Essential Ones Research Articles

FEFA: Frequency Enhanced Multi-Modal MRI Reconstruction With Deep Feature Alignment.

Integrating complementary information from multiple magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) modalities is often necessary to make accurate and reliable diagnostic decisions. However, the different acquisition speeds of these modalities mean that obtaining information can be time consuming and require significant effort. Reference-based MRI reconstruction aims to accelerate slower, under-sampled imaging modalities, such as T2-modality, by utilizing redundant information from faster, fully sampled modalities, such as T1-modality. Unfortunately, spatial misalignment between different modalities often negatively impacts the final results. To address this issue, we propose FEFA, which consists of cascading FEFA blocks. The FEFA block first aligns and fuses the two modalities at the feature level. The combined features are then filtered in the frequency domain to enhance the important features while simultaneously suppressing the less essential ones, thereby ensuring accurate reconstruction. Furthermore, we emphasize the advantages of combining the reconstruction results from multiple cascaded blocks, which also contributes to stabilizing the training process. Compared to existing registration-then-reconstruction and cross-attention-based approaches, our method is end-to-end trainable without requiring additional supervision, extensive parameters, or heavy computation. Experiments on the public fastMRI, IXI and in-house datasets demonstrate that our approach is effective across various under-sampling patterns and ratios.

The Influence of Strategic Media on Nation Building: The Case of Sudan

The study systematically investigated the hypothesis that strategic media initiatives promote and accelerate nation-building processes (NBP) in Sudan. The strategic media variables examined included three essential ones: media language perfection (MLP), qualitative media coverage (QMC), and information building plan (IBP). Using a multilinear regression model (MLRM), the study analyzed the relationships among these predicting variables and their impact on the dependent variable. The evaluation of how the three predictors impact nation-building and state stability required the distribution of a survey containing 21 questions. 200 Sudanese journalists from different parts of the country received the questionnaire. They represent diverse backgrounds across private and public media institutions, including male and female participants. The principal data collection technique adopted by the study was the online survey, supplemented by other secondary sources such as journals, books, and professional internet websites. The use of a five-point Likert scale was feasible to evaluate responses. The analysis indicated that the three predictors collectively explained 94.2% of the variation in NBP (R² = 0.942, p < 0.001). Among these predictors, IBP demonstrated the highest impact (β = 0.624), followed by MLP (β = 0.589) and QMC (β = 0.247). These findings underscore the significant role of professional media in Sudanese nation-building by facilitating practical initiatives and addressing internal conflicts. The study contributes robust empirical evidence and theoretical insights into the efforts of Sudanese journalists, emphasizing the critical role of strategic media in fostering nation-building and enhancing state stability.

Targeting protein aggregation using a cocoa-bean shell extract to reduce α-synuclein toxicity in models of Parkinson's disease

Neurodegenerative diseases are among the major challenges in modern medicine, due to the progressive aging of the world population. Among these, Parkinson's disease (PD) affects 10 million people worldwide and is associated with the aggregation of the presynaptic protein α-synuclein (α-syn). Here we use two different PD models, yeast cells and neuroblastoma cells overexpressing α-syn, to investigate the protective effect of an extract from the cocoa shell, which is a by-product of the roasting process of cocoa beans. The LC-ESI-qTOF-MS and NMR analyses allow the identification of amino acids (including the essential ones), organic acids, lactate and glycerol, confirming also the presence of the two methylxanthines, namely caffeine and theobromine. The present study demonstrates that the supplementation with the cocoa bean shell extract (CBSE) strongly improves the longevity of yeast cells expressing α-syn, reducing the level of reactive oxygen species, activating autophagy and reducing the intracellular protein aggresomes. These anti-aggregation properties are confirmed also in neuroblastoma cells, where CBSE treatment leads to activation of AMPK kinase and to a significant reduction of toxic α-syn oligomers. Results obtained by surface plasmon resonance (SPR) assay highlights that CBSE binds α-syn protein in a concentration-dependent manner, supporting its inhibitory role on the amyloid aggregation of α-syn. These findings suggest that the supplementation with CBSE in the form of nutraceuticals may represent a promising way to prevent neurodegenerative diseases associated with α-syn aggregation.

Biological conversion of red garlic (Allium sativum L) protein to bioactive peptides: ACE- DPP-IV inhibitory, and Techno-functional features

This study explores the impact of enzymolysis on the free amino acid content, techno-functional properties, free-radical scavenging, ACE, DPP-IV inhibition, iron-ion chelation and TBARS production in O/W emulsion stabilized with red garlic protein (RGP) and hydrolysates (RGPHs). The research reveals that enzymolysis time and pH significantly influence the amino acid content (antioxidant, hydrophobic, and essential ones), functional and biological quality of RGP/RGPHs. The study demonstrates that enzymolysis positively correlates with solubility (up to 90 %), health-promoting and antioxidant characteristics like DPPH (74.2 %), ABTS (81.3 %), OH (63.4 %), Reducing power (1.1 Abs700), NO (59.5 %), TAA (1.4 Abs695), ACE (71.9 %), DPP-IV (51.5 %) inhibitory, Fe2+ chelating (46.8 %) activity, and leading to reduced water/oil holding capacities, TBARS (from 0.61 to 0.38) value and lipid oxidation. However, extensive enzymatic hydrolysis (over 90 min) reduced emulsion and foaming abilities. On the other hand, the techno-functional properties of RGP and RGPHs exhibited a significant decline near the isoelectric point. This enhancement suggests that RGP could be used as a natural antioxidant with potential health benefits (antihypertensive and antidiabetic) in food and pharmaceutical formulations.

Modelling Thought Versus Modelling the Brain

AbstractWhat is the connection between modelling thought and modelling the brain? In a model (as understood here), we strip away from the modelled system some non-essential features and retain some essential ones. What are the essential features of thought that are to be retained in the model, and conversely, what are its inessential features, that may be stripped away in the model? According to a prevalent view in contemporary science and philosophy, thought is a computation, and therefore its essential features are its computational features. A necessary part of the computational view of thought is the idea that the same computation can be realised by, or implemented in, physically heterogeneous systems, an idea known as “Multiple Realizability” of the computational features or properties by the physical ones. I will describe why the very idea of Multiple Realizability, especially in the case of mental computation, entails mind-body dualism, and explore some implications of this conclusion concerning the question of which are the essential features of thought to be retained in modeling it.

Structurally Oriented Carbon Dots as ROS Nanomodulators for Dynamic Chronic Inflammation and Infection Elimination.

The selective elimination of cytotoxic ROS while retaining essential ones is pivotal in the management of chronic inflammation. Co-occurring bacterial infection further complicates the conditions, necessitating precision and an efficacious treatment strategy. Herein, the dynamic ROS nanomodulators are rationally constructed through regulating the surface states of herbal carbon dots (CDs) for on-demand inflammation or infection elimination. The phenolic OH containing CDs derived from honeysuckle (HOCD) and dandelion (DACD) demonstrated appropriate redox potentials, ensuring their ability to scavenge cytotoxic ROS such as ·OH and ONOO-, while invalidity toward essential ones such as O2·-, H2O2, and NO. This enables efficient treatment of chronic inflammation without affecting essential ROS signal pathways. The surface C-N/C═N of CDs derived from taxus leaves (TACD) and DACD renders them with suitable band structures, facilitating absorption in the red region and efficient generation of O2·- upon light irradiation for sterilization. Specifically, the facilely prepared DACD demonstrates fascinating dynamic ROS modulating ability, making it highly suitable for addressing concurrent chronic inflammation and infection, such as diabetic wound infection. This dynamic ROS regulation strategy facilitates the realization of the precise and efficient treatment of chronic inflammation and infection with minimal side effects, holding immense potential for clinical practice.

Assessment of elements (toxic and essential) concentrations and methicillin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from raw milk in the Kurdistan province

The presence of residual antibiotics and the excessive accumulation of metals beyond permissible limits in milk represent significant health challenges. This study aimed to analyse the levels of heavy metals and trace elements in raw milk from Kurdistan province using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP‐MS) following digestion via thermal block. Subsequently, the samples were evaluated for contamination with MRSA (methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus), taking into account the potential correlation between methicillin‐resistant strains and metal accumulation. Finally, milk safety was assessed based on the presence of toxic metals. A total of 180 milk samples were examined. Among them, 13.34% were found to be contaminated with S. aureus, and of those, 62.48% tested positive for MRSA. The metal concentrations (mg/kg) were measured as follows: arsenic 7 × 10−2 ± 6 × 10−3, cadmium 4.70 × 10−1 ± 9.70 × 10−2, lead 7 × 10−2 ± 5 × 10−3, mercury 3 × 10−2 ± 9 × 10−3 and iron 4 × 10−2 ± 9 × 10−3. Interestingly, arsenic, cadmium and iron levels were found to be correlated with the presence of MRSA. Additionally, there was an inverse relationship between toxic metals and essential ones in samples sensitive to methicillin (P < 0.001). The Target Hazard Quotient (THQ) for cadmium is indicated at 9.94. Furthermore, the calculated Carcinogenic Risk (CR) parameters for cadmium and arsenic were 6.06 × 10−3 and 2.22 × 10−4, respectively, suggesting that their concentrations fall within the carcinogenic range. The coexistence of MRSA and metal contamination in raw milk highlights the potential risks linked to its consumption. Consequently, the adoption of rigorous hygiene protocols is imperative to effectively address these concerns.

PECULIARITIES OF FUNCTIONING OF ERGONYMS IN THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE

The article is dedicated to the study of semantics of ergonyms in the Russian language. Nowadays ergo-nimics, being a fi eld of onomastics, is of great interest to many linguists, because it has specifi c semantics in the gastronomic industry and is aimed at making a positive impact on the recipient. It can be explained by globalization and the interaction of language and culture. Ergonyms refer to particular lexical layer of the language system, which refl ects changes in the social sphere. The aim of the study is to single out the linguistic peculiarities of ergonyms in the Russian language. The material of the study comprises the names of cafes and restaurants in Chelyabinsk city and the Chelyabinsk region. Carrying out the research we used the method of component analysis, comparative method for analyzing ergonyms, descriptive-classifi cation method, quantitative analysis in counting lexical units and the frequency of their use. Within the framework of the present research the word-building of ergonyms and linguistic peculiarities of their functioning and stylistic diversity were studied, thematic groups were outlined, the frequency of use of lexical units was analyzed. According to the results of the present study, we can conclude that the connotative element in the semantic structure of ergonym plays the key role. Ergonyms refer to linguocultural phenomena that appear as a result of the interaction of extralinguistic and linguistic factors. The study and analy-sis of ergonyms as a linguistic phenomenon allows us to reveal the peculiarities of economy and geography of the Chelyabinsk region, to study the linguistic variety of names of cafes and restaurants in Russian. It has been proved by the wide use of lexical units in diff erent languages in the nomination of catering establishment. Ergonyms have a pragmatic impact on the target audience which is achieved through its functioning. Expressive, deictic, appellative function and identifi cation function are the essential ones in the nomination of catering establishments in the city of Chelyabinsk and Chelyabinsk region. The study of ergonimics, which has specifi c lexical and semantic graphic features, is related to modern linguistics.

Some results of the introduction study of <i>Leonurus cardiaca</i> plants in the middle taiga subzone of the Komi Republic

The article summarizes the results of many years of studying Leonurus cardiaca L. under cultural conditions in the North. It was revealed that in the first year of life, with the seedling method of cultivation, motherwort plants are in the pregenerative period. The transition of individuals into the generative period is noted in the second year of life. The winter hardiness and stability of plants in agrocoenosis is quite high. Under cultural conditions, specimens of L. cardiaca plants of different geographical origins retained the rhythms of seasonal development characteristic of this species. It was revealed that plants of L. cardiaca are characterized by extended periods of flowering (38–44 days) and fruiting (35–40 days). The growing season from the beginning of regrowth to seed collection was 127–132 days. In the years studied, different samples of L. cardiaca formed mature seeds weighing 1000 pcs. seeds 0,86–1,03 g and laboratory germination of 55–91%, which meets the requirements for the quality of seed material of this type. L. cardiaca plants reached their maximum development in the third to fifth years of life, being in a middle-aged generative ontogenetic state: plant height 98–166 cm, shoot-forming capacity – 18–22 pcs. per individual, inflorescence length 26–36 cm, raw material of the main shoot 7,2–8,6 g of wet and 2,1–2,9 g of air-dried phytomass. For the first time the mass fraction of nitrogen (2,4–2,9%) and the amino acid composition of proteins were determined in the above-ground raw phytomass of L. cardiaca. 17 amino acids were quantified, including seven essential ones (39,4% of the total). The highest content in plants was observed for amino acids: glutamic (12,5%), aspartic (11,6%), leucine (9,9%), lysine (8,3%), alanine (6,6%), valine (6,6%) and arginine (5,8%).

Navigating Trust in Mobile Payments: Using Necessary Condition Analysis to Identify Must-Have Factors for User Acceptance

Drawing upon the mobile technology acceptance model (MTAM), this study addresses this conspicuous gap by identifying the necessary conditions for fostering trust and usage intention of mobile payment (m-payment) gateways. Data collected from 218 users of mobile-payment from Malaysia were analyzed using partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) to identify the should-have factors for perceived trust and intention to use mobile payment gateways. In addition, necessary condition analyses (NCA) are utilized to identify the must-have factors for perceived trust and intention to use mobile payment gateways. Results revealed that other factors of mobile usefulness, perceived security, and user mobility explained perceived trust except for mobile ease of use. In turn, mobile usefulness, user mobility, perceived security, mobile ease of use, and perceived trust established a positive relationship with intention to use. The NCA complemented these results showing that mobile usefulness, mobile ease of use, and user mobility qualified as necessary and sufficient conditions for perceived trust with medium-sized effect and mobile usefulness is qualified as a medium-sized necessary and sufficient condition for intention to use. This is the first few article that extends earlier literature by offering arguments on the different aspects of MTAM. By using NCA, we provide theoretical and methodological evidences, we identify which are the essential ones that enhances trust and usage.

Influence of autonomic nervous system tone on the content of unsaturated fatty acids in blood lipids in goats

The relevance of this study lies in the need to determine the role of the autonomic nervous system in the metabolism of unsaturated fatty acids, especially essential ones, in the body of goats, which will improve the understanding of individual metabolic characteristics in these animals. The use of established blood markers will make it possible to analyse the state of lipid metabolism in the body of goats and ensure an increase in the effectiveness of methods of its correction. The purpose of this study was to determine the specific features of the autonomic nervous system influence on the relative content of unsaturated fatty acids in goat plasma lipids. The experiment involved goats of the Zaanenska breed, of which, using electrocardiographic analysis according to the Baevsky method and depending on the tone of the autonomic nervous system, three experimental groups were formed: normotonics, sympathotonics, and vagotonics. The method of gas-liquid chromatography was used to determine the percentage of unsaturated fatty acids in goat plasma lipids. Thus, in goats with sympathotonics, which have a predominance of sympathetic nervous system activity, a high percentage of the following lipids in blood plasma was noted: linolenic (P < 0.01), cis-4, 7, 10, 13, 16, 19-docosahexaenoic (P < 0.05), docosahexapentaenoic (P < 0.001), and arachidonic acids (P < 0.001) compared to normotonics. These animals also had a lower content of palmitoleic (P < 0.05) and oleic acids (P < 0.01) in plasma lipids against the background of normotonics. In vagotonic goats, in which the influence of the parasympathetic nervous system predominates, the relative content of cis-4, 7, 10, 13, 16, 19-docosahexaenoic (P < 0.05), linoleic (P < 0.001) and arachidonic acids (P < 0.001) and high cis11-eicosenoic acid (P < 0.01) in blood plasma lipids was found to be low compared to normotonic goats. The established features suggest a substantial influence of the tone of the autonomic nervous system on the quantitative redistribution of unsaturated fatty acids in the composition of goat blood plasma lipids and the need to consider them when analysing the state of the corresponding metabolism in the body, which will substantially improve not only the effectiveness of scientific research, but also its reliability

Medical Question Summarization with Entity-driven Contrastive Learning

By summarizing longer consumer health questions into shorter and essential ones, medical question-answering systems can more accurately understand consumer intentions and retrieve suitable answers. However, medical question summarization is very challenging due to obvious distinctions in health trouble descriptions from patients and doctors. Although deep learning has been applied to successfully address the medical question summarization (MQS) task, two challenges remain: how to correctly capture question focus to model its semantic intention, and how to obtain reliable datasets to fairly evaluate performance. To address these challenges, this article proposes a novel medical question summarization framework based on e ntity-driven c ontrastive l earning (ECL). ECL employs medical entities present in frequently asked questions (FAQs) as focuses and devises an effective mechanism to generate hard negative samples. This approach compels models to focus on essential information and consequently generate more accurate question summaries. Furthermore, we have discovered that some MQS datasets, such as the iCliniq dataset with a 33% duplicate rate, have significant data leakage issues. To ensure an impartial evaluation of the related methods, this article carefully examines leaked samples to reorganize more reasonable datasets. Extensive experiments demonstrate that our ECL method outperforms the existing methods and achieves new state-of-the-art performance, i.e., 52.85, 43.16, 41.31, 43.52 in terms of ROUGE-1 metric on MeQSum, CHQ-Summ, iCliniq, HealthCareMagic dataset, respectively. The code and datasets are available at https://github.com/yrbobo/MQS-ECL

The UNDP’s Global Human Development reports Public Policies of the 1990s for the Development of its people in the world

The concept of Human Development (HD) is a process of enlarging people's choices. In principle, these choice can be infinite and change over time. But at all levels of development, the three essential ones as per United Nations Organization (UNO)’s United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) are for people to lead a long and healthy life, to acquire knowledge and to have access to resources needed for a decent standard of living. If these essential choices are not available, many other opportunities remain inaccessible. But HD does not end there. However, the UNDP’s yearly global Human Development Reports (HDRs) public policies had been focusing on these themes since the first global HDR in 1990 to the global HDR report of 2021-2022. Moreover, in every year, the main focused themes had been different. The research study analysis found that the UNDP’s 1990s global HD reports public policies had been intellectually contributed immensely for the better development of its people during the globalization.

Enhancing the quality and technological properties of goose meat during low-temperature storage through the action of biologically active substances from oats and alfalfa

Poultry meat plays a key role as a source of high-quality protein, vitamins, minerals, and unsaturated fatty acids. However, unsaturated fatty acids, especially essential ones, are prone to oxidative reactions during meat storage, which can negatively affect its quality. The object of the study is the technology of obtaining and storing poultry meat. Legart Danish geese were used as the experimental material. Oats (Avena Sativa) and alfalfa (Medicago sativa) contain a large number of biologically active substances (minerals, unsaturated fatty acids, amino acids, antioxidants). Adding vegetative parts of oats and alfalfa to the diet of geese contributes to improving the quality of the obtained meat, especially after prolonged low-temperature storage. The geese were slaughtered on the 63rd day. The meat was stored at a temperature of –18 °C for 90 days. It was found that there was an 11.5 % increase in the live weight of the geese at an early slaughter age, an increase in protein content (by 5 %), better moisture-binding capacity (by 6–7.3 %), and a decrease in the content of lipid peroxidation products, especially on the 67th day of storage (28.3 %). There was a significant increase in the content of ω3 and ω6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (by 24.2 % and 10.8 %, respectively). There was an increase in the content of vitamin E and β-carotene, both before freezing (38.5 % and 19.6 %) and at the end of the storage period (50.9 % and 20 %). A tendency to increase the content of essential amino acids (threonine and methionine) was found. The results can be used in the production of goose meat to improve its nutritional characteristics, which is important for the health of consumers, meat producers, and also in scientific research on the development of technologies in the field of meat production and storage

Linguistic verbalization of related emotions in phraseological units of the Tatar language

By studying the verbalization means of emotionality in the area of Tatar phraseology, we present in a single complex the language and speech possibilities, contributing to the understanding of the mentality and psychology of the Tatar language personality. Phraseological units are characterized by imagery, emotional expressiveness and axiological features. These features are considered to be the most essential ones for phraseological units. If independent parts of speech have the categorical meanings of objectivity, action, state or attribute, which ensure their nominative function, in the case of phraseological units, the weakening of this function occurs due to the strengthening of emotional and figurative-expressive functions.The article discusses phraseological units that express several related emotions of varying degrees of intensity, these emotions can be subsumed into phraseosemantic subgroups (“a phraseosemantic subgroup of surprise”; “a phraseosemantic subgroup of grief, suffering, sadness and despondency”, “a phraseosemantic subgroup of joy and happiness”, etc.). All these phraseosemantic subgroups are combined into three main groups: 1) those expressing positive emotions; 2) those expressing negative emotions; 3) those expressing neutral emotions. We have identified two phraseosemantic subgroups denoting positive emotions: 1) joy and happiness; 2) calmness and ease. In each of the subgroups, phraseological units consist of the components with nationally specific features. The active components of the phraseosemntic subgroup “joy and happiness” are: kuk (sky), bakhet (happiness), yorak (heart), kunel (soul), etc. The active components of the phraseosemntic subgroup “calmness and ease” are: somaticisms, kunel (soul), yorak (heart), җan (soul), etc. Having got rid of negative emotions, such as anxiety and anger, a person calms down and becomes happy.

Research on the Potential of Secondary Raw Materials Formed during Bivalve Mollusks Processing

The catch analysis of the main fishing objects in the Far Eastern basin indicates quite large production volumes of both fish and non-fish objects. When processing bivalves, there is up to 70 % of waste generated, including shells and inedible meat parts of the body. A man studied the chemical composition of dry and wet mussel waste. The chemical composition research of dry mussel waste demonstrates that shells contain 80.1 % minerals, 0.8 % water, 0.3 % total nitrogen; with no lipids. Wet waste contains much less minerals (12.7 %), more water (20.2 %) and protein (6.7 %), with 7.9 % lipids. The shell minerals consist of calcium, mainly. Wet waste, along with calcium, contains sodium, potassium, iron, aluminum and zinc oxides, primarily. When examining wet mussel waste, the researchers found that there were the following carbohydrates in it: monosaccharides (glucose, galactose, mannose and fructose), glycogen, hexosamines. The overall yield of carbohydrates is 1.283 %. Amino acid composition studies of wet mussel waste proteins reveal the interchangeable and essential amino acid inclusion in it. The following interchangeable acids predominate: aspartic and glutamic acids, glycine, alanine, arginine; as for the essential ones, there is a high content of leucine and lysine, least of all in the protein of the essential acid histidine. Due to the presence of a large amount of mineral substances dry mussel waste can be used for the feed additives production. Wet waste demonstrates a higher value: it contains high-grade protein compared with dry waste, and has a more diverse mineral composition. There are valuable carbohydrates in the waste, therefore, with appropriate processing, this raw material can be included in the multicomponent dispersed food products composition.

FEATURES OF ELEMENTS ACCUMULATION IN FRUIT AND BERRY PLANTS CULTIVATED IN THE VICINITY OF ZELENOGORSK CITY, KRASNOYARSK REGION

The aim of the study is to identify the peculiarities of the elemental composition of berries (fruits) and leaves of raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.), rowan (Sorbus aucuparia L.), black currant (Ribes nigrum L.), sour cherry (Cerasus vulgaris L.), serviceberry (Amelanchier ovalis Medik.) collected in the vicinity of Zelenogorsk, Krasnoyarsk Region, with an assessment of their potential use as sources of elements, ecological safety of use, as well as patterns of distribution of elements between plants, soil, and the surrounding environment. The elemental composition was analyzed using the method of arc atomic emission spectroscopy with a multi-channel analyzer of emission spectra (DAES with MAES) after ashing. As a result, the presence of 30 elements was determined in the ash of the studied plants, 25 of which belong to trace elements, and 22 are (conditionally) essential. The belongingness of the minimum extremes of content to mostly odd ordinal numbers of elements in the Mendeleev table was established, while the maximum extremes belonged to even ones. It is proposed to represent the revealed regularities in the form of combinations of extrema with the corresponding serial numbers of atoms, which clearly indicates the plant's ability to concentrate certain chemical elements. Based on the degree of accumulation from the soil, which indicates the ability of plants to accumulate elements, the highest indicator for all studied species and their raw materials is K, for all raspberry and blackcurrant raw materials – Ca, for cherry and raspberry leaves with berries (fruits) and separately for cherry fruits – Mg, only for blackcurrant leaves with berries (fruits) – Ti, for blackcurrant leaves with berries (fruits) – Sr and Ag. The study identified only Ti and Ag as having a "strong accumulation" in the biological absorption of elements, while the others were common for vegetation. Raspberry was found to have the highest biogeochemical activity among the studied fruit and berry plants (regardless of the raw material), followed by blackcurrant. It is shown that the raw materials "leaves + berries (fruits)" in all the studied cases contain much more trace elements, in contrast to individual berries (fruits). The study demonstrated the potential use of these plant species as sources of macroelements and trace elements, including essential ones.

Enhanced distractor filtering in habituation contexts: Learning to ignore is easier in familiar environments

Summary Habituation mechanisms play a pivotal role in enabling organisms to filter out irrelevant stimuli and concentrate on essential ones. Through repeated exposure, the brain learns to disregard stimuli that are irrelevant, effectively ceasing to respond to potentially distracting input. Previous studies have demonstrated that the orienting response to visual distractors disrupting visual detection tasks habituates as tasks progress and distractors are encountered repeatedly, as their initial interference diminishes. Theoretical models posit that this reduction is contingent upon the establishment of an internal representation of external stimuli. Moreover, further studies have indicated that habituation can be context- specific, suggesting that the mechanisms involved incorporate information about features of irrelevant stimuli that extend beyond their discrete characteristics. In this contribution, we further delved into the question of whether the context in which habituation occurs retains a general habituative capacity when a new, to-be-ignored stimulus is introduced. We discuss evidence indicating that the context in which habituation has already taken place facilitates the habituation process for a new stimulus. This suggests that it becomes easier to ignore new stimuli in contexts where we have already learned to disregard other stimuli, underscoring the intricate interplay between habituation, context, and attentional processes.

The Evidence of Biochemical Similarities, Molecular Similarities, Modern (Contemporary) Evidence, and Vestigial Organs are Opposite to Darwin’s Theory

Living organisms are greatly similar at their molecular level, which leads the concept of their common ancestry. But it is not true, as every being is definite at the molecular level of each species. So, according to the current theory, each species is unique in that its base pairs are arranged in different orders and proportions, which vary from all other species. Again, the DNA base-sequence varies as much as between individuals of the same society and also of different societies of human races. Even, each person has a unique “Genetic fingerprint” and DNA molecules which are completely different from one another. So, there are no similarities among different types of species at their molecular levels. Again, there is no evidence that a reproductively isolated species/breed/variety/race evolves either artificially or naturally, which opposes modern (contemporary) evidence. Again, once it is thought that vestigial organs are useless. But today, those are medically regarded as essential ones.

Special features of histidine metabolism with different kinds of animals

Natural amino acids being a part of food protein are known to be divided into essential and non-essential; essential ones if they are not present in food cannot be synthesized. There are two amino acids, threonine and histidine, which up to the present time have been a mystery for the biochemical science. However, it is universally recognized that threonine can be referred to as an essential amino acid as its absence from the food of all vertebrates results in the negative nitrogen balance. That is why specific features of threonine transformation with reference to different kinds of animals are not dealt with in the present paper. At the same time it was as far back as the thirties of the XX century that the fact of histidine being an essential amino acid for rats, mice, dogs and chickens but non-essential for men was proved. On the basis of the histidine essentiality thesis, a steady viewpoint that every living thing is not capabale of histidine synthesis was formed. But in this case the question arises: in what way has histidine become a non-essential amino acid for a healthy adult whereas for children and patients suffering from nephritic problems it has remained an essential amino acid? In view of the above different theories were put forward: 1) histidine reserves in haemoglobin and carnisone; the latter is enough with reference to adults but insufficient with reference to children; 2) histidine synthesis is caused by intestinal bacteria. But except mice whose muscles do not contain carnosine, the latter is a source of histidine for rats and dogs, histidine being an essential amino acid. It is only in the XXI century that the discovery of histidinol dehydrogenase enzyme has allowed to answer the question. Histidine essentiality / non-essentiality as well as any other amino acid should be taken into account when making up rations for people and agricultural animal.