Essential Oil Components Research Articles

Особенности компонентного состава эфирного масла перспективных сортов мяты перечной и пути повышения его выхода

Medicinal preparations (pharmaceutical products) based on essential oils are used in the treatment of many diseases. Pepper mint Mentha piperita is one of the most important essential oil crop. Menthol obtained from peppermint oil is included in the preparations Validol, Corvalol, Valokordin, Pectusin, and Menovazine. The demand of the Russian pharmaceutical industry for mint raw materials at the ex-pense of its own production is not fully satisfied. It can be increased by development new high-yielding varieties of mint and developing modern methods of their cultivation. For this purpose, new high-yielding varieties Aisberg and Aromatnaya, differing in essential oil content and component composition, were developed in the conditions of the North Caucasus branch of the All-Russian Research Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants. The variety Aisberg has a high content of oil (4.98%) and menthol in it, while the variety Aromatnaya has a low content of essential oil (1.95%) and a high content of menthone and minor components, which allows these oils to be used in different industries – pharmaceutical, perfumery, cosmetic, and food. The application of natural retardant Hardy on the studied moint varieties promoted the increase of essential oil content in raw material by 22–27% and the increase of biologically active components in essential oil: menthol in the variety Aisberg, menthone in the variety Aromatnaya. To ensure a high yield of mint oil per hectare, the complex application of EcoFus (an organomineral fertilizer) and Siliplant (a silicon-containing microfertilizer) is appropriate at the beginning of plant growth and Hardy (retardant) – in the phase of budding. This method increased the yield of the studied mint varieties by 12–13%, the content of essential oil by 26–29%, and oil yield per a hectare by 41–45%.

РАЗРАБОТКА МЕТОДА ИДЕНТИФИКАЦИИ И ОЦЕНКА КОЛИЧЕСТВЕННОГО СОДЕРЖАНИЯ ЭФИРНОГО МАСЛА В ХВОЕ МОЖЖЕВЕЛЬНИКА ОБЫКНОВЕННОГО

The aim of the study is to develop methods for the identification of terpenoids and to assess the quantitative content of essential oil in the conifers of juniper, fresh and dried by air-shade drying. The object of the study were samples of needles of juniper. The raw materials were used fresh and dried. To carry out qualitative reactions, well-known methods were selected, which are most often used in the analysis of essential oil raw materials. The identification of essential oil components was carried out by TLC method on Silufol plates. A-pinene solution was used as a standard. The quantitative content of essential oil in the raw material was determined by steam distillation in accordance with the OFS method.1.5.3.00010.15. Determination of the essential oil content in medicinal plant raw materials and medicinal herbal preparations. The authors proposed qualitative reactions for the identification of terpenoids in raw materials, which can be used to form the "Authenticity" section for a new type of raw material-needles of juniper. A-pinene was identified by the TLC method. A quantitative assessment of the essential oil content in fresh and dried raw materials was carried out. A decrease in the content of essential oil during drying of raw materials was revealed. Qualitative reactions were selected experimentally to confirm the presence of terpenoids in alcoholic extracts from juniper needles, as well as unsaturated compounds in essential oil obtained by steam distillation. The TLC method identified a-pinene in the analyzed samples. The presence of additional 11 adsorption zones in the samples of essential oil obtained from fresh raw materials and 9 in samples from dried raw materials was also revealed. The results obtained indicate changes in the composition of the terpenoid fraction occurring during the drying process and actualize further research in this direction. Assessment of the quantitative content of essential oil in the raw material, carried out according to the method 2 of the OFS.1.5.3.00010.15 "Determination of the essential oil content in medicinal plant raw materials and medicinal plant preparations", showed a decrease in the essential oil content in all dried samples compared with fresh raw materials. The data obtained during the experiment allow us to recommend the inclusion of an essential oil content of at least 1% in the quality indicators of juniper needles, as well as optimize the drying mode to better ensure the preservation of essential oil in raw materials.

Effect of peppermint essential oil (Mentha piperita L.) in migraine-like responses in female rats

Migraine is a severe and disabling neurological disorder characterized by headache, photophobia, phonophobia, nausea and vomiting. It is considered the top cause of years lived with disability between the ages of 15–49, being two to three times more common in women than in men. Pharmacological treatment of migraine has advanced in the past years but is still considered unsatisfactory for a significant number of patients. There is growing evidence that essential oils may provide benefit for migraineurs. Herein it was tested the hypothesis that peppermint essential oil (Mentha piperita L.) could reduce migraine-related responses in rats. The model consisted in the injection of calcitonin-gene-related peptide (CGRP) in the trigeminal ganglion (TG) of female rats to induce the development of immediate periorbital cutaneous allodynia and late photosensitivity (24 h after CGRP). Inhalation of the peppermint essential oil during 15 minutes before CGRP injection in the TG did not reduce periorbital allodynia and photosensitivity of female rats. However, when the exposure occurred after CGRP injection, peppermint essential oil caused a significant reduction in both parameters. Likewise, intranasal application of menthol, a major component of peppermint essential oil caused a significant reduction of periorbital allodynia induced by CGRP. In conclusion, peppermint essential oil and menthol may represent a safe, low cost and noninvasive adjuvant abortive therapy for headache pain in migraine patients. However, further high-quality clinical studies are clearly warranted to determine efficacy, safety and to establish their best treatment regimen.

Morinda citrifolia Essential Oil: A Plant Resistance Biostimulant and a Sustainable Alternative for Controlling Phytopathogens and Insect Pests.

With the growing demand for sustainable and safe agricultural practices, plant compounds emerge as a solution for biological activities. Here, we evaluated the potential of using Morinda citrifolia essential oil to induce plant resistance and to control phytopathogens (Curvularia lunata) and insect pests (Daubulus maidis). We conducted a chromatographic analysis to unveil the essential oil components. We also quantified the activity levels of antioxidant enzymes and chitinase for resistance induction. The antifungal action was evaluated through disease progression and the inhibition of mycelial growth in addition to in silico studies that made it possible to predict the interaction site between the fungal protein and the compounds. We assessed the toxicity and repellent actions towards the D. maidis. Octanoic acid (58.43%) was identified as the essential oil major compound. Preventive treatment with essential oil and octanoic acid (25.0 µL mL-1) increased not only the plant defense activities (i.e., the activity of the enzymes superoxide dismutase, catalase, phenol peroxidase, ascorbate peroxidase, and chitinase) but also controlled Curvularia leaf spot. The stable interactions between octanoic acid and tyrosine-tRNA ligase from C. lunata suggested protein synthesis inactivation. The essential oil inhibited 51.6% of mycelial growth, and this effect was increased to 75.9% with the addition of adjuvants (i.e., angico gum). The essential oil reduced 76% of the population of D. maidis adults and repelled 50% of the number of D. maidis after 48 h under field conditions. The repellency effect in the field reduced the population of D. maidis adults, transmitters of the stunting complex, by 50%. The results highlight the potential of M. citrifolia as a resistance activator, fungicide, insecticide, and an effective biorational alternative.

Extracellular phospholipase production by Malassezia pachydermatis strains and its inhibition by selected antimycotics and plant essential oil components

Extracellular phospholipase (EPL) plays an important role in the pathogenesis of the yeast Malassezia pachydermatis. Currently, the attention of researchers is focused on studying the virulence factors involved in this process and searching solutions to reduce their activity. One of the options is the use of natural remedies as anti-virulence agents. This study is aimed at investigating the production of extracellular phospholipase in M. pachydermatis strains (18 samples) and followed by the time-dependent inhibitory effect of selected azole antifungals (itraconazole, posaconazole and voriconazole) and plant essential oil components (terpinen-4-ol, thymol, carvacrol, eugenol and geraniol), evaluated by Egg Yolk Agar plate method. Almost all strains (17 isolates, (94.4%) were found to be intense EPL producers. A significant, time-dependent inhibition of EPL was noted after 1-, 3- and 6-h exposure of Malassezia cells to itraconazole (26.4%, 47.2% and 50.9%, respectively) compared to exposure to posaconazole (26.4%, 28.3% and 28.3%, respectively) and voriconazole (18.8%, 20.8% and 35.8%, respectively). After one-hour exposure to plant essential oil components, the best inhibitory effect was recorded for eugenol (62.3%), followed by terpinen-4-ol and thymol (56.6%), geraniol (41.5%) and carvacrol (26.4%). A 3-h exposure revealed that thymol retained the best inhibitory effect (88.7%) on EPL production, followed by carvacrol (73.6%), eugenol (56.6%), terpinen-4-ol (52.8%) and geraniol (49.1%). After 6-h exposure, no growth of M. pachydermatis strains exposed to carvacrol was observed, and the inhibitory efficiency for the other tested essential oil (EO) components achieved 88.7%. The obtained results indicate the promising efficacy of plant essential oils components in the inhibition of virulence factors such as EPL production.

Sequential Separation of Essential Oil Components during Hydrodistillation of Fresh Foliage from Azorean Cryptomeria japonica (Cupressaceae): Effects on Antibacterial, Antifungal, and Free Radical Scavenging Activities.

Cryptomeria japonica wood industry generates large amounts of foliage biomass residues. Due to the increasing applications and markets for essential oils (EOs), fresh Azorean C. japonica foliage (Az-CJF) residues are used for local EO production. Hydrodistillation (HD), a common process for obtaining EOs, also provides the possibility to fractionate them. Thus, this study evaluated the in vitro antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of six Az-CJF EO fractions (Frs. 1-6), collected at sequential HD timeframes (HDTs: 0-2, 2-10, 10-30, 30-60, 60-120, and 120-240 min), in comparison to the crude EO, obtained from a non-fractionated HD (0-240 min HDT). Antimicrobial activities were assessed via disc diffusion method against seven bacteria (foodborne and/or human pathogens) and two Penicillium spp. (phytopathogenic fungi), and antioxidant activity was estimated using DPPH and ABTS assays. Concerning the antibacterial activity, all the EO samples were effective only toward Gram-positive bacteria. Fractions 1-3 (<30 min HDT) were the most active, with growth inhibition zones (GIZ) of 7.0-23.3 mm (1.4-2.2 times higher than those of the crude EO), being Bacillus spp. (B. licheniformis and B. subtilis) the most sensitive, followed by Staphylococcus aureus and Micrococcus luteus. Regarding the antifungal activity, Frs. 1-3 also displayed the best activities, but only against P. italicum (GIZ around 9.0 mm), while the crude EO showed no antifungal activity. Overall, the best antimicrobial properties of Frs. 1-3 could be attributed, at least in part, to their highest content in α-pinene and bornyl acetate. On the other hand, Frs. 4-6 (>30 min HDT) exhibited the strongest antioxidant activities (EC50 values: 1.5-2.3 and 1.0-1.7 mg mL-1 for DPPH and ABTS, respectively), being at least 1.3-fold higher than those of the crude EO. The presence of nezukol, elemol, and eudesmol isomers could strongly contribute to the best free radical scavenging properties of Frs. 4-6. In conclusion, HD was found to be an efficient process for obtaining new Az-CJF EO fractions with variable and enhanced bioactivities due to their differential composition, as assessed using GC-MS. Hence, these findings could contribute to increasing the commercial potential of the C. japonica EO industry, namely, the Fr2 and Fr6, which presented the most significant activities and can have potential applications in the food, medical, and agriculture sectors.

Essential oil compounds modulate nutritional quality and stress response in Botrytis cinerea-infected grape (Vitis vinifera L. cv. ‘Karaerik’)

Grapes, rich in vitamins and minerals, could offer a healthy alternative. However, their potential contamination by the fungus Botrytis cinerea poses serious health risks, necessitating cautious consumption, particularly among those on restricted diets, to mitigate adverse effects. Therefore, the study investigated the effects of individual and combined application of individual components of essential oils (EOs) such as thymol, eugenol, and 1,8-cineole on various parameters such as antioxidant enzymes, mineral elements, anthocyanins, and phenolic compounds in the treatment of B. cinerea infection in 'Karaerik' grapes. Our study provided important information about physiology and pathogen response, and results indicated that the pathogen-infected groups had higher levels of oxidative stress indicators, such as proline, malondialdehyde (MDA), and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). On the other hand, EOs elevate the activity of antioxidant enzymes, notably superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT), whereas thymol treatments effectively reduced oxidative stress to levels comparable to the control group. Under thymol and eugenol treatments, nitrogen (N), potassium (K), phosphorus (P), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), sulfur (S), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), boron were significantly higher than the control groups. Increases were also determined in the concentrations of mineral elements such as (B) and copper (Cu). Anthocyanin profiles were preserved by EO treatments, with combined EO applications yielding higher anthocyanin profiles percentages compared to individual treatments. In our results, there were notable differences in the overall quantities of phenolic compounds, and the combination of EO applications caused higher levels of phenolic compounds, especially in the groups that include the fungal infection. Overall, the study showed how effective EO treatments are at reducing B. cinerea infections and maintaining grape quality, which has significance for long-term disease control plans and maintaining berry quality in viticulture.

Comparative study of volatile components of soybean oil exposed to heating, ionizing and non-ionizing radiation

Heating and various radiation treatments have been widely used in the storage and processing of oilseeds. To compare the degradation effects of heating and different radiation treatments on oils, refined soybean oil was heated or radiated with γ-rays, microwave, ultraviolet and sunlight, while the oxidation indices, fatty acid composition and volatile constituents of the oils were analyzed. The results showed that all treatments had no significant effect on acid value and fatty acid composition, but oxidation indices (peroxide value, K232 and K268) were increased, especially for samples subjected to γ-rays and microwave radiation. The volatile components were analyzed using simultaneous distillation extraction combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (SDE/GC-MS). A total of 82 volatile compounds were identified, including 18 alkanes, 19 alkenes, 30 aldehydes, 5 ketones, 4 alcohols, 2 furans and 4 benzenes. Principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) showed that there were significant differences in the volatile composition profiles of the oils after different treatments. The oils treated with gamma irradiation contained more alkenes, those treated with microwave radiation were rich in aldehydes, and those treated with sunlight radiation contained more alkanes.

The contact toxicity and toxic mechanism of essential oils from Pimenta racemosa and Eugenia caryophyllata against Haemaphysalis longicornis (Acari: Ixodidae)

Haemaphysalis longicornis, which is widely distributed in China, can transmit various tick-borne diseases such as severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome, babesiosis, rickettsia disease and so on, and do great harm to human health and the development of animal husbandry. Chemical acaricides are the most traditional tick control method, but because of its many shortcomings, there is an urgent need to find a substitute with high efficiency, environmental protection and low toxicity. It has been found that some plant essential oils (EOs) have good insecticidal activity and environmental safety. In this study, the components of EOs from Pimenta racemosa and Eugenia caryophyllata were analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS), and their potential for application in the control of Haemaphysalis longicornis were studied. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis showed that the main components of P. racemosa EO were eugenol (64.07%), those of E. caryophyllata EO were Hexadecanoic acid, 2-methylpropyl ester (51.84%) and eugenol (39.76%). Larval packet test showed that the EOs of P. racemosa and E. caryophyllata had significant acaricidal activity against unfed larvae of H. longicornis, with LC50 values of 1.20 mg/mL and 0.47 mg/mL and LC90 values of 8.76 mg/mL and 2.91 mg/mL, respectively. The P. racemosa EO, E. caryophyllata EO and eugenol showed significant acaricidal activity against unfed nymph H. longicornis, with LC50 values of 1.65 mg/mL, 2.29 mg/mL and 0.93 mg/mL and LC90 values of 5.03 mg/mL, 11.01 mg/mL and 4.77 mg/mL, respectively. The P. racemosa EO, E. caryophyllata EO and eugenol showed significant acaricidal activity against unfed adults H. longicornis, with LC50 values of 0.51 mg/mL, 2.57 mg/mL and 1.83 mg/mL and LC90 values of 2.44 mg/mL, 11.44 mg/mL and 2.54 mg/mL, respectively. Enzyme assays revealed that the E. caryophyllata EO and eugenol significantly inhibited the activity of carboxylesterase (CarE), eugenol significantly inhibited the activity of catalase (CAT), and two EOs and eugenol had no significant effect on acetylcholinesterase (AchE) (p < 0.05). The above results suggest that the essential oils from P. racemosa and E. caryophyllata have great potential for use as alternatives to synthetic acaricides for tick control.

Synthesis of Novel Nitro-Halogenated Aryl-Himachalene Sesquiterpenes from Atlas Cedar Oil Components: Characterization, DFT Studies, and Molecular Docking Analysis against Various Isolated Smooth Muscles.

We report the synthesis of two novel halogenated nitro-arylhimachalene derivatives: 2-bromo-3,5,5,9-tetramethyl-1-nitro-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-5H-benzo[7]annulene (bromo-nitro-arylhimachalene) and 2-chloro-3,5,5,9-tetramethyl-1,4-dinitro-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-5H-benzo[7]annulene (chloro-dinitro-arylhimachalene). These compounds were derived from arylhimachalene, an important sesquiterpene component of Atlas cedar essential oil, via a two-step halogenation and nitration process. Characterization was performed using 1H and 13C NMR spectrometry, complemented by X-ray structural analysis. Quantum chemical calculations employing density functional theory (DFT) with the Becke3-Lee-Yang-parr (B3LYP) functional and a 6-31++G(d,p) basis set were conducted. The optimized geometries of the synthesized compounds were consistent with X-ray structure data. Frontier molecular orbitals and molecular electrostatic potential (MEP) profiles were identified and discussed. DFT reactivity indices provided insights into the compounds' behaviors. Moreover, Hirshfeld surface and 2D fingerprint analyses revealed significant intermolecular interactions within the crystal structures, predominantly H-H and H-O contacts. Molecular docking studies demonstrate strong binding affinities of the synthesized compounds to the active site of protein 7B2W, suggesting potential therapeutic applications against various isolated smooth muscles and neurotransmitters.

Chemical Compositions and In Vitro Antioxidant Activities of the Essential Oils of Sawdust and Resin-Rich Bark from Azorean Cryptomeria japonica (Cupressaceae).

In the Azores archipelago (Portugal), forest operations and wood industry generate large amounts of Cryptomeria japonica biomass residues (CJBR), which can be used to produce valuable essential oils (EOs). In this study, we evaluated the chemical composition and antioxidant activities of EOs from Azorean C. japonica sawdust (CJS) and resin-rich bark (CJRRB). The CJS and CJRRB EOs, obtained via hydrodistillation, showed different yield values (0.27% vs. 0.80% v/w, dry weight) and also different chemical profiles, as assessed using GC/MS. A total of 64 and 85 components were identified in CJS and CJRRB EOs, representing 95.7% and 96.9% of the total composition, respectively. The major components in CJS EO were oxygenated sesquiterpenes (mainly α+β-eudesmol, 1-epicubenol, and cubebol), while in CJRRB EO, the major components were monoterpene hydrocarbons, including α-pinene, δ-3-carene, and limonene (66.6% vs. 6.4% for oxygenated sesquiterpenes and 0% vs. 64% for monoterpene hydrocarbons, respectively). Antioxidant activity was estimated using (i) two radical-based assays, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azinobis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) radical scavenging activity, and (ii) a lipid model assay, β-carotene-linoleic acid bleaching activity (BCBA). Both CJS and CJRRB EOs exhibited concentration-dependent antioxidant activities, and their DPPH, ABTS, and BCBA EC50 values were 1107 vs. 1275 µg/mL, 260 vs. 498 µg/mL, and 1764 vs. 662 µg/mL, respectively. The results indicate that both EOs were able to exert antioxidant activity via different mechanisms of action. Therefore, Azorean CJS and CJRRB may be sustainable sources for antioxidant compounds. This study expands the chemical and biological knowledge of CJBR EOs and, consequently, adds more value to the C. japonica EO industry.

Testing The Antibacterial Effectiveness of Black Cumin Extract on The Growth of Bacteria Bacillus Cereus Disk Diffusion Method

The main components of volatile oils are thymoquinone, thymohydroquinone, thymoquinone, thymol, and tannin which have been proven to be able to inhibit bacterial growth. This research was conducted to determine the antibacterial effectiveness of black cumin against the growth of Bacillus cereus bacteria with various concentrations of 10%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% using the diffusion method. The type of research used by researchers is experimental. In this study, the disk disc method was used with concentrations of 10% 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% using Amoxicillin 0.3% as a positive control for Bacillus cereus bacteria with repetition three times, by soaking the disc for 15 minutes in each concentration and attach the disc to media that has been inoculated with Bacillus cereus bacteria. Based on research results from the results of measurements of the inhibitory zone of the Bacillus cereus bacterium, it is included in the weak category with all concentrations showing an inhibitory zone with an average diameter of 8.67 mm, 10.67 mm, 12 mm, 16.33 mm, and 17.67 mmm. The conclusion from research on the antibacterial effectiveness of black cumin extract can inhibit the growth of Bacillus cereus bacteria in the weak inhibition category.

Changes in growth, essential oil composition and biochemical traits of peppermint in response to coapplication of zinc and methyl jasmonate in soilless culture

Zinc (Zn), a micronutrient, is a source of energy for essential oil (EO) biosynthesis. Methyl jasmonate (MeJA) is a plant growth regulator that has favorable effects on EO quality and quantity. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the interaction effect of Zn and MeJA on the phytochemical traits and EO compositions of peppermint cultivated under soilless conditions. Zn omission and the highest Zn concentration (0.1 mgL−1), which are stress conditions for plants, increased phytochemical traits as well as EO content, and 1 mM MeJA was more suitable for increasing these parameters. The major classes of peppermint EO components were oxygenated monoterpenes, sesquiterpene hydrocarbons, and monoterpene hydrocarbons. The major constituents included menthol, menthone, menthofuran, and 1,8-cineole. Elicitation of peppermint with MeJA at different Zn levels modified the EO composition. The highest menthol content (50.1%) was observed in the 1 mM MeJA and 0.025 mgL−1 Zn treatment groups. In conclusion, this study indicated that Zn and MeJA could be appropriate compounds for changing phytochemical compounds, antioxidant activity, and EO composition.

Biological Activity of Horehound (Marrubium vulgare L.) Herb Grown in Poland and Its Phytochemical Composition.

Marrubium vulgare (Lamiaceae) is a plant which has long been known and used in traditional medicine for various purposes. However, few recent studies have documented its chemical composition and biological properties. The present study investigated the phytochemical composition of horehound, as well as its protective, antioxidant, and antimicrobial potential. GC-MS analysis revealed that the major components of horehound essential oil are E-caryophyllene (35.7%), germacrene D (25.2%), and bicyclogermacrene (10.6%). The biological activity of horehound hydroethanolic herb extract derives from multiple chemical compounds, including polyphenols (55.72 mg/mL), flavonoids (11.01 mg/mL), phenolic acids (4.33 mg/mL), and tannins (4.46 mg/mL). Chromatographic analyses of the extract identified 12 phenolic compounds, of which ferulic acid, catechin, quercetin, protocatechuic acid, rutin, and syringic acid (35.42, 24.69, 20.65, 18.70, 14.46, and 12.69 mg/mL, respectively) were the main constituents. Its DPPH radical scavenging ability was 68.29%, while its antioxidant properties, determined by the FRAP method, were at the level of 1.22 mmol/L. Moreover, M. vulgare extract decreased the level of intracellular reactive oxygen species in the fibroblasts and keratinocytes in vitro, achieving the strongest antioxidant effect at a concentration of 2.5% in the case of both types of skin cells. Extracts from the horehound herb showed significant antimicrobial and anti-biofilm activity, confirming the plant's potential in therapeutic applications against various microbial pathogens (gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria and fungi). The research results demonstrate the protective effect of horehound extract on the viability of both fibroblasts and keratinocytes in vitro. To sum up, M. vulgare, as a valuable natural material with high preventive and therapeutic effectiveness, is a potential candidate for new applications in the pharmaceutical and cosmetics industries.

Comparative studies of essential oils from Matricaria recutita L.

The aim of the work is to determine the component composition of the essential oil of medicinal chamomile, grown on the educational and research site of medicinal plants of Zaporizhzhia State Medical and Pharmaceutical University (ZSMPHU), and commercial essential oil that was purchased via the Internet. Materials and methods. The object of the study was chamomile essential oil obtained by hydrodistillation and commercial oil. Qualitative and quantitative determination of the components of essential oils was established using the chromato-mass spectrometric method on a high-performance gas chromatograph “Agilent 7890B GC System” (Agilent, SantaClara, CA, USA) with a mass spectrometric detector “Agilent 5977 BGC/MSD” (Agilent, SantaClara, CA, USA). Results. Dominant compounds of essential oil of chamomile, grown on the educational and research site of medicinal plants ZSMPHU were 2H-pyran-3-ol, tetrahydro-2,2,6-trimethyl-6-(4-methyl-3-cyclohexen-1-yl) ) – 7.54 %, chamazulene – 5.32 %, alpha-bisabolol – 4.30 %, 1H-cycloprop[e]azulen-7-ol, decahydro-3,1,7-trimethyl-4-methylene – 3.25 %, myrtenyl acetate – 3.03 %, azulene, 1,2,3,3a,4,5,6,7-octahydro-1,4-dimethyl-7-(1-methylethenyl) – 2.16 %, bisabolol oxide B – 1.86 %. Commercial chamomile essential oil was dominated by 3-methoxy-3-methylbutanol (56.15 %), diethyl phthalate (17.46 %), linalyl acetate (6.99 %), linalool (4.41 %). Conclusions. Industrial cultivation of chamomile in southern Ukraine shows a high biologically active substances content and can be in demand in the pharmaceutical industry’s consumer market for raw materials.

Surface modified ceramic membrane for natural volatile oil enrichment with high flux and high component retention

The natural volatile oil has high medicinal value, but the extraction and separation technology were limited by low composition, complex composition, and strong volatility. This study validated the feasibility of membrane separation technology for enriching volatile oil from the aspects of membrane separation efficiency, volatile oil components, and drug efficacy. A shellac coated alumina ceramic (lac@AC) membrane with irregular nanoneedle-like surface structure was prepared to enrich the volatile oil from vinegar-processed Cyperi Rhizoma (vpCR). Compared to the alumina ceramic (AC) membrane, the lac@AC membrane exhibited 29.77 % and 98.05 % increase in water and emulsion flux, respectively. Meanwhile, the oil rejection of lac@AC membrane increased 26.29 %. According to the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis, the similarity between the volatile oils obtained by membrane separation and the traditional steam distillation method was higher than 99.5 %. In addition, antibacterial experiments showed that the volatile oil obtained by membrane separation has similar antibacterial effects to the volatile oil obtained by steam distillation. Component analysis and pharmacodynamic analysis both demonstrated the feasibility of using membrane separation to obtain vpCR volatile oil. This study offers a technical reference for the efficient, high-quality, and environmentally friendly extraction of natural plant oils with complex ingredients.

Phytochemical characterization and evaluation of the antibacterial potential of &lt;i&gt;Solenostemma oleifolium&lt;/i&gt; (Nectoux) Bullock &amp; E.A. Bruce ex Maire essential oil

Solenostemma oleifolium is a tropical plant growing in the Algerian desert that is traditionally used to treat several illnesses, including infection. We investigate essential oil components from leaves of Solenostemma oleifolium (EOSO) and its antibacterial activity. Using Gas Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS), twenty compounds were identified in EOSO, including linalool (57.10%), terpineol (12.95%), trans-geraniol (12.65%), and nerol (4.67%). Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis allowed us to confirm linalool as the main component of EOSO. Antibacterial activity was tested by agar diffusion and microdilution methods for minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC). For EOSO, the inhibition diameters ranged from 16.79 to 39.84 mm, the MIC ranged from 1.066 to 8.54 mg mL-1 and the MBC ranged from 20 to 100 mg mL-1. For linanool, the inhibition diameters ranged from 11.1 to 31.87 mm, the MIC ranged from 2.68 to 14.3 mg mL-1 and, the MBC ranged from 40 to 100 mg mL-1.EOSO and linalool exhibited significant antibacterial activity against all the tested bacteria. This study confirmed the antibacterial activity of the S. oleifolium essential oil and that linalool is the principal constituent of the EOSO.

Citral in lemon myrtle, lemongrass, litsea, and melissa essential oils suppress the growth and invasion of breast cancer cells

ObjectiveAlthough cancer therapy suppresses recurrence and prolongs life, it may be accompanied by strong side effects; thus, there is a strong demand for the development effective treatments with fewer side effects. Cancer therapy using plant-derived essential oils is attracting attention as one promising method. This study investigated the antitumor effects of essential oil volatiles on breast cancer cells and identifies four essential oils that display antitumor activity.MethodsBreast cancer cells were cultured in a 96-well plate, then one of twenty essential oils was added dropwise to the central well. The plate was incubated at 37 °C for 48 h and the effect of the volatile components of each essential oil on the surrounding breast cancer cell growth ability was examined using an MTT assay. Gas chromatography was used to investigate the concentration of the transpiration components that may affect cancer cells.ResultsOf the 20 essential oils, Lemongrass, Lemon myrtle, Litsea, and Melissa displayed strong anti-tumor effects. These essential oils inhibited the growth of nearby breast cancer cells, even when diluted more than 500-fold. The transpiration component of lemon Myrtle showed the strongest antitumor effect, but was the least cytotoxic to mononuclear cells in normal peripheral blood (PBMC). Each of these essential oils contained a very large amount of citral. The IC50 against breast cancer cells when citral was volatilized from each essential oil was 1.67 µL/mL for geranial and 1.31 µL/mL for neral. Volatilized citral alone showed strong anti-proliferation and infiltration-inhibiting effects.ConclusionThe transpiration components of Lemongrass, Lemon myrtle, Litsea, and Melissa are thought to inhibit breast cancer cell proliferation due to their high levels of citral.

Determination of essential oil components of Ammi L. genus in Türkiye and their effects on some storage pests

Effects of essential oil components obtained by hydrodistillation of Ammi genus members (Ammi majus L., Ammi visnaga L. (Lam.)), which have important chemical and active components were investigated against two important storage pests; fig borer Cadra cautella (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) and flour moth Ephestia kuehniella Zeller (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). A total of 23 and 14 components were detected in A. majus and A. visnaga, respectively, and the product yield was found to be 96.05%, 82.53%. Among them, the major components for A. majus are 2 heptadecanone, benzoic acid, 2 pentadecanone while for A. visnaga they are linalol, nonadecane, carvacrol. Essential oil of A. visnaga extended the adult emergence times in E. kuehniella and C. cautella while the increase in pupation time was found statistically significant only in E. kuehniella. A. visnaga essential oil reduced the adult life span in E. kuehniella at the highest dose while a decrease was detected in both doses applied in C. cautella. Adult weight and number of eggs decreased due to the application of A. visnaga in both insects. Also, alterations were observed in the adult emergence, pupation time, and pupal period. In E. kuehniella and C. cautella, adult life spans, weights and egg production of females showed statistically significant decreases depending on the application of A. majus essential oil. The findings obtained within the scope of the current study reveal that the essential oils of A. majus and A. visnaga species have the potential to be used in the control of storage pest insects.

Encapsulation of Bergamot Essential Oil Components in β-Cyclodextrin by Ultrasound-Assisted Co-precipitation Method: Optimization, Characterization, and Antibacterial Activity

Encapsulation of Bergamot Essential Oil Components in β-Cyclodextrin by Ultrasound-Assisted Co-precipitation Method: Optimization, Characterization, and Antibacterial Activity