Chamomile Essential Oil Research Articles

Chamomile essential oils exert anti-inflammatory effects involving human and murine macrophages: Evidence to support a therapeutic action.

Chamomile (M. chamomilla L.) is an herbaceous plant from family Astereaceae, that has a long history of use in traditional medicine. It has been used as herbal remedies for thousands of years to treat several diseases, including infections, neuropsychiatric, respiratory, gastrointestinal, and liver disorders. Chronic inflammation is involved in the pathogenesis of most infectious and non-infectious diseases and macrophages are considered the major cellular players that drive disease initiation and maintenance. The aim of this study was to evaluate the variation in the chemical profile of the essential oil of M. chamomilla plants collected in three experimental field sites in the Molise region. Additionally, we evaluated the pharmacological mechanism behind the anti-inflammatory effect of M. chamomilla essential oils. Three essential oils (called GC1, GC2 and GC3) were extracted from aerial parts of M. chamomilla by hydrodistillation and chemical composition was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The essential oils were tested for their ability to modulate pro-inflammatory murine macrophages and human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) functions. The chemical analysis of the samples revealed the presence of a high content of the oxygenated sesquiterpenes that represented more than the half of the entire oils. GC1, GC2 and GC3 essential oils significantly attenuated LPS/IFN-γ-induced inflammation by reducing M1 polarization. In details, they showed significant anti-inflammatory property by inhibiting NO, TNF-α and IL-6 production. These effects were correlated to a suppression of LPS-mediated p65 activation, the critical transactivation subunit for NF-κB transcription factor. Oxidative stress may trigger macrophages activation and elicit strong immune responses. Our study demonstrated that GC1, GC2 and GC3 were highly effective at increasing GCL and HMOX-1 anti-oxidant enzymes expression leading to the rapid scavenging of ROS. The antioxidant activity of these oils was explained throughout the activation of NRF2 signaling pathway. Next, we demonstrated that essential oils were able to reduce CD4+ T cell activation which are also involved in inflammatory processes. Our data describe for the first time that chamomile essential oils exerted their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity by modulating macrophages and CD4+ T cells-mediate immune response.

Physiological and Neurobehavioral Disturbances Induced by Al2O3 Nanoparticle Intoxication in Nile Tilapia Fish: Benefits of Dietary Chamomile Essential Oil.

Despite the usage of nanoparticles (NPs) is rapidly increasing, several experts have noted the risk of their release into ecosystems and their potential negative impacts on biological systems. However, the available studies on the neurobehavioral impacts of aluminum oxide nanoparticles (Al2O3NPs) on aquatic organisms are little. Hence, this study targeted to ascertain the harmful effects of Al2O3NPs on behavioral characteristics and genotoxic and oxidative damages in Nile tilapia fish. In addition, the beneficial role of chamomile essential oil (CEO) supplementation in reducing these effects was also investigated. In the current study, fish were distributed into 4 equal groups (n = 60 fish per group). The control group was fed a plain diet only, the CEO group received a basic diet complemented with CEO at a level of 2 mg/kg diet, the ALNP group received a basic diet and was exposed to an approximate concentration of 1/10th LC50 of ALNPs nearly 5.08 mg/L, and the combination group (ALNPs/CEO group) received a basal diet coadministered with ALNPs and CEO at the aforementioned percentages. The findings revealed that O. niloticus exhibit neurobehavioral changes along with changes in the level of GABA, monoamines in the brain tissue, and serum amino acid neurotransmitters, besides a reduction of AChE and Na+/K+-ATPase activities. In addition to brain tissue oxidative damage with upregulation of proinflammatory and stress genes, such as HSP70 and caspase-3, supplementation of CEO significantly reduced the negative impacts of ALNPs. These results showed that CEO has neuroprotective, antioxidant, genoprotective, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptotic properties in fish that have been exposed to ALNPs. Therefore, we advise its usage as a valuable addition to fish diet.

Chamomile Essential Oil: Chemical Constituents and Antitumor Activity in MDA-MB-231 Cells through PI3K/Akt/mTOR Signaling Pathway.

Chamomile essential oil (CEO) is extracted from chamomile and mainly used in aromatherapy. The chemical constituents and its antitumor activity on Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) was explored in the present study. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) was employed to analyze the chemical constituents of CEO. The cell viability, migration and invasion of TNBC cell MDA-MB-231 were measured using MTT, wound scratch and Transwell assay, respectively. The protein expression of PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway was determined by Western blot. CEO is rich in terpenoids (63.51 %), among which the identified terpenoids and their derivatives are mainly Caryophyllene (29.57 %), d-Cadinene (12.81 %), Caryophyllene oxide (14.51 %), etc. Three concentration of CEO (1, 1.5, 2 μg/mL) significantly inhibited the proliferation, migration and invasion of MDA-MB-231 cells with a dose dependent manner. Moreover, the phosphorylation of PI3K, Akt and mTOR was inhibited by CEO. The results revealed that there was abundant terpenoids in the CEO which account for 63.51 %. CEO significantly inhibited the proliferation, migration and invasion of MDA-MB-231 cells, exhibiting antitumor effect on TNBC. The antitumor effect of CEO might attribute to its inhibition on PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway. However, further study should be conducted in more TNBC cell lines and animal models to provide further evidence for TNBC treatment by CEO.

Effect of chamomile aromatherapy with and without oxygen on pain of women in post cesarean section with spinal anesthesia: A randomized clinical trial

BackgroundPain is the most common side effect in cesarean section with spinal anesthesia. It seems that oxygen therapy and chamomile aromatherapy may diminish pain. The present study was conducted to examine and compare the effect of chamomile aromatherapy with and without oxygen on the severity of pain of women following cesarean section surgery with spinal anesthesia. MethodsThe present randomized clinical trial study was carried out on 136 women undergoing cesarean section surgery with spinal anesthesia at Imam Sajad Hospital, Yasuj, Iran in 2020. The eligible women were assigned into four 34-member groups including oxygen therapy plus aromatherapy, oxygen therapy, aromatherapy, and control via block randomization. Each of these interventions were performed 6, 6.30 and 7 h post operation. In the first intervention group, one drop of chamomile essential oil with distilled water was poured into a small nebulizer using a simple mask connected to 6 L of oxygen. The second intervention group received oxygen without chamomile aromatherapy at similar times, and the third intervention group received chamomile aromatherapy without oxygen. The control group received only routine interventions. The instrument used in the research was visual analog scale which was completed by the researcher 6, 12, 18 h after cesarean section. The data were analyzed by the SPSS software version 20. ResultsThere was a significant difference in the intensity of pain of patients between the various groups of study following the interventions (P < 0.001). Pain intensity reduced significantly in the group receiving combined intervention of chamomile aromatherapy plus oxygen compared to the other three groups. Moreover, the pain intensity diminished more in the groups undergoing each of these interventions alone as compared to the control group (P < 0.05). ConclusionsThe combined intervention of chamomile aromatherapy with oxygen was more effective than each of the chamomile aromatherapy and oxygen interventions alone in reducing the pain of cesarean section patients though each intervention alone was still effective in lowering pain post-operation.

Improvement of Detergency Properties and Anti-Microbial Action of Biosoaps Using Saponin-Rich Extract and Α-Bisabolol Essential Oil

In this study, natural ingredients were added to bio-soaps, synthesized from castor oil, a plant-derived ingredient, to improve the detergency, anti-bacterial, and stability capabilities (saponin from Soapacean fruit and essential oil of chamomile) of such soap. The saponin from soapnut fruit was extracted by an extraction process based on ethanol extraction. The saponin concentration in the extract was determined by the UV-Vis spectroscopy method. By evaluating the height and stability of the foam column, the surface tension using the Du Noüy method, and critical micelle concentrations (CMC), we looked into the efficiency of saponin in enhancing soap properties. The results show that saponin will reduce the value of CMC and, at the same time, expand the working limit of soap in brackish water and hard water (containing Mg2+ and Ca2+ ions). In addition, the presence of saponins and α-Bisabolol essential oil enhanced the anti-bacterial properties of the soap. These results expand the possibility of using natural substances in making green products that are clean and safe for humans and the environment.

Enhanced Bioactivity of Rosemary, Sage, Lavender, and Chamomile Essential Oils by Fractionation, Combination, and Emulsification.

This study aimed to increase the bioactivity of essential oils by fractionation, combination, and emulsification. In this regard, pharmaceutical quality Rosmarinus officinalis L. (rosemary), Salvia sclarea L. (clary sage), Lavandula latifolia Medik. (spike lavender), and Matricaria chamomilla L. (chamomile) essential oils were fractionated by vacuum-column chromatography. The main components of the essential oils were verified, and their fractions were characterized by thin layer chromatography, gas chromatography-flame ionization detector, and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Besides, oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions of essential oils and diethyl ether fractions were obtained by the self-emulsification method, followed by droplet size, polydispersity index, and zeta potential value measurements. The in vitro antibacterial effects of the emulsions and binary combinations (10:90, 20:80, 30:70, 40:60, 50:50, 60:40, 70:30, 80:20, 90:10, v:v) against Staphylococcus aureus were determined by microdilution. In addition, the in vitro anti-biofilm, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory effects of emulsion formulations were evaluated. According to the experimental results, fractionation and emulsification enhanced essential oil in vitro antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant effects due to increased solubility and nano-sized droplets. Among 22 different emulsion combinations, 1584 test concentrations resulted in 21 cases of synergistic effects. The mechanism of the increase in biological activities was hypothesized to be higher solubility and stability of the essential oil fractions. Food and pharmaceutical industries may benefit from the procedure proposed in this study.

Differences in Neurotransmitters Level as Biomarker on Sleep Effects in Dementia Patients with Insomnia after Essential Oils Treatment.

This study aimed to examine the effects of several essential oils on insomnia in dementia patients following transdermal treatment (aromatherapy). The mean change rates (%) of sleep biomarkers were compared between the single essential and jojoba (vehicle) oil massage groups in this study. The lavender (L) essential oil massage group demonstrated a significant decrease in the mean change rate (%) of 24-h urinary free cortisol, whereas the valerian (V) essential oil massage group demonstrated a significant increase in the mean change rate (%) of serum 5-hydroxytryptamine. In addition, a significant increase in the mean change rate (%) of 24-h urinary norepinephrine was observed in the chamomile (C) essential oil massage group only. Based on these results, valerian, lavender, and chamomile oils were mixed in different ratios to produce blending oils A (L:C:V=2:2:1), B (L:C:V=3:1:1) and C (L:C:V=1:3:1). The highest level of serum 5-hydroxytryptamine was observed after administering blending oil A. These results suggest that blending oil A might possess therapeutic effects against insomnia. Overall, it is hypothesized that the optimally blended essential oil will produce synergic effects when combined with hypnotic drugs.

Prediction of chamomile essential oil yield (Matricaria chamomilla L.) by physicochemical characteristics of soil

The purpose of this study was to predict the percentage and yield of chamomile essential oils using the artificial neural network system based on some soil physicochemical properties. Several habitats of chamomile cultivation were investigated and 100 soil samples were shipped to the greenhouse. The maximum and minimum of pH, EC, K, OM (organic matter), CCE (calcium carbonate equivalent), and clay in soils were 8.75-7.94, 1.6-1.0, 381-135, 2.30-0.22, 69-16, and 55.6-32.0, respectively. Growth indices, essential oil percentage, and yield were measured. Artificial neural network modeling was carried out to predict the essential oil concentration and yield using three groups of soil properties as a predictor: 1- nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), and clay; 2- pH, EC, organic matter (OM) and clay; 3- CCE, clay, silt, sand, N, P, K, OM, pH, and EC. So, three pedotransfer functions (PTFs) were developed using the multi-layer perceptron (MPL) with Levenberg-Marquardt training algorithm for estimating chamomile essential oil content. Results evaluation of the accuracy and reliability of showed that, the third PTF (PTF3) which developed by all independent variables had the highest accuracy and reliability. Results also showed that, it is possible to predict the concentration and yield of chamomile essential oil based on soil physicochemical properties. This issue is important in terms of land suitability, identify areas susceptible to chamomile cultivation and planning for essential oil yields.

A Comparative Study of Chamomile Essential Oils and Lipophilic Extracts Obtained by Conventional and Greener Extraction Techniques: Chemometric Approach to Chemical Composition and Biological Activity

Bearing in mind the centuries-old traditional use of chamomile, but also the increasing demand for its products in modern industry, oriented toward sustainable development, there are increasing efforts for the efficient extraction of high-value compounds of this plant, as well as obtaining its products with added value. With that goal, conventional and contemporary separation techniques were applied in this work. Both hydrodistillation processes (HD), conducted in a traditional manner and coupled with microwave irradiation (MWHD), were used for essential oil isolation. In parallel with those procedures, chamomile lipophilic extracts were obtained by Soxhlet extraction applying organic solvents and using supercritical fluid extraction as a greener approach. The obtained extracts and essential oils were characterized in terms of chemical composition (GC analysis, contents of total phenolics and flavonoids) and biological potential. GC analysis revealed that oxygenated sesquiterpenes and non-terpene compounds were the dominant compounds. α-Bisabolol oxide A (29.71–34.41%) and α-bisabolol oxide B (21.06–25.83%) were the most abundant individual components in samples obtained by distillation while in supercritical and Soxhlet extracts, major compounds were α-bisabolol oxide A and pentacosane. The biological potential of essential oils and extracts was tested by applying a set of analyzes to estimate the inhibition of biologically important enzymes (amylase, glucosidase, acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase, tyrosinase) and antioxidant capacity (DPPH, ABTS, CUPRAC, FRAP, chelating and total antioxidant capacity). The results suggested essential oils as better antioxidants, while the extracts were proven to be better inhibitors of the tested enzymes. Principal Component Analysis was conducted using the experimental results of the composition of extracts and EOs of chamomile obtained by different separation techniques, showing clear discrimination between methods applied in correlation with the chemical profile. Molecular docking was applied for the identification of the main active principles present in the essential oil, among which α-bisabolol-oxide B (cp3) showed a higher affinity for tyrosinase.

Effect of Date of Sowing and Spacing of Plants on Yield and Quality of Chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.) Grown in an Arid Environment

Little is known about how Indian farming practices affect German chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.). This study examines the effects of the sowing date and spacing of plants on flower productivity, essential oil concentration, and the composition of German chamomile grown in the arid zone of Rajasthan, India. In a factorial randomized block design (FRBD), the treatments consisted of four sowing dates (15 and 25 October, 5 and 15 November) and three spacings of plants (20 × 10 cm, 30 × 10 cm, and 40 × 10 cm). The dried flower yield (Kg ha−1), fresh flower yield (Kg ha−1), and number of flowers per plant of chamomile crop were significantly affected by the varying spacing of plants and the date of sowing. The highest values for dry weight, fresh weight, and number of flowers were obtained from the second date of sowing (25 October) with 40 × 10 cm geometry. Likewise, the highest values for total oil (12.44%) and essential oil (0.94%) contents were also obtained from the D2P3 combination (D2—sowing date 25 October, P3—40 × 10 cm spacing of plants). GC/MS analyses of the samples showed that p-menth-1-en-4-ol, acetate, cis-alpha-farnesene, anethole+estragol, 1,4-cyclohexadiene,1-methyl-4-(1-methylethyl)- and 3,6-dihydro-4-(4-methyl-3-pentenyl)-1,2-dithiin were the main identified compounds in the essential oil of chamomile fresh flowers. The treatments altered the quality profile of the essential oils in general. The principal components of chamomile essential oil were significantly affected by the D2P3 treatment. The findings of this study add to our understanding of how to grow high-quality chamomile flowers in arid regions.

Biological Potential of Alternative Kombucha Beverages Fermented on Essential Oil Distillation By-Products

The complete waste streams (solid waste residue, wastewater, and hydrolate) from the essential oil production of basil, chamomile, lavender, rosemary, and hyssop plants were used as a cultivation media for fermentations of a health-beneficial beverage called kombucha. Considering that these waste streams have not been used as a medium for obtaining kombucha, the main focus of this study was on the biological profiling and sensory analysis of newly-obtained kombucha beverages. According to fermentation parameters and advanced mathematical modelling, it can be concluded that kombucha made from chamomile essential oil by-products achieved the fastest successful kombucha fermentation, with a maximal titratable acidity of 7.2 g/L and a minimal pH value of 2.8. The results of other kombucha fermentations varied between the chosen plant and the waste stream used for beverage production. The obtained phenol and flavonoid contents were in the range of 12.4–56.46 mg GA/100 mL and 0.25–5.07 mg RU/100 mL, respectively. Higher antioxidant capacity as well as anti-inflammatory and antihyperglycemic activities of all kombucha beverages were observed compared to controls. Briefly, achieved DPPH, ABTS, and reducing power values were in the range 30.28–73.70, 192.25–683.29, and 19.37–82.76 mmol TE/100 mL, respectively. According to sensory analysis, the best performance or complete acceptability was noted for kombucha beverages made from lavender and hyssops (in the case of solid waste stream mixed with hydrolate) as well as basil (in the case of concentrated wastewater and hydrolate).

Anxiolytic effect of Anthemis nobilis L. (roman chamomile) and Citrus reticulata Blanco (tangerine) essential oils using the light-dark test in zebrafish (Danio rerio)

Ethnopharmacological relevanceThe anxiety disorders are the most prevalent mental health condition, and anxiety is considered the sixth cause of disability surpassing diabetes mellitus, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and osteoarthritis. Besides, the COVID-19 pandemic provided an increase in the number of psychiatric diseases diagnosis in all social layers around the world. About 55%–94% of patients diagnosed with anxiety disorders are treated with benzodiazepines, meanwhile benzodiazepines can promote several adverse effects. In this way, alternative therapies, such as essential oils may offer significant benefits in the treatment of patients with anxiety disorders. However, the anxiolytic effect of these essential oils must be proper evaluated appropriate as well as the suitable dosage and side effect need further research. Aim of the studyThe aim was to evaluate the anxiolytic effect of Roman chamomile (Anthemis nobilis L.) and tangerine (Citrus reticulata Blanco) essential oils using the light-dark test in adult zebrafish (Danio rerio). Material and methodsBoth essential oils were analyzed by GC-MS and the major compounds were identified. The anxiolytic effect was evaluated by light-dark test in adult zebrafish. ResultsThe results showed that roman chamomile essential oil has anxiolytic effect in adult zebrafish, whereas tangerine essential oil tends to reduce anxiety The major compounds of tangerine essential oil were limonene and γ-terpinene, and the major compounds of roman chamomile were pentadecyl-3-methyl-2-butenoate, hexadecyl-3-methyl-2-butenoate, 1-piperidinol and trans-1-ethyl-3-methyl-cyclopentane. ConclusionsThe present study demonstrated that this anxiolytic effect may be attributed to the synergistic effect of the compounds present in roman chamomile essential oil, particularly the major compounds. The roman chamomile essential oil at the highest concentration showed anxiolytic effect. The tangerine essential oil showed a tendency to reduce anxiety, but it was not statistically significative. In addition, roman chamomile and tangerine essential oils did not cause cause alteration in locomotion activity and exploratory ability of the fish.

Multistate outbreak of melioidosis associated with imported aromatherapy spray

Journal of Paediatrics and Child HealthVolume 58, Issue 5 p. 933-934 Heads UpFree Access Multistate outbreak of melioidosis associated with imported aromatherapy spray First published: 26 March 2022 https://doi.org/10.1111/jpc.15956 edited by Craig Mellis (craig.mellis@sydney.edu.au) AboutSectionsPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat In 2021, a cluster of four cases of acute melioidosis were reported in patients from Kansas, Texas, Minnesota and Georgia, with no history of travel to endemic areas.1 Two of the four patients, including a 5-year-old boy, died; the surviving patients have significant morbidity related to their illness. The isolates from each patient were noted to be clonal. After extensive investigation of potential exposure items, Burkholderia pseudomallei was isolated from Better Homes & Gardens Lavender & Chamomile Essential Oil Infused Aromatherapy Room Spray with Gemstones from the house of patient 4, an aromatherapy sold across 55 Walmart stores within the United States. Whole-genome sequencing indicated the isolate from the spray bottle was the same strain found in all four patients. This strain (named aromatherapy spray 2021, ATS2021) clustered with samples of Burkholderia pseudomallei from South Asia that are consistent with the origins of the spray (Fig. 1). These cases highlight the potential risk of melioidosis due to imported products from regions where B. pseudomallei is endemic and the importance of astute clinical suspicion when patients do not respond to first-line empiric antibiotic regimens. The CDC has urged consumers to return the aromatherapy bottles to prevent the potential for B. pseudomallei to become established in the United States.2 Fig. 1Open in figure viewerPowerPoint Phylogenomic Comparisons of B. pseudomallei Genomes with Isolates Obtained from the Four Patients and from a Contaminated Aromatherapy Spray Bottle. (a) Core genome phylogeny= the core single-nucleotide polymorphism phylogeny of 1696 genomes in which the new isolates were initially placed. Geographic origins were selected from the BioSample database of the National Center for Biotechnology Information, and the specific geographic regions listed were based on definitions from the 2021 World Factbook of the Central Intelligence Agency (https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/. opens in new tab). Samples of unknown geographic origin are white. The red branch inside the dashed red square denotes the outbreak strains, surrounded by isolates predominantly from South Asia. (b) Maximum-likelihood phylogenetic tree= the high-resolution clade with the closest isolates to the outbreak strain from maximum-likelihood analysis in Parsnp (Harvest, version 1.3) rendered with the use of MEGA X software (https://www.megasoftware.net/. opens in new tab). ATS2021 = aromatherapy spray 2021; GA2021a = patient 4, Georgia; MN2021a = patient 3, Minnesota; GA2021_Spray_1A = aromatherapy spray from house of patient 4; TX2021a = patient 2, Texas; KS2021a = patient 1, Kansas. References 1Gee JE, Bower WA, Kunkel A et al. Multistate outbreak of Melioidosis associated with imported aromatherapy spray. NEJM 2022; 386: 861– 8. 2 US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2021. CDC lab testing confirms cause of melioidosis outbreak. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2021/p1026-melioidosis-outbreak.html [accessed 6 March 2022]. Reviewers: Robert C Duguid, robert.duguid@health.nsw.gov.au, Sydney Children's Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Phoebe CM Williams, phoebe.williams1@health.nsw.gov.au, Sydney Children's Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia Volume58, Issue5May 2022Pages 933-934 FiguresReferencesRelatedInformation

Biostimulants Enhance Bioactive Constituents of Chamomile in Different Intercropping Systems with Garlic. A Case Study

Chamomile essential oil (EO) and garlic are extensively used in cosmetics, food, and pharmaceutical industries owing to some important active substances that they contain. The effects of different concentrations of Aminol Forte (AmFo) as a plant biostimulant (PB) were assessed on the yield and bioactive constituents of chamomile, when intercropped with garlic, in a field-based trial at Darab Agricultural Research Station (DARS), Fars province, Iran. The trial was set up as a factorial experiment based on a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. The first factor was the cropping system (CS) at seven levels, and the second factor was the foliar application of AmFo at three concentrations, including 0% (as control), 0.25%, and 0.5%. During two years of the research (2017/2018 and 2018/2019), changes in fresh weight (FW), dry weight (DW), and bioactive constituents were monitored. Compared with the chamomile monocropping (CS1), the intercropping treatments significantly (p < 0.05) decreased the chamomile flower yields. However, there were no significant differences between the CS1 and CS3 treatments in FW and DW. Unlike FW and DW, the CS treatments had no effect on the bioactive constituents, and no significant difference (p < 0.05) was found among CS treatments. It was found that the biostimulant treatments had no significant effects on the chamomile flower yields, but they elevated the average level of bioactive constituents. These treatments significantly increased the level of chamazulene, α-bisabolol, α-phellandrene, β-bisabolene, and farnesene by 24.47, 11.99, 18.50, 13.41, and 29.32%, respectively. On the other hand, the average levels of α-bisabolol oxide-A, α-bisabolol oxide-B, and linalool were significantly decreased by 19.66, 41.41, and 4.26%, respectively. In general, co-application of AmFo and intercropping can be recommended as an alternative to reduce the demand for chemical fertilizers and improve EO quality.

Anesthetic and sedative effects of plant-derived essential oils on red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) at different concentrations and temperatures

Limited studies have been conducted on the use of anesthetic agents during handling, cooking, and transportation of crayfish species. This study was carried out to evaluate the anesthetic effects of clove (Syzygium aromaticum), spearmint (Mentha spicata) and chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla) essential oils on red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii (Girard, 1852)) at temperatures of 17 and 23 °C. The study was performed in 10 L plastic containers filled with 3 L of dechlorinated freshwater to determine induction and recovery times and stages under laboratory conditions. Five concentrations (200, 350, 500, 750, and 1000 µL/L) of essential oils were used. This study found that the induction time at 1000 µL/L was significantly lower than 200 and 350 µL/L at 17 °C (p < 0.05) and there was no statistical difference between the five concentrations at 23 °C (p < 0.05). Recovery at 1000 µL/L was markedly higher than 200, 350, and 500 µL/L at 23 °C (p < 0.05). Red swamp crayfish exposed to clove oil reached Stage 6, which is identified as a total loss of equilibrium, using 1000 µL/L at both temperatures. For spearmint oil, induction time at 1000 µL/L was significantly lower than 200, 350, and 500 µL/L at 17 °C, induction time at 200 µL/L was the highest at 23 °C (p < 0.05), and Stage 5 (partial loss of equilibrium) was recorded as the maximum stage reached. Recovery time at 1000 µL/L was the highest at 17 °C, and recovery at 200 and 300 µL/L were lower than 750 and 1000 µL/L at 23 °C (p < 0.05). No significant differences were recorded in the induction and recovery times of chamomile oil for all the concentrations at both 17 and 23 °C (p > 0.05) and the crayfish reached a maximum of Stage 3 (deep sedation) at 1000 µL/L at 23 °C. Overall, clove and spearmint essential oils were proven to be the most successful at providing effective anesthesia to the red swamp crayfish. However, the length of induction and recovery times may be a disadvantage for some procedures. In addition, it has been revealed that chamomile oil may have only a sedative effect and is therefore unsuitable to be used as an anesthetic.

Antioxidant effect of chamomile tea on the salivary glands of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.

This study aimed to analyze oxidative stress and the activity of antioxidant enzymes in the salivary glands of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats with ad libitum consumption of chamomile tea in substitution of water for 21 days. Rats were divided in two control groups (untreated control and treated control) and two diabetic groups (untreated diabetic and treated diabetic). Superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), catalase (CAT) activities, total antioxidant status (TAS), and malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations were determined. The chemical composition of the chamomile essential oil revealed 39 compounds, accounting for 93.5% of the total oils. The polyphenolic profile of the tea showed the presence of apigenin, luteolin, umbelliferone, and esculetin. SOD, GPx, CAT, and TAS levels were lower in the parotid (PA) diabetic glands, but treatment increased their concentration in both the submandibular (SM) and PA diabetic salivary glands. Increased MDA levels were observed in the PA diabetic glands, which were decreased by the consumption of chamomile tea with a reduction in hyperglycemia compared to that in untreated diabetic rats. However, the SM diabetic glands showed no difference in the MDA content. The consumption of chamomile tea prevented oxidative stress in the PA glands of diabetic rats, exhibiting hypoglycemic and antioxidant effects. Thus, chamomile tea could be a potential candidate for preventing oral complications in diabetes mellitus.

Multifunctional colorimetric cellulose acetate membrane incorporated with Perilla frutescens (L.) Britt. anthocyanins and chamomile essential oil

A colorimetric cellulose acetate (CA) membrane incorporated with Perilla frutescens (L.) Britt. anthocyanins (PFA) and chamomile essential oil (CO) is developed via electrospinning technique for food freshness monitoring and shelf-life extending. The moieties of PFA and CO are well-dispersed in fiber matrix by hydrogen bonds and their incorporation increases the fiber size but with no obvious influence on the fiber morphology at incorporation levels. The presence of CO enhances membrane hydrophobicity. The target membrane of CA-PFA6-CO15 (PFA6%, CO15%) has a wide color change range of pH 2–12 which is high sensitive and reversible towards external pH-stimuli. The membrane has good antibacterial activity against E. coli and S. aureus besides antioxidant activity. The release of bioactive moieties is predominantly controlled by Fickian diffusion. The target membrane can simultaneously monitor pork freshness in real-time and double the shelf-life at 25 °C, indicating its potential application in active and intelligent food packaging.

The Impact of Selected Essential Oils Applied to Non-Woven Viscose on Bacteria That Cause Lower Urinary Tract Infections-Preliminary Studies.

Inflammation of the lower urinary tract is a very common problem, which occurs particularly in women. A concept of a biotextronics system for preventive and support treatment of lower urinary tract inflammations was presented. The system includes a non-woven viscose insert for essential oils application. The oils were deposited on the non-woven viscose and incubated in the temperature of 37 °C and served a model for their action in the vapor phase as the element of the biotextronics system. The essential oils used in the research were the following: chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.), sage (Salvia officinalis L. and Salvia lavandulaefolia), juniper (Juniperus communis L.), thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.), and mixtures of chamomile oil with oils of each sage species in a 1:1 ratio. The oils were tested against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, and Enterococcus faecalis. The best inhibitory effect in vapor phase was noted for chamomile essential oil at the lowest concentration (0.054 µL/cm3). Both mixtures of chamomile and sage acted antagonistically, lowering the antibacterial activity of the individual oils applied solely. Juniper and Salvia officinalis essential oils at the concentrations tested increased the growth of at least one of the bacteria tested. Salvia lavandulaefolia Vahl. essential oil inhibited all bacteria, only at the concentration 0.214 µL/cm3. The thyme oil, at the concentration 0.054 µL/cm3, reduced the growth of all bacterial species tested. Chamomile and thyme essential oils were chosen for further research in the biotextronics pantiliner system.

Formulasi Dan Evaluasi Mikroemulsi Gel Minyak Chamomile Serta Uji Aktivitas Antioksidan

Chamomile essential oil contains various kinds of chemical compounds that was useful for skin. One of them was capable to provided good protection against free radicals. The aim of this study was to develop topical antioxidant formulation in the form of microemulsion gel that had good stability and safe for skin. This study began with determined oil concentration to incorporated into microemulsion formula.Furthermore, optimization of the surfactant, cosurfactant and carrier oil concentration to produced clear microemulsion. The evaluation of microemulsion include of organoleptic, pH, viscosity, oil droplet size, oil droplet morphology, freeze thaw test and antioxidant activity test for 28 days. Then microemulsion was incorporated into gel base to form microemulsion gel. The evaluation of microemulsion gel include of organoleptic, pH, viscosity, freeze thaw test, antioxidant activity test and irritation test. Optimization results of surfactant, cosurfactant and carrier oil which can produced clear microemulsion were Tween 80 30%, PEG 400 10% and Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO) 5%. Microemulsion had good stability indicated by pH range of 5 during stored at room temperature and climatic chamber with 75% Relative Humidity, viscosity range from 11 to 12 cps, stable droplets size below 50 nm, and no phase separation observed in centrifugation and freeze thaw test. Chamomile oil microemulsion IC50value of 84.223 ppm. Chamomile oil microemulsion gel was also had good stability indicated by pH value was remain in neutral pH range (7), viscosity from 903 to 967 cps, and no phase separation in freeze thaw test. microemulsion gel IC50 value of 80,785 ppm. Chamomile oil microemulsion gel was not irritated the skin with primary irritation index 0. The results in this study showed that Chamomile oil microemulsion gel had good stability, had antioxidant activity and does not irritated.

α-bisabolol Exerts Anti-inflammatory Action and Ameliorates Collagen-induced Arthritis in Rats

Background: Development of synovial hypertrophy, articular tissue inflammation and tenderness in joints is the characteristic feature of rheumatoid arthritis. Drugs that are derived from natural sources which target inflammation with reduced side-effects receive much attention. Hence, the present study was designed to investigate the anti-arthritic effects of α-bisabolol, a natural chamomile essential oil and also an anti-inflammatory molecule on the rat model of collagen-induced arthritis (CIA). Methods: Animal model of CIA was established and orally administered with α-bisabolol (100 mg/kg) or vehicle and the pathological and inflammatory parameters were evaluated. Result: The results of the present findings indicate that α-bisabolol treatment ameliorates CIA-induced inflammation via inhibiting the proteases and inflammatory mediators suggesting that α-bisabolol may be a potential candidate against arthritis inflammations.