. Clinical assessment of receptive and expressive language will be beneficial in effective evaluation as well as in therapeutic planning.

Validation of an Early Numeracy Screener for First Graders

ABSTRACT This study investigated the psychometric properties of the Early Numeracy Screener. The Early Numeracy Screener is a teacher-administered, paper-and-pencil test measuring counting skills, numerical relational skills, and basic arithmetic skills. Three hundred and sixty-six first graders took the Early Numeracy Screener at the beginning of the school year. Confirmatory factor analysis was conducted in order to examine whether the screening tool was identified as a one-factor model or a three-factor model. The confirmatory factor analysis found evidence for the three-factor model, establishing construct validity. Evidence for criterion-related validity was found in crosstabulation and correlation with the national test measuring overall mathematics performance taken towards the end of the school year. The Early Numeracy Screener may serve as an indicator of young children’s performance in early numeracy. The brevity and ease of use of the Early Numeracy Screener make it suitable for classroom instructional settings.

Psychometric Properties of the Spanish Version of the Perceived Maternal Parenting Self-efficacy (PMP S-E) Tool for Primiparous Women.

The objective of this study was to determine the validity and the reliability of the Perceived Maternal Parenting Self-Efficacy tool translated into Spanish and adapted to be used among primiparous women of term babies. Validation study. A total of 210 women participated in the survey to establish construct validity and reliability. The questionnaire has 20 items and four subscales. The higher the score, the higher the self-efficacy. A process of translation/back-translation and cultural adaptation in accordance with international standards and an expert review were conducted to test face and content validity. The Validity Content Index and an exploratory factor analysis were used to identify the structure of the questionnaire. Reliability was estimated using Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Linguistic and cultural adaptation, validation and reliability were performed. Face validity for women was as follows: high comprehension (99%); and for experts: medium comprehension (84.1%), medium clarity (83.9%) and medium precision (80%). Concerning pertinence, the content validity index was 0.93 (i.e., highly pertinent). Concerning relevance, the content validity index was 0.96 (i.e., highly relevant). Factor validation identified four factors that accounted for 91% of the variance. Overall Cronbach's alpha value was 0.98 (IC 95 0.97-0.98). Given the robust properties of the Spanish version of the Perceived Maternal Parenting Self-efficacy, it may be used to identify women with low self-efficacy and to assess the effectiveness of health-based interventions.

Theistic intellectual humility and well-being: does ideological context matter?

ABSTRACT Existing conceptualizations and operationalizations of intellectual humility (IH) have not taken into account the way IH is experienced and expressed by theists. Based on a conceptualization of Christian theistic intellectual humility, we developed a measure of the construct, following established measure development steps of developing and reviewing scale items, exploring and confirming the factor structure, and establishing construct validity. We then tested the usefulness of the resulting scale by showing that theistic intellectual humility moderates four of the five tested relationships between religious commitment and well-being.