Lemon Essential Oil Research Articles

Study on mechanism of inhibiting proliferation of head and neck cancer cells by citral, active ingredient of lemon essential oil

To explore the active substances exerting anti-tumour effect in lemon essential oil and the molecular mechanism inhibiting the proliferation of head and neck cancer cells SCC15 and CAL33, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay(MTT) was utilized to identify the active component inhibiting the proliferation of head and neck cancer cells, namely citral. The IC_(50) of citral inhibiting the proliferation of head and neck cancer cells and normal cells were also determined. In addition, a 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine(EdU) staining assay was used to detect the effect of citral on the proliferation rate of head and neck cancer cells, and a colony formation assay was used to detect the effect of citral on tumor sphere formation of head and neck cancer cells in vitro. The cell cycle arrest and apoptosis induction of head and neck cancer cells by citral were evaluated by flow cytometry, and Western blot was used to detect the effect of citral on the expression levels of cell cycle-and apoptosis-related proteins in head and neck cancer cells. The findings indicated that citral could effectively inhibit the proliferation and growth of head and neck cancer cells, with anti-tumor activity, and its half inhibitory concentrations for CAL33 and SCC15 were 54.78 and 25.23 μg·mL~(-1), respectively. Furthermore, citral arrested cell cycle at G_2/M phase by down-regulating cell cycle-related proteins such as S-phase kinase associated protein 2(SKP2), C-MYC, cyclin dependent kinase 1(CDK1), and cyclin B. Moreover, citral increased the cysteinyl aspartate-specific proteinase-3(caspase-3), cysteinyl aspartate-specific proteinase-9(caspase-9), and cleaved poly ADP-ribose polymerase(PARP). It up-regulated the level of autophagy-related proteins including microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3B(LC3B), sequestosome 1(P62/SQSTM1), autophagy effector protein Beclin1(Beclin1), and lysosome-associate membrane protein 1(LAMP1), suggesting that citral could effectively trigger cell apoptosis and cell autophagy in head and neck cancer cells. Furthermore, the dual-tagged plasmid system mCherry-GFP-LC3 was used, and it was found that citral impeded the fusion of autophagosomes and lysosomes, leading to autophagic flux blockage. Collectively, our findings reveal that the main active anti-proliferation component of lemon essential oil is citral, and this component has a significant inhibitory effect on head and neck cancer cells. Its underlying molecular mechanism is that citral induces apoptosis and autophagy by cell cycle arrest and ultimately inhibits cell proliferation.

Screening of Essential Oils for the Inhibition of Enterobacter ludwigii Isolated from Tomato Fruits

Tomato is perishable and requires preservation to extend its shelf life. In this study, we conducted selection processes to identify essential oils that can help to avoid spoilage and deterioration during tomato storage and extend the shelf life. Thereafter, we determined the phosphatase activity assay, potassium ion concentration, and electron microscopy to study the antibacterial mechanism of essential oil. We found that Enterobacter ludwigii W01 was the dominant spoilage bacterium in tomatoes with cracked and curled skin. We selected oregano essential oil from 12 essential oils (oregano essential oil, lemon essential oil, osmanthus essential oil, cypress wood essential oil, tea tree essential oil, licorice essential oil, Baili essential oil, white camphor essential oil, Shancang seed essential oil, rosemary essential oil, rose essential oil, and cinnamon essential oil) which could significantly inhibit the activity of E. ludwigii W01. However, the diameter of the inhibition zone for Wh, Te, Cy, Li, Rm, Le, and Os is 0 mm, the diameter of the inhibition zone for Ba, Sh, and Ro was less than 1.0 mm, whereas the diameter of the inhibition zone for Ci and Or was greater than 2.0 mm. The diameter of the suppression circle for Ci and Or was greater than 2.0 mm, while Ci was lesser than Or. Oregano essential oil can damage the cell wall of E. ludwigii W01, leading to the leakage of the alkaline phosphatase stored between the cell wall and the cell membrane which can increase the alkaline phosphatase activity in the bacterial solution. Meanwhile, the addition of oregano essential oil significantly altered the cellular morphology of E. ludwigii W01. Spraying the surface of fresh tomato fruits with 1 MIC (0.125%) of oregano essential oil prolonged the storage time to 15 days, without significant changes in its sensory attributes. Those results indicated that oregano essential oil was a potential preservative for tomatoes.

Effect Of Use Of Aromatherapy And Murotal Therapy In Mother's Parting With Anxiety

Background: Anxiety is a feeling of fear that is unclear and not supported by the situation. Individuals who feel anxious will feel uncomfortable or afraid, but do not know the reason why this condition occurs. Anxiety has no clear, identifiable stimulus. Murotal therapy can speed up healing and reduce anxiety, listening to the holy verses of the Al-qur’an has a significant influence in reducing tension in the reflective nerves. The recommended aroma for mediating anxiety is aromatherapy based on lemon essential oil (Citrus limon) Objective: To determine the effectiveness of Murottal therapy on the level of anxiety of women giving birthMethod: This type of research uses qualitative research, with a cross-sectional approach. The sample in this study was 30 mothers in the first stage of labor. This research uses chi square data analysisResults: Based on the frequency distribution of the influence of the use of aromatherapy and murrotal therapy on mothers giving birth with anxiety, it shows that there is an influence of the use of aromatherapy and murrotal therapy on mothers giving birth with anxiety.Conclusion: Based on the research results, murottal therapy on maternal anxiety levels before giving birth is effective.Suggestion: Murottal therapy has good effectiveness, it is hoped that this therapy can relieve and be a solution to the anxiety experienced by mothers during pregnancy, childbirth and postpartum. Keywords: Anxiety, Murottal Al-Qur'an, Aromateraphy

Clinical Case Report: Use of Essential Oils in Chronic Dermal Wound

Currently, there is a trend towards adopting treatments with more natural alternative products over synthetic ones. Essential oils are known for their numerous medicinal properties (from physical to emotional issues) and have been used by the population for millennia. They contain volatile compounds that have therapeutic properties. Their complex chemical composition provides plants with adaptive advantages in their environment and can be used as important active principles in products intended for human treatment. Essential oils also have antioxidant properties, preventing cellular damage and premature aging (such as lemon, lavender, and sweet orange essential oils, for example). Regarding antimicrobial properties, various essential oils have shown activity against bacteria, fungi, and viruses. For example, tea tree oil has been effective against various bacteria and fungi, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Candida albicans. Additionally, essential oils are widely used for analgesic purposes, such as peppermint, lavender, eucalyptus, and clove, or essential oils that can reduce anxiety, improve mood, and promote relaxation like lavender, sweet orange, bergamot, and ylang-ylang. Another interesting oil is used in important ingredients in incenses and perfumes, the extract from gum resins obtained from the Burseraceae family trees (Boswellia sp.) that have anti-inflammatory and antineoplastic effects. Chemical components like linalool, linalyl acetate, terpinen-4-ol, 1,8 cineole, pinenes, γ-terpinene, borneol, limonene, α-thujene, and menthol are some of the main components found in various essential oils. The most abundant phenol in oregano essential oil is a potent antibacterial agent. The aim was to report an individual clinical case, in home care, requested by a physical educator, of a female patient, leucoderma, 74 years old, residing in the State of São Paulo, presenting a chronic wound in the posteroinferior region of the right leg that was not responding to conventional methods (antibiotics, anti-inflammatories, analgesics, in addition to laser therapy) for more than two months. She also faced respiratory problems, sleep difficulties, mild depression, and reduced mobility. She reported being a controlled diabetic, hypertensive, and having occupational asthma. As a requested choice, aromatherapy was the sought treatment, and a protocol was established considering both physical and emotional aspects, recommending topical and aromatic use of essential oils of oregano, lavender, tea tree, frankincense, in addition to fractionated coconut and rosehip vegetable oils as diluents. After 47 days, the wound had healed, and the patient showed optimism and improved sleep quality. Aromatherapy offers a holistic and gentle approach to treating various conditions, and this case is an inspiring example of how essential oils can make a difference in people's lives. However, more clinical studies with a larger population are necessary to investigate the treatment's efficacy and safety.

Short-term olfactory deprivation reorganizes brain activity

IntroductionOlfactory loss (including short-term) initiates neural reorganization processes in the brain, but the central mechanisms of this largely remain unknown.ObjectivesWe aim to conduct a neurophysiological study of neocortical mechanisms for the effects of olfactory sensation on functional activity of human brain under temporary obstruction of nasal breathing.Methods 123 healthy volunteers (76 female and 47 male students aged 18 to 23 years)participated in this study.EEG was registered during the rest state (5 min), olfactory blockage (5 min), under odor stimulation with the lemon essential oil (5 min) and renewal of nasal breathing (5 min). We estimated the spectral power density and the levels of coherence of all the frequencies from 0.2 to 35 Hz.ResultsThe onset of orthonasal olfactory sensory blockage was accompanied by an increase in the power of processes of local synchronization of beta frequency in the caudal regions of the brain, with simultaneous enhancement of the coherence of the theta band in parietal-occipital zones and a certain enhancement of the interfrontal and intrahemispherical left-side and right-side interactions in the beta2-subband. Thus, the sudden cessation of olfactory detection led to activation of thalamo-cortical loops and top-down control systems (search for the olfactory signal): that is an active orienting process (triangle of increase in F4-T4-P4 connections) with emotional coloring (the caudal localization of the coherence changes in the theta band). The prolongation of the nasal blockage, despite the possibility of activation of the retronasal route of odor perception and odorized air, was accompanied by a definite inhibition of distant interactions in the posterior regions of the brain in the theta-band and a significant decrease in right-brain long-distant and parietooccipital beta2-subband functional connectivity. Restoration of nasal breathing and olfactory perception is accompanied by sufficiently powerful activation of interhemispheric long and short distance information interactions in the theta1,2 and beta1 frequency bands.ConclusionsOur data indicated that cessation and restoration of olfactory perception lead to an increase cognitive activity, the development of memory processes, the current sensory and cognitive-emotional control of behavioral reactions, focusing attention, assessment of the significant stimulus.Disclosure of InterestNone Declared

Plant Essential Oils: Dual Action of Toxicity and Egg-Laying Inhibition on Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae), Unveiling Their Potential as Botanical Pesticides.

Tetranychus urticae, a prominent pest mite in strawberry and vegetable cultivation in China, has developed escalating resistance due to extensive chemical pesticide application. Consequently, there is an urgent need to identify safe and efficacious methods to reduce resistance development. In this study, 38 commercially available plant essential oils (EOs) were screened for their acaricidal potential and ability to inhibit oviposition. The findings revealed that 13 EOs exhibited notable acaricidal activity, with lemon EO demonstrating the highest toxicity, followed by sage, patchouli, frankincense, lemongrass, palmarosa, and oregano EOs. In addition, 18 EOs displayed significant inhibitory effects on oviposition, with lemon EO exhibiting the highest inhibition rate (99.15%) and inhibition index (0.98). Subsequently, sage, frankincense, clove, lemongrass, oregano, patchouli, myrrh, black pepper, palmarosa, and geranium EOs also showed inhibition rates exceeding 50%. Despite black pepper, clove, myrrh, and oregano EOs demonstrating relatively low toxicity against T. urticae, they exhibited heightened efficacy in inhibiting oviposition and suppressing population expansion. This study conducted a comparative assessment of the acaricidal and oviposition inhibition activities of EOs and their principal constituents, thus providing a theoretical basis for the development of botanical acaricides against T. urticae.

A novel multifunctional carboxymethyl cellulose packaging film with encapsulated lemon oil for quality enhancement of cherry tomato and baby spinach leaves

This is the first report on fabricating an active edible film based on CMC and lemon essential oil (LEO) micro/nanocapsules for packaging cherry tomatoes and baby spinach leaves. LEO extracted by hydrodistillation from lemon peels was efficiently encapsulated by oil-in-water emulsification method using high dextrose equivalent maltodextrin (MD) as the sole wall material, yielding physically stable MD-LEO micro/nanocapsules with potent cytotoxicity against Caco-2 cells, and antimicrobial activity against foodborne pathogens. Incorporating LEO micro/nanocapsules into CMC confirmed by SEM/FTIR analyses, significantly improved the film's water vapor permeability by 37.50%, increased its thermal stability by 25 ℃, and reduced its moisture content/water absorption. The transparent film demonstrated strong DPPH radicle scavenging activity, UV-blocking ability, low moisture, enhanced tensile strength, and soil biodegradability (96.84%) within 14 days. Direct application of the novel film as a single-layer overwrap to cherry tomatoes and spinach leaves stored at abusive temperature for up to 4 days revealed good prospects of preserving physical appearance, preventing water/texture loss, maintaining pH, and inhibiting growth of aerobic mesophilic/E. coli O157:H7 populations by 0.65 and 1.0 log units, respectively, highlighting that CMC is an optimal vehicle for encapsulated LEO. The data emphasizes the significant contribution of the novel film to active packaging of minimally processed fresh produce and its potential to compete with inert plastic films dominating food markets. Extending the film's applicability range to other pertinent food systems may promote industrial interest for production upscaling as a commercially viable postharvest preservation strategy to meet the demands of sustainable packaging industry in Egypt.

Essential oils: a systematic review on revolutionizing health, nutrition, and omics for optimal well-being.

Essential oils from various plants have diverse therapeutic properties and are researched extensively. They have applications in medicine, aromatherapy, microbiology, agriculture, livestock, and the food industry, benefiting the population. This systematic review followed the PRISMA verification protocol. The study focused on the anti-inflammatory effects, nutraceutical properties, antioxidant and antibacterial activity of essential oils in lemon, orange, cumin, cinnamon, coriander, rosemary, thyme, and parsley. We also looked at their presence in the diet, their effect, their mechanism of action on health, and the most important active compounds. The search was conducted in the PubMed database for the last 12 years of publications, including in vitro, in vivo, and online cell model tests. Essential oils have been shown to have multiple health benefits, primarily due to their antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory effects. The mechanism of action of cinnamon oil alters bacterial membranes, modifies lipid profiles, and inhibits cell division, giving a potential benefit in protection against colitis. On the other hand, a significant improvement was observed in the diastolic pressure of patients with metabolic syndrome when supplementing them with cumin essential oil. The antimicrobial properties of coriander essential oil, especially its application in seafood like tilapia, demonstrate efficacy in improving health and resistance to bacterial infections. Cumin essential oil treats inflammation. Parsley essential oil is an antioxidant. Orange peel oil is antibacterial, antifungal, antiparasitic, and pro-oxidative. Lemon essential oil affects mouse intestinal microbiota. Thyme essential oil protects the colon against damage and DNA methylation. Carnosic acid in rosemary oil can reduce prostate cancer cell viability by modifying the endoplasmic reticulum function. Essential oils have many therapeutic and antiparasitic properties. They are beneficial to human health in many ways. However, to understand their potential benefits, more research is needed regarding essential oils such as coriander, parsley, rosemary, cumin, and thyme. These research gaps are relevant since they restrict understanding of the possible benefits of these crucial oils for health-related contexts.

Egyptian Citrus Essential Oils Recovered from Lemon, Orange, and Mandarin Peels: Phytochemical and Biological Value

Citrus peels are an important by-product of citrus processing industries, but a large part is considered waste. There has been increased attention in the last five years on these industrial by-products, especially those containing residual essential oils (EOs). Lemon, orange, and mandarin peels from Egypt were subjected to hydro-distillation to obtain EOs, which were analyzed via mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and by building Global Natural Products Social Molecular Networking (GNPS-MN) for the purpose of visually exploring the volatile components of citrus species. The constructed MN revealed that D-Limonene, α-pinene, and β-pinene are the dominant volatile constituents in the three Egyptian citrus species. The EOs from three citrus peels exhibited promising activities as antioxidants using two tested methods: 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazil (DPPH) and nitric oxide (NO) compared with vitamin C. Lemon EO proved excellent antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive and negative bacteria. Additionally, the three citrus EOs showed good activities against the yeast Candida albicans. Regarding the anti-inflammatory assay, the three citrus EOs showed promising activities as COX-1 and COX-2 inhibitors. This study concludes that EOs extracted from citrus peel waste can be valorized as an innovative strategy for food preservation or may be incorporated in cosmetics and pharmaceutical formulations in alignment with circular economy principles.

Essential Oils and their Components in Combating Fungal Pathogens of Human Skin-lipophilic Yeast Malassezia furfur

The most common problem of modern medicine is the development of increasing antifungal drug resistance nowadays including fungal infections of the skin and its appendages caused by dermatomycetes, yeast-like fungi, and molds so, there will be a need for alternative antifungal treatment. Natural substances with high antifungal properties like essential oils and their components show potential in this regard. Citrus lemon and Citrus sinensis essential oils were screened against Malassezia furfur by disc diffusion method and Minimum Inhibitory Concentration was determined by Modified Microdilution method. Citrus lemon (lemon) and Citrus sinensis (orange) show excellent inhibitory effects on the lipophilic, yeast-like fungus Malassezia furfur which causes Pityriasis versicolor, a chronic superficial fungal disease of the skin. The diameter of the inhibition zone was found to be 70 mm and 60 mm respectively. Malassezia furfur was found to be resistant against Clotrimazole & Ketoconazole. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of lemon and orange oil against Malassezia furfur was found to be 0.6 µl/ml and 0.8 µl/ml. These findings concluded that the use of Citrus lemon (lemon) and Citrus sinensis (orange) oil showed remarkable and excellent antifungal activity, and can be used as a traditional herbal medicine for the control of Pityriasis versicolor infection of the skin after undergoing clinical trials.

Lemon essential oil nanoemulsions: Potential natural inhibitors against Escherichia coli

Lemon essential oil (LEO) is a common natural antibacterial substance, and encapsulating LEO into nanoemulsions (NEs) can improve their stability and broaden its application. Our study aimed to investigate the bacterial inhibitory effect of LEO-NEs against Escherichia coli (E. coli). Results showed that the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of LEO-NEs was 6.25 mg/mL, and the time-kill curve showed that E. coli were significantly killed by LEO-NEs after 5 h of treatment at 1MIC. Flow-cytometry analysis showed that LEO-NEs adversely affected the cell-membrane depolarisation, cell-membrane integrity, and efflux pump function of E. coli. Confocal laser scanning microscopy demonstrated that 8MIC of LEO-NEs induced changes in the cell-membrane permeability and cell-wall integrity of E. coli. Proteomic results suggested that the mode of action LEO-NEs against E. coli was to enhance bacterial chemotaxis and significantly inhibit ribosomal assembly. They may also affect butyric acid, ascorbic acid and aldehyde metabolism, and sulphur-relay system pathways. In conclusion, LEO-NEs had potential application as a natural antibacterial agent for the control of E. coli in the food industry.

이너뷰티 소재로서 자몽, 레몬 에센셜 오일의 미용관련 생리활성 평가 및 가치성 고찰 연구

This study attempted to assess the physiological activities of grapefruit and lemon essential oils as inner beauty materials and review their values, and the results found the followings. According to the measurement of antioxidant substances, grapefruit essential oil and lemon essential oil were 56.89 mg TAE/g and 38.50 mg TAE/g respectively in terms of total polyphenol content and 83.53 mg QE/g and 97.79 mg QE/g each in terms of total flavonoid content. In antioxidant activities, grapefruit essential oil and lemon essential oil were 99.10% and 91.33% respectively in terms of DPPH radical scavenging activities and 53.11% and 47.33% each in terms of ABTS radical scavenging activities. In enzyme activities, grapefruit essential oil and lemon essential oil were 206.75% and 310.18% respectively in terms of tyrosinase inhibitory activities and 125.57% and 97.09% each in terms of elastase inhibitory activities. The above results have confirmed that grapefruit and lemon essential oils are valuable as inner beauty materials.

Citral-Enriched Fraction of Lemon Essential Oil Mitigates LPS-Induced Hepatocyte Injuries.

Lemon essential oil (LEO) is known for its aromatic and healthy properties; however, less consideration is given to the biological properties of the fractions obtained from LEO. This study aims to evaluate the ability of a citral-enriched fraction obtained from LEO (Cfr-LEO) to counteract lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-mediated inflammation, oxidative stress, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in healthy human hepatocytes. Human immortalized hepatocytes (THLE-2 cell line) were pretreated with Cfr-LEO and subsequently exposed to LPS at various time points. We report that the pretreatment with Cfr-LEO counteracts LPS-mediated effects by inhibiting inflammation, oxidative stress, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition in THLE-2. In particular, we found that pretreatment with Cfr-LEO reduced NF-κB activation and the subsequent proinflammatory cytokines release, ROS production, and NRF2 and p53 expression. Furthermore, the pretreatment with Cfr-LEO showed its beneficial effect in counteracting LPS-induced EMT. Taken together, these results support Cfr-LEO application in the nutraceutical research field not only for its organoleptic properties, conferred by citral enrichment, but also for its biological activity. Our study could lay the basis for the development of foods/drinks enriched with Cfr-LEO, aimed at preventing or alleviating chronic conditions associated with liver dysfunction.

Chemical compositions and antimicrobial activities of three lemon odor essential oils of Cupressus macrocarpa, Cymbopogon citratus. and Citrus limon

ABSTRACT Infectious diseases caused by bacteria, fungi and viruses are globally of major concern. Plant essential oils produced by various differentiated structures possess varied properties as significant antiseptic, antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, antioxidant, anti-parasitic and insecticidal activities. The essential oil of three lemon odor plants; Cupressus macrocarpa, Cymbopogon citratus and Citrus limon were isolated and evaluated for their antimicrobial activities. The analysis of essential oil components of C. macrocarpa by GC-MS revealed D-limonene (38.00%) as the major component followed by citral (9.72%), carveol (6.86%) and citronellal (5.35%). Analyses of the essential oil of C. citratus resulted in the identification of pseudolimonene (19.2%) as the most abundant component followed by D-limonene (12.34%), Ɣ-terpinene (10.89%), citronellol (9.58%), sabinene hydrate (9.24%), (+)-2-bornanone (8.29%) and α-terpinolene (5.53%). Also, GC-MS detected neral dimethyl acetal (41.56%) was the main component of C. limon EO with carveol (12.39%) and citral (11.21%). A study of the antimicrobial activity of the three essential oils against E. coli, Proteus mirabilis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus. and Candida albicans has been evaluated and revealed that C. citratus EO had antibacterial activity against gram-positive organisms and C. limon EO exhibited the strongest antifungal activity against Candida albicans.

Effect of vacuum packaging combined with edible basil seed gum coating containing lemon essential oil on shelf life extension of refrigerated shrimp (Penaeus indicus)

Effect of vacuum packaging combined with edible basil seed gum coating containing lemon essential oil on shelf life extension of refrigerated shrimp (Penaeus indicus)

Efficacy of Neem Leaves Extract and Aloe Vera as Antimicrobial in Hand Sanitizer

Since the coronavirus disease pandemic of 2019 (COVID-19) is spreading quickly around the world, 99% alcohol-based hand sanitizer (ABHS) is utilized to minimize disease transmission. During the COVID-19 outbreak, isopropyl supply becomes limited. Herbal based hand sanitizers were used as an alternative way during pandemic to reduce the spreading of COVID-19. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of neem leaves extract and aloe vera as antimicrobials for Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Escherichia coli (E. coli) bacteria which can readily be found on the hands. Moreover, 30% isopropyl alcohol, citrus lemon oil, essential oil and vitamin E oil were also added in the formulations. Four different hand sanitizers were formulated which labelled as A1, A2, A3 and A4. The initial formulation, A1, is said to be the most effective because it contains the highest amount of neem leaf extract and aloe vera, and it is followed by A2, which contains less neem leaf extract and aloe vera. A3 does not contain neem leaf extract, while A4 does not contain aloe vera. All formulations contained the same amount of isopropyl alcohol, essential oil, vitamin E oil, and citrus lemon. Streaking methods on Tryptic Soy Agar plate and nutrient agar plate were used to evaluate the effectiveness of hand sanitizer against S. aureus and E. coli bacteria. The total colony forming unit (CFU) and percentage of effectiveness were calculated to compare the antimicrobial activity of all the formulations. The results revealed that a significant reduction in total bacterial colony counts of microbes after treatment with the formulations. Besides, pH value for A1, A2, A3 and A4 were also evaluated, and the results were 5.2, 5.3, 4.8, and 5.5 respectively. Among all four formulations, A1 showed the highest efficiency of microbial disinfectant for both S. aureus and E. coli bacteria by showing the reduction of microbes for 94.55% and 97.27% respectively since A1 contains the highest amount of neem leaves extract and aloe vera. It also has a skin-friendly pH value of 5.2 which is slightly acidic to control the bacterial infection and applicable since it is within the pH range of 4.5 to 6.5 found in human skin.

Fabric Attractiveness Using Four Sensory Evaluators

Abstract All senses elicit emotional responses to goods, services, and the environment. They also play an important role in the process of fashion design and its evaluation. This research is a continuation of several preliminary studies we conducted online to define three attractive and three unattractive colors, textures, smells, sounds, and tastes. In the present study, a sample of textile engineering and fashion design students and experts (N = 54) assessed four groups of 6 fabric samples (sensory evaluators) selected based on the results of the preliminary studies. Each group of fabrics was assessed in one of four sensory modalities (except taste). Two semantic differentials were used to assess each sensory modality: attractive/unattractive and boring/interesting in the case of color, insensitive/sensitive in the case of texture, disturbing/calming in the case of sound, and cheap/luxurious in the case of smell. We found that among the fabrics in six different colors, the pink fabric was the most attractive. Of the six textures presented, the knitted rib texture was found to be the most attractive to touch. The scent of lemon essential oil was perceived as the most attractive among the six scents used, and the friction sound of suede leather was perceived as the most attractive among the six friction sounds of fabrics. Cluster analysis showed that the attractiveness of scents and colors of six fabric samples was highly differentiated and (almost) each sample was perceived as unique, while the attractiveness of the texture and sound of different samples was less differentiated and the samples were divided into only two groups. This suggests that discrimination of fabric attractiveness may be better in some sensory evaluators/modalities than in others. The results of this study will be useful for further research on the integration of different sensory modalities in fabric perception and garment preferences.

Preparation of Nanoemulgels Containing Lemon Essential Oil and Pectin: Physical Stability and Rheological Properties

Nanoemulgels are novel formulations of great interest for their use as dual-release systems and as fat substitutes in foods. Lemon essential oil, with a large number of benefits due to its antimicrobial, antifungal, and medicinal properties, and low methoxyl pectin, a natural polysaccharide capable of gelling by adding divalent ions such as calcium, are very appropriate ingredients to produce nanoemulgels with potential applications in industries such as cosmetics, agrochemistry, pharmaceuticals, or food. In this work, lemon-essential-oil-in-water nanoemulgels containing low methoxyl pectin derived from citrus peels were prepared following a three-step process that involves the preparation of a nanoemulsion, a pectin gel, and the mixture of both. In the first stage, the stirring time and the rotational rate employed during the mixing step were assessed. Once the preparation protocol was established, the pectin gel/nanoemulsion mass ratio was investigated. Different techniques were combined to evaluate the influence of the processing and the composition variables on the particle size distribution, mean diameters, flow curves, and physical stability of different emulgels obtained. It was found that the processing variables studied, stirring time, and rotational rate, do not influence the mean particle size of the emulgel, with values matching those of the starting nanoemulsion. However, 3 min and 200 rpm were selected for exhibiting the lowest TSI values. Regarding the composition, a higher content of pectin gel caused a higher viscosity, and therefore a higher physical stability, with the 75P/25E emulgel being the most stable. Aggregation of gel particles, because the pectin gel was really a sheared gel, was the main responsible contributor to the results obtained. This work highlights the importance of the preparation and formulation variables to develop stable, innovative formulations based on nanoemulgels.

Pengaruh Pemberian Aromaterapi Lemon dan Minuman Jahe Terhadap Pengurangan Emesis Gravidarum pada Ibu Hamil Trimester I

Emesis gravidarum, or excessive nausea and vomiting during early pregnancy, is a common issue frequently experienced by pregnant women. Most cases of pregnancy-related nausea and vomiting can be managed through outpatient care and the use of sedatives and anti-emetics. However, the treatment of hyperemesis gravidarum, a more severe form of pregnancy-related nausea and vomiting, can be approached both pharmacologically and non-pharmacologically. One non-pharmacological approach involves the use of aromatherapy with lemon essential oil and the consumption of ginger-infused beverages. This study aims to analyze the effects of lemon aromatherapy and ginger beverage consumption on reducing emesis gravidarum symptoms in first-trimester pregnant women at the Kaubun Health Center. The research employs a Pretest-Posttest without Control Group design, with a sample of 30 first-trimester pregnant respondents. Statistical analysis using the Wilcoxon test reveals a significant difference in the reduction of emesis gravidarum symptoms between the group receiving lemon aromatherapy and the group consuming ginger beverages, with a p-value of 0.001. Based on these findings, it can be concluded that the administration of lemon aromatherapy and ginger beverage consumption has a positive impact on reducing emesis gravidarum symptoms in first-trimester pregnant women. This non-pharmacological approach can be an effective alternative for managing emesis gravidarum during early pregnancy.

Postconditioning with D-limonene exerts neuroprotection in rats via enhancing mitochondrial activity

Abstract Objectives The key component of neuroprotection after cerebral ischemia–reperfusion (I–R) injury is mitochondrial improvement. By focusing on the function of mitochondrial biogenesis and ATP-sensitive potassium (mK–ATP) channels and inflammatory responses, the current study assessed the neuroprotective potentials of lemon essential oil, D-limonene (LIM), in rats with cerebral I–R injury. Methods In order to simulate cerebral I–R injury, Sprague Dawley rats (n=72) were subjected to a two h local ischemia induced by middle cerebral artery blockage, followed by a 24 h reperfusion period. Five minutes before starting reperfusion, rats were intraperitoneally given LIM at doses of 10 or 100 mg/kg. Cerebral infarct volume was assessed by triphenyl-tetrazolium chloride staining, brain activity by behavioral tests and mitochondrial function/biogenesis, as well as proinflammatory cytokines by fluorometry, immunoblotting and other related techniques. Results When compared to the untreated control group, the administration of LIM substantially and dose-dependently decreased cerebral infarct volumes and neurological deficits (p<0.01). I–R injury-induced alterations in mitochondrial membrane depolarization, mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mitoROS), and superoxide dismutase (mnSOD), as well as inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β, were all significantly reversed after treatment with LIM 100 mg/kg (p<0.01). Additionally, this dose of LIM increased the expression of mitochondrial biogenesis proteins PGC-1α, TFAM, and NRF1. Interestingly, blockage of mK–ATP channels by 5-hydoxydecanoate diminished the effects of LIM on cerebral positive endpoints, cytokines production, and mitochondrial function/biogenesis. Conclusions Thus, the strong neuroprotective effects of LIM-postconditioning were mediated by an increase in mK–ATP channel activity, which improved mitochondrial biogenesis and suppressed inflammatory responses.