Essential Trace Element Research Articles

Copper incorporated biomaterial-based technologies for multifunctional wound repair.

The treatment of wounds is a worldwide challenge, and wound infection can affect the effectiveness of wound treatment and further increase the disease burden. Copper is an essential trace element that has been shown to have broad-spectrum antibacterial effects and to be involved in the inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling stages of wound healing. Compared to treatments such as bioactive factors and skin grafts, copper has the advantage of being low-cost and easily available, and has received a lot of attention in wound healing. Recently, biomaterials made by incorporating copper into bioactive glasses, polymeric scaffolds and hydrogels have been used to promote wound healing by the release of copper ions. In addition, copper-incorporated biomaterials with catalytic, photothermal, and photosensitive properties can also accelerate wound healing through antibacterial and wound microenvironment regulation. This review summarizes the antibacterial mechanisms of copper- incorporated biomaterials and their roles in wound healing, and discusses the current challenges. A comprehensive understanding of the role of copper in wounds will help to facilitate new preclinical and clinical studies, thus leading to the development of novel therapeutic tools.

Selenium bioactive compounds produced by beneficial microbes.

Selenium (Se) is an essential trace element present as selenocysteine (SeCys) in selenoproteins, which have an important role in thyroid metabolism and the redox system in humans. Se deficiency affects between 500 and 1000 million people worldwide. Increasing Se intake can prevent from bacterial and viral infections. Se deficiency has been associated with cancer, Alzheimer, Parkinson, decreased thyroid function, and male infertility. Se intake depends on the food consumed which is directly related to the amount of Se in the soil as well as on its availability. Se is unevenly distributed on the earth's crust, being scarce in some regions and in excess in others. The easiest way to counteract the symptoms of Se deficiency is to enhance the Se status of the human diet. Se salts are the most toxic form of Se, while Se amino acids and Se-nanoparticles (SeNPs) are the least toxic and most bio-available forms. Some bacteria transform Se salts into these Se species. Generally accepted as safe selenized microorganisms can be directly used in the manufacture of selenized fermented and/or probiotic foods. On the other hand, plant growth-promoting bacteria and/or the SeNPs produced by them can be used to promote plant growth and produce crops enriched with Se. In this chapter we discuss bacterial Se metabolism, the effect of Se on human health, the applications of SeNPs and Se-enriched bacteria, as well as their effect on food fortification. Different strategies to counteract Se deficiency by enriching foods using sustainable strategies and their possible implications for improving human health are discussed.

Non-classical roles of bacterial siderophores in pathogenesis.

Within host environments, iron availability is limited, which instigates competition for this essential trace element. In response, bacteria produce siderophores, secondary metabolites that scavenge iron and deliver it to bacterial cells via specific receptors. This role in iron acquisition contributes significantly to bacterial pathogenesis, thereby designating siderophores as virulence factors. While prior research has primarily focused on unravelling the molecular mechanisms underlying siderophore biosynthesis, uptake, and iron sequestration, recent investigations have unveiled additional non-iron chelating functions of siderophores. These emerging roles are being consistently shown to support bacterial pathogenesis. In this review, we present the current understanding of siderophores in various roles: acquiring non-iron metal ions, supporting tolerance to metal-induced and reactive oxygen species (ROS)-induced stresses, mediating siderophore signalling, inducing ROS formation, and functioning in class IIb microcins. By integrating recent findings, this review aims to provide an overview of the diverse roles of siderophores in bacterial pathogenesis.

Seleno-amino Acid Metabolism Reshapes the Tumor Microenvironment: from Cytotoxicity to Immunotherapy.

Selenium (Se) is an essential trace element for biological processes. Seleno-amino acids (Se-AAs), known as the organic forms of Se, and their metabolic reprogramming have been increasingly recognized to regulate antioxidant defense, enzyme activity, and tumorigenesis. Therefore, there is emerging interest in exploring the potential application of Se-AAs in antitumor therapy. In addition to playing a vital role in inhibiting tumor growth, accumulating evidence has revealed that Se-AA metabolism could reshape the tumor microenvironment (TME) and enhance immunotherapy responses. This review presents a comprehensive overview of the current progress in multifunctional Se-AAs for antitumor treatment, with a particular emphasis on elucidating the crosstalk between Se-AA metabolism and various cell types in the TME, including tumor cells, T cells, macrophages, and natural killer cells. Furthermore, novel applications integrating Se-AAs are also discussed alongside prospects to provide new insights into this emerging field.

РОЛЬ СЕЛЕНА В ОРГАНИЗМЕ КРУПНОГО РОГАТОГО СКОТА

This article presents the role of selenium and the effects of selenium additives in cattle. Selenium is an essential trace element for cattle. The daily requirement for selenium in cattle varies between 100– 300 µg/kg of dry matter. Diets with high content of vitamin E, calcium, sulfur, and lead reduce the availability of selenium from the ration. The inclusion of selenium into the ration is accompanied by a decrease in the incidence of ovarian cysts and mastitis in postpartum period of cows. At the same time, the increase in fertility with the addition of selenium is associated with a decrease in embryonic death during the first month of pregnancy. The inclusion of selenium into the rations of fattening bulls is accompanied by an increase in weight growth. At the same time, the authors explain the lack of effect of selenium additives on the average daily gain by the peculiarity of selenium-dependent proteins to a delayed response to rising levels the selenium level in organism of fattening bulls. It has been established that the inclusion of additional sources of selenium have no a significant effect on the fatty acid profile of the meat from beef bulls, with the exception of linoleic and palmitic acids.

Synthesis of selenium conjugated insects’ protein in Hermetia illucens larvae as poultry feed

Selenium (Se) is an essential trace element for human health and livestock growth. The element can be fed in inorganic or organic forms, depending on the diet’s chemical makeup and how it influences the accumulated amount of Se in the tissues of animals. Insects are known to be natural bio-accumulators of various nutrients, but research on the capacity of insects to be bio-enriched with Se in feed is still limited. The aims of this study were to synthesise Se conjugated insects’ protein and examine how effectively they can deliver selenium to black soldier fly (BSF, Hermetia illucens) larvae. In this study, BSF larvae were reared on different substrates with four levels of dietary sodium selenite supplementation (0, 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg). BSF larvae were analysed for biomass yield, nutritional value, and Se content. We revealed that selenium content in the fortified BSF larvae was several orders of magnitude higher than in the unfortified ones. There were significant differences between doses of selenium delivered to BSF larvae by different selenium compounds. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) analysis of these BSF larvae has shown that there was a higher accumulation of total selenium content in the treated samples (348 mg Se/g DW) as compared to control (0.64 mg Se/g DW). Se conjugated insects’ protein can withstand as high as 400 mg sodium selenite without compromising its growth pattern and BSF larvae biomass yield and nutritional value. Collectively, the current study proposes that, Se conjugate BSF larvae with high organic Se content and can serve as selenium feed additives.

Predictors of outcome of trace element levels in acute myeloid leukaemia patients: a prospective study for one year

Abstract Background Trace elements are essential for mammalian metabolism. To date, no data have been presented predicting the relapse-free survival of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients based on the level of trace elements in the serum. This prospective cohort study had the following objectives: (i) to quantify essential trace elements in the serum of AML patients.(ii) to examine the predictive values of the trace element levels in newly diagnosed de novo AML patients. Methods 50 patients AML were studied. The control group consisted of 50 patients. Serum levels of the trace elements copper, zinc, copper to zinc ratio and selenium, were measured by spectrophotometry. The associations of trace element with the relapse-free survival of these AML patients were assessed by Kaplan–Meier survival curves. Results AML patients, a control group, and AML subgroups with and without hematological relapse were evaluated for trace element concentrations. AML patients showed higher copper and lower zinc levels than controls. AML patients had increased Cu/Zn ratios. AML patients had reduced selenium levels. Relapsed AML patients had increased copper and Cu to Zn ratios, but decreased zinc and selenium. Copper, zinc, Cu to Zn ratio, and selenium cut-off values for AML relapse and nonrelapse were identified via ROC curve analysis. Kaplan-Meier curves showed that patients with higher copper, lower zinc, higher Cu to Zn ratio, or lower selenium had a shorter estimated mean relapse-free survival time. Conclusions Trace element levels are correlated with long-term relapse-free survival in newly diagnosed AML patients and may serve as predictive biomarkers.

Zinc transporter ZnT3/Slc30a3 has a potential role in zinc ion influx in mouse oocytes.

Zinc is an essential trace element for various physiological functions, including reproduction. The influx/efflux of zinc ions is regulated by zinc transporters (Zip1-14 and ZnT1-8, 10). However, the precise roles of zinc transporters and zinc dynamics in reproductive functions are unknown. In this study, ZnT3/Slc30a3 gene knockout (KO) mice were used to analyze the role of ZnT3. In ZnT3 KO mice, intracellular zinc ions in oocytes/zygotes were significantly reduced compared to those in controls, and free zinc ions did not accumulate in the oocyte cytoplasm. However, fertilization of these oocytes and the average litter size were comparable to those of control mice. Our results suggest that ZnT3 plays an important role in the accumulation of zinc ions in oocytes but not in the developmental ability of mice. ZnT3 KO mice will be useful for examining zinc dynamics in oocytes and other tissues.

The performance of long memory fractional series price model of essential trace element zinc

The performance of long memory fractional series price model of essential trace element zinc

Urine manganese, cadmium, lead, arsenic, and selenium among autism spectrum disorder children in Kuala Lumpur.

The development of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) may stem from exposure to environmental pollutants such as heavy metals. The primary objective of this study is to determine the role of heavy metals of concern such as manganese (Mn), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), arsenic (As), and essential trace element selenium (Se) among ASD children in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. A total of 155 preschoolers in Kuala Lumpur between the ages 3 to 6 participated in an unmatched case-control study, comprising ASD children (n=81) recruited from an early intervention program for autism, and 74 children without autism who were recruited from public preschools. Urine samples were collected at home, delivered to the study site, and transported to the environmental lab within 24 hours. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) was applied to measure the concentration of heavy metals in the samples. Data were analysed using bivariate statistical tests (Chi-square and T-test) and logistic regression models. This study demonstrated that Cd, Pb, and As urine levels were significantly greater in children without autism relative to those affected with ASD (p<0.05). No significant difference was in the levels of Se (p=0.659) and Mn (p=0.875) between children with ASD and the control group. The majority of children in both groups have urine As, Pb, and Cd values lower than 15.1 µg/dL, 1.0 µg/dL, and 1.0 µg/dL, respectively which are the minimal risk values for noncarcinogenic detrimental human health effect due to the heavy metal's exposure . Factors associated with having an ASD child included being a firstborn, male, and higher parental education levels (adjusted odds ratios (aOR) > 1, p<0.05). Preschoolers in this study demonstrated low levels of heavy metals in their urine samples, which was relatively lower in ASD children compared to the healthy matched controls. These findings may arise from the diminished capacity to excrete heavy metals, especially among ASD children, thereby causing further accumulation of heavy metals in the body. These findings, including the factors associated with having an ASD child, may be considered by healthcare professionals involved in child development care, for early ASD detection. Further assessment of heavy metals among ASD children in the country and interventional studies to develop effective methods of addressing exposure to heavy metals will be beneficial for future reference.

Role of Nanotrace Element in Prostate Cancer an Update

Recently, nanomedicine has had a great impact on drug discovery and made the way for the drug delivery system for therapeutic utility. There are many nanoscale products increasing in the research field and in the medical sector. Nanoparticle modified drugs are being developed and brought into the market for the treatment of cancer. The nanoparticle drug carrier can improve the stability of the drug by decreasing the cancerous cell and involving the drug at disease site. Essential trace elements are mostly important for the physiological and biochemical aspects in the human system. Nowadays nanotrace elements are used for the treatment of prostate cancer. In this review the venture and exploration of application of nanomedicine and the use of nanoparticles with essential trace elements will give a wide range of benefits for the treatment for prostate cancer.

Molecular Characterization of Zinc Transporter Proteins (ZnT) and the Roles in Diseases

As an essential trace element, zinc is required by the human body, and it is associated with various physiological activities. It can impact body development, brain function, bone growth, reproductive health and immune function. Zinc deficiency can cause many diseases, whereas excess zinc can lead to cytotoxicity as well. Thus, in the human body, it is significant to sustain zinc homeostasis. Zinc transporter protein (ZnT) is reported to take responsibility for zinc transport from cytoplasm to extracellular or organelle. It includes nine family members, and they are widely localized in diverse tissues. Furthermore, some ZnTs function not only in zinc transport but also in modulating as well. Besides, ZnTs are shown to be involved with the occurrence and development of several diseases, including transient neonatal zinc deficiency (TNZD), Parkinson’s disease (PD) and others. This paper will review the molecular characteristics of ZnTs and their recent research progress on diseases, which may offer new insight into treatment.

Selenium - a scoping review for Nordic Nutrition Recommendations 2023.

Selenium is an essential trace element in humans, critical to the normal physiology in all animal species. The main form of selenium in food is selenomethionine, selenocysteine and a variety of organic compounds, while inorganic salts mainly occur in food supplements. In animals and humans, selenium occurs as selenocysteine in selenoproteins encoded by 25 genes (specific selenium pool). Several selenoproteins are part of the antioxidant enzyme system and serve as oxido-reductases and in thyroid hormone regulation. SelenoproteinP (SELENOP) transports selenium to peripheral tissues, is the main plasma selenoprotein, and has been used as biomarker of selenium status and intake. SELENOP in plasma represents a saturable pool of selenium and is maximised at a selenium concentration in plasma of about 110 µg/L or an intake of selenomethionine at about 1.2 µg/kg body weight in adults. In Finland, with an estimated selenium intake of 88 µg/day in men and 68 µg/day in women, the average selenium concentration in plasma is about 110 µg/L. Imported wheat from selenium rich areas is an important dietary source in Norway. Dietary intakes in the Nordic and Baltic area vary from 39 to 88 µg/day in men and 22 to 68 µg/day in women, the highest levels were from Finland. Most intervention trials on the effect of selenium supplementation on health outcomes have been carried out in 'selenium-replete'-populations and show no beneficial effect, which from a nutritional point of view would rather not be expected. Some intervention studies conducted in populations low in selenium have showed a beneficial effect. Observational studies suggest an inverse relationship between selenium status and risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), cancer and all-cause mortality, and some other outcomes at low levels of intake (<55 µg/day) or in plasma or serum (<100 µg/L). However, a lack of quantitative data and inconsistencies between studies precludes these studies to be used to derive dietary reference values. At high intakes above 330 to 450 µg/day selenium may cause toxic effects affecting liver, peripheral nerves, skin, nails, and hair. An upper tolerable level (UL) of 255 µg selenium/day in adults was established by EFSA.

Review on Zinc Isotopes in River Systems: Distribution and Application

Zinc (Zn) is an essential trace element widely present in rivers and plays a crucial role in ecosystems. Human activities have led to the extensive migration and dissemination of Zn in the environment. When the accumulation of Zn in rivers reaches excessive levels, it transforms into a potentially harmful contaminant. Consequently, tracing Zn’s origin by its isotope ratios (δ66Zn) from natural and anthropogenic sources is essential for the management of and safeguarding against river pollution and comprehending Zn behavior in rivers as well. This review presents the advancements in Zn isotope research in river environments, including a summary of Zn isotope measurement, the distribution and controlling factors (mineral adsorption, precipitation, and biological effects) of Zn isotopes, and the applications of Zn isotopes in rivers. The median δ66Zn values for uncontaminated river water and suspended particulate matter (SPM) were 0.37‰ and 0.22‰, respectively, close to the bulk silicate Earth (BSE) value of 0.28 ± 0.05‰. With respect to the contaminated river, δ66Zn falls within −0.73‰ to 1.77‰, with it being heavily influenced by anthropogenic sources, such as the electroplating and metal processing industries. Apart from contamination identification, this review summarizes the river material exchange process and the δ66Zn values of rainwater (−0.2‰~0.38‰), groundwater (−0.13‰~1.4‰), lake water (−0.66‰~0.21‰), and seawater (−1.1‰~0.9‰), which facilitates a holistic understanding of the Zn cycle and isotope fractionation in the river system. In conclusion, Zn isotopes are an effective tool for tracing pollution sources and Zn migration processes, with enormous unexplored potential. Therefore, this review finally summarizes some challenges and future directions in current research on Zn isotopes.

Zinc deficiency affects insulin secretion and alters insulin-regulated metabolic signaling in rats

BackgroundThe essential trace element zinc is important in stabilizing pancreatic insulin secretion. Zinc not only influences the synthesis of insulin but also affects its activity. Insulin not only exerts a hypoglycemic effect but also regulates glucose and lipid metabolisms in insulin target organs. In this study, we aimed to determine changes to pancreatic β cells and insulin secretion induced by different zinc concentrations and to evaluate the effect of zinc deficiency on glucose intolerance, insulin resistance, and insulin target organs via changing insulin levels. MethodsWe set up two experimental trials. In the first trial, male Sprague Dawley (SD) rats were divided into three groups. Group one (ZnC) received a standard diet, group two (ZnF) was given a zinc-free diet, and group three (ZnFC) was initially fed a zinc-free diet followed by a reversion to the standard diet. After sacrifice, we observed changes in blood parameters, including insulin, and examined alterations in pancreatic tissue using immunostaining, with focus on the localization of pancreatic β-cells. In the second trial, male SD rats were split into two groups, with one receiving a standard diet and the other a zinc-free diet. Oral glucose tolerance and insulin tolerance tests were then performed. After sacrifice, we evaluated changes in lipid and glucose metabolism within insulin target organs using quantitative polymerase chain reaction. ResultsIn the first trial, blood insulin levels and the area of insulin-positive staining in pancreatic β-cells decreased in the ZnF compared to the ZnC group. The ZnFC group did not show recovery in either blood insulin levels or the area of insulin-positive staining in pancreatic β-cells. In the second trial, no differences were observed in glucose tolerance or insulin resistance between the ZnC and ZnF groups. However, changes in the expression of insulin target genes were noted in the liver and adipose tissue in the ZnF group. ConclusionWe reveal that dietary zinc concentrations not only affect the concentration of insulin in the blood but also impact the localization of pancreatic β-cells involved in insulin production. Furthermore, our results suggest that changes in blood insulin levels, induced by different zinc concentrations, could cause metabolic alterations in insulin target organs such as the liver and adipose tissue. This study sheds more light on the role of zinc in insulin-regulated metabolic diseases.

A mini review on selenium quantum dots: synthesis and biomedical applications.

In recent years, the demand for advanced biomedical nanomaterials has seen a noticeable surge. Among the essential trace elements in the human body, selenium has gained recognition for its anti-cancer, antioxidant, and immune regulatory properties. However, traditional selenium-based semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) are often comprised of heavy metal elements that tend to be toxic, thereby limiting their usage in biomedical applications. Fortunately, the advent of elemental selenium quantum dots (SeQDs), a new kind of fluorescent nanomaterial with unique physicochemical properties, has provided a solution to this problem. These SeQDs are known for their low toxicity and good biocompatibility, making them a promising candidate for biomedical applications. In this mini-review, we delve into the synthesis methods of fluorescent SeQDs and the latest progress in their applications in bioimaging, biosensing, and diagnosis treatment. Finally, we identify the major challenges and future prospects in the field of SeQDs.

Изучение элементного статуса населения различных промышленных районов как индикатора экологического загрязнения

Today, studies of the content and effect of chemical elements on the body are relevant. It is especially important to conduct such research in areas exposed to negative environmental factors (for example, industrial pollution of the atmosphere, soil pollution with chemicals, etc.). At the same time, fluctuations in the content of trace elements in the environment inevitably affect living organisms, including humans. Thus, the accumulation of toxic chemical elements in environmental objects is highly likely to lead to an imbalance in the elemental composition of the human body. At the same time, there is not only an excess content of heavy metals, but also a deficiency of essential trace elements. All this affects human health, body functioning, immunity, etc. Therefore, the accumulation of chemical elements in the human body should be investigated in order to correct the elemental status. Also, the assessment of the content of elements in the human body and its individual biosubstrates can serve to monitor the environmental situation in a particular territory. Keywords: ELEMENTAL STATUS, INDUSTRY, TRACE ELEMENTS, HEAVY METALS, TOXIC ELEMENTS

Effects of CuSO4 on hepatic mitochondrial function, biogenesis and dynamics in mice.

Copper is an essential trace element for animal. Excessive intake of copper will cause a large accumulation of copper in the body, especially in the liver, and induce hepatotoxicity, however, there are few studies on the effects of copper on hepatic mitochondrial biogenesis and mitochondrial dynamics. In this study, mice were treated with different doses of CuSO4 (0, 10, 20, and 40 mg/kg) for 21 and 42 days by gavage. The results verified that CuSO4 decreased the content of mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes I-IV in mouse liver. CuSO4 treatment resulted the decrease in the protein and mRNA expression levels of PGC-1α, TFAM, and NRF1, which were the mitochondrial biogenesis regulator proteins. Meanwhile, the proteins involved in mitochondrial fusion were reduced by CuSO4 , such as Mfn1 and Mfn2, however, mitochondrial fission proteins Drip1 and Fis1 were significantly increased. Abovementioned results show that CuSO4 could induce mitochondria damage in the liver of mice, and mitochondrial biogenesis and mitochondrial dynamics are involved in the molecular mechanism of CuSO4 -induced hepatotoxicity.

Combined exposure to manganese and iron decreases oxidative stress-induced nerve damage by increasing Nrf2/HO-1/NQO1 expression

BackgroundManganese (Mn) and iron (Fe) are essential trace elements for humans, yet excessive exposure to Mn or Fe can accumulate in the central nervous system (CNS) and cause neurotoxicity. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of Mn and Fe exposure, alone or in combination, on inducing oxidative stress-induced neurological damage in rat cortical and SH-SY5Y cells, and to determine whether combined exposure to these metals increases their individual toxicity. MethodsSH-SY5Y cells and male Sprague-Dawley rats were used to observe the effects of oxidative stress-induced neurological damage induced by exposure to manganese and iron alone or in combination. To detect the expression of anti-oxidative stress-related proteins, Nrf2, HO-1, and NQO1, and the apoptosis-related proteins, Bcl2 and Bax, and the neurological damage-related protein, α-syn. To detect reactive oxygen species generation and apoptosis. To detect the expression of the rat cortical protein Nrf2. To detect the production of proinflammatory cytokines. ResultsWe demonstrate that juvenile developmental exposure to Mn and Fe and their combination impairs cognitive performance in rats by inducing oxidative stress causing neurodegeneration in the cortex. Mn, Fe, and their combined exposure increased the expression of ROS, Bcl2, Bax, and α-syn, activated the inflammatory factors IL-6 and IL-12, inhibited the activities of SOD and GSH, and induced oxidative stress-induced neurodegeneration both in rats and SH-SY5Y cells. Combined Mn-Fe exposure attenuated the oxidative stress induced by Mn and Fe exposure alone by increasing the expression of antioxidant factors Nrf2, HO-1, and NQO1. ConclusionIn both in vivo and in vitro studies, manganese and iron alone or in combination induced oxidative stress, leading to neuronal damage. In contrast, combined exposure to manganese and iron mitigated the oxidative stress induced by exposure to manganese and iron alone by increasing the expression of antioxidant factors. Therefore, studies to elucidate the main causes of toxicity and establish the molecular mechanisms of toxicity should help to develop more effective therapeutic modalities in the future.

THE LEVELS OF ESSENTIAL TRACE ELEMENTS IN BLOOD SERUM AND URINE OF WOMEN WITH OSTEOPOROSIS

The objective of the study was to assess serum and urinary concentrations of essential trace elements in women with osteoporosis. Material and methods. A total of 100 women aged 30-70 years old including 50 patients with osteoporosis (ICD-10: M81) and 50 healthy controls were examined. Assessment of serum and urinary trace element levels was performed using inductively-coupled plasma mass-spectrometry. Results. The obtained data demonstrate that urinary cobalt and zinc levels in women with osteoporosis were 42% and 44% lower than those in the control women. Analysis of covariance demonstrated a significant impact of osteoporosis and body mass index (BMI) values on urinary Zn concentra-tion. The influence of the presence of osteoporosis on urinary Co concentration was nearly significant. At the same time, serum Co concentration in os-teoporotic women was 21% lower than in healthy controls, while no significant difference in serum Zn levels was observed. The presence of osteopo-rosis in the examined women was also considered a key factor affecting serum Co levels independently of age and BMI values. Conclusion. Therefore, the results of the present study demonstrated the association between Zn and Co deficiency and the presence of osteoporosis in women. It is suggested that personalized correction of body burden of these trace elements may reduce the risk of osteoporosis due to osteogenic effect of zinc and cobalt. At the same time, intimate mechanisms of this association, as well as efficiency of supplementation strategies in manage-ment of osteoporosis requires further investigation.