Essential Oil Steam Distillation Research Articles

Analisis GC-MS Minyak Atsiri dan Uji Antioksidan Kulit Jeruk Manis (Citrus sinensis) Sebagai Lip Balm

Antioxidants are chemicals that can inhibit or stop other molecules from oxidizing. Antioxidants can be found in the fruit known as sweet orange (Citrus sinensis). Orange peel essential oil is utilized in processed foods, medicines, cosmetics, and aromatherapy in the medical field. Therefore, the objective of this study was to identify the chemical content and antioxidant potential of sweet orange peel to be used as a lip balm. Processing sweet orange peel, steam distillation of essential oil, GC-MS analysis, formulating lip balm preparation, assessing lip balm preparation, and measuring antioxidant activity using a spectrophotometer and DPPH technique, were part of this study. Essential oil from sweet orange peel (Citrus sinensis L.) was analyzed using GC-MS (Gas Chromatography - Mass Spectroscopy), and the results obtained in this study were 1.4 - Cyclohexadiene, 1 - methyl. The lip balm formulation containing essential oil was evaluated as the most preferred formulation. The IC50 value of sweet orange peel essential oil was determined to be 85.2595386 ppm, which converts the antioxidant to strong.

Artificial intelligence models for yield efficiency optimization, prediction, and production scalability of essential oil extraction processes from citrus fruit exocarps

Introduction: Excessive demand, environmental problems, and shortages in market-leader countries have led the citrus (essential) oil market price to drift to unprecedented high levels with negative implications for citrus oil-dependent secondary industries. However, the high price conditions have promoted market incentives for the incorporation of new small-scale suppliers as a short-term supply solution for the market. Essential oil chemical extraction via steam distillation is a valuable option for these new suppliers at a lab and small-scale production level. Nevertheless, mass-scaling production requires prediction tools for better large-scale control of outputs.Methods: This study provides an intelligent model based on a multi-layer perceptron (MLP) artificial neural network (ANN) for developing a highly reliable numerical dependency between the chemical extraction output from essential oil steam distillation processes (output vector) and orange peel mass loading (input vector). In a data pool of 25 extraction experiments, 14 output–input pairs were the in training set, 6 in the testing set, and 5 cross-compared the model’s accuracy with traditional numerical approaches.Results and Discussion: After varying the number of nodes in the hidden layer, a 1–9–1 MLP topology best optimizes the statistical parameters (coefficient of determination (R2) and mean square error) of the testing set, achieving a precision of nearly 97.6%. Our model can capture non-linearity behavior when scaling-up production output for mass production processes, thus providing a viable answer for the scalability issue with a state-of-the-art computational tool for planning, management, and mass production of citrus essential oils.

The Effect of Thymus vulgaris L. Hydrolate Solutions on the Seed Germination, Seedling Length, and Oxidative Stress of Some Cultivated and Weed Species.

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of the hydrolates obtained as the by-products of the Thymus vulgaris essential oil steam distillation process. The bioassays, which were undertaken in order to determine the effect on germination and initial growth of seedlings of some cultivated and weed species, were performed under controlled conditions with different concentrations of the hydrolates. Seeds of Glycine max, Helianthus annuus, Zea mays, Triticum aestivum, Daucus carota subsp. sativus, Allium cepa, Medicago sativa, and Trifolium repens, and six weed species—Amaranthus retroflexus, Chenopodium album, Portulaca oleracea, Echinochloa crus-galli, Sorghum halepense, and Solanum nigrum—were treated with 10, 20, 50, and 100% T. vulgaris hydrolate solution. The obtained results showed that the T. vulgaris hydrolate had the least negative effect on the germination of cultivated species, such as soybean, sunflower and maize, whereas clover and alfalfa were the most sensitive. By comparison, all the tested weed species expressed high susceptibility. It can be concluded that the T. vulgaris hydrolate has an herbicidal effect, in addition to its potential as a biopesticide in terms of integrated weed management.

Essential Oil Extraction: Being Green and Emerging Technologies

The essential oil extraction industry responds for a significant role as a raw material supplier to the cosmetics, pharmaceutical, and cleaning product segments. These oils are produced mainly via steam distillation in small businesses, applying systems with broad opportunities when technology is concerned. This paper aims to present the technological features to optimize extraction effectiveness (yield) and energy consumption. The answer to the question in the title involves improvement proposals to green extraction and the impact on business. This study is the continuation of the one previously published in the number 3/2021 of this Journal, entitled “Essential Oil Steam Distillation: Manufacturing 4.0”.

Essential Oil Steam Distillation: Manufacturing 4.0

Smart sensors, self-configuration, operational flexibility, and automatic learning, among others, are technological attributes from industry 4.0 appliable to the essential oil extraction by the steam distillation process. These operations are recognized by their simplicity. Nevertheless, lack of automatic controls, process monitoring, and self-adjustment lead to uncontrolled extraction, poor yields, low quality of products. It occurs because of overexposure to high temperatures and overspending resources like energy and water. As far as capacity utilization is concerned, the optimized process is key to planning and managing the production activities.

(-)-α-Bisabolol Production in Engineered Escherichia coli Expressing a Novel (-)-α-Bisabolol Synthase from the Globe Artichoke Cynara cardunculus var. Scolymus.

(-)-α-Bisabolol is a functional ingredient in various health and cosmetic products and has antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and wound healing properties. (-)-α-Bisabolol is chemically synthesized and produced by steam distillation of essential oils extracted from Brazilian Candeia (Eremanthus erythropappus). To sustainably produce pure (-)-α-bisabolol, we previously engineered Escherichia coli to produce 9.1 g/L (-)-α-bisabolol via heterologous mevalonate pathways and (-)-α-bisabolol synthase (BOS) from German chamomile, Matricaria recutita (MrBOS). BOS has only been reported in MrBOS and Brazilian Candeia (EeBOS). The limited availability of BOS has made it difficult to achieve high titer and yield and large-scale (-)-α-bisabolol production. We identified a novel BOS in globe artichoke (CcBOS) and examined its functionality in vitro and in vivo. CcBOS showed higher catalytic efficiency and (-)-α-bisabolol production rates than those from MrBOS or EeBOS. In fed-batch fermentation, CcBOS generated the highest reported (-)-α-bisabolol titer to date (23.4 g/L). These results may facilitate economically viable industrial (-)-α-bisabolol production.

Optimization of flavonoids extraction from Lippia graveolens and Lippia origanoides chemotypes with ethanol-modified supercritical CO2 after steam distillation

Steam distillation of essential oils from Lippia origanoides K. and Lippia graveolens K. leaves plant material residues that can be valorized. Flavonoids can be selectively extracted from these substrates using ethanol-modified supercritical CO2, as attempted in this work. The thymol-rich L. origanoides chemotype was used to test extraction reproducibility. The effects of pressure, temperature, time, CO2 mass flow, particle size, and percent ethanol on the extraction yield of oleoresin and flavonoids were examined with a 2(6−2) fractional factorial screening design. The variables with a significant influence on yields (pressure, time, CO2 mass flow, and percent ethanol) were used in a simplex optimization to determine the conditions for maximum extraction from L. graveolens and three L. origanoides chemotypes. The extracts’ flavonoid content was estimated by UV–vis spectroscopy with a multivariate calibration model. UHPLC-ESI(+)-Orbitrap-MS was employed for extract identification and quantification. The extracts from the various plant material residues had qualitative and quantitative differences in flavonoid composition. Under the best extraction conditions found (307 bar, 5 % ethanol, 43 g CO2/min), the steam-distilled plant material from the phellandrene-rich L. origanoides chemotype afforded 4.1 g of pinocembrin per kg of dry substrate. Results of this work facilitate the implementation of supercritical CO2 extraction processes to valorize byproducts of the essential oil industry by obtaining extracts that contain flavonoids.

Kinetic Studies on Extraction of Essential Oil from Lemongrass Leaves (Cymbopogon citratus) by Steam Distillation Industrial Scale

Study on kinetics and modeling of the essential oil steam distillation are required for the optimization of the energy requirement, parameters and the process scale-up. In this study, hydrodistillation for extraction of essential oils from lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) steam distillation was investigated. The recovery of essential oils was carried out on an industrial scale instrument and with with different material quantities. The experimental results are determined by the integral method of analysis. The kinetic parameters were evaluated from experimental data, which were generated at the different weights of the lemongrass. The extraction rate constant explaining the extraction efficiency achieved from this study is found to be k2 of 0.0661 min-1 in 710 kg using a second-order kinetic model. The GC/MS results revealed that 14 components were identified in Cymbopogon citratusoils. The oil is extremely rich in citral (69.775%), which obtained in 180 min.

Ohmic accelerated steam distillation of essential oil from lavender in comparison with conventional steam distillation

Abstract A new extraction process, i.e., ohmic accelerated steam distillation (OASD), was designed and developed in this study. A packed bed of lavender inflorescences was subjected to OASD and extraction parameters, physical, and chemical properties of the extracted essential oil were compared to that of SD. The proposed extraction technique yielded the same amount of extract as SD (3.3–3.8% v·w−1) with the similar IC50 value (100 μg·mL−1). Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis showed that OASD did not negatively affect the valuable compounds of lavender essential oil and the major components of both extracted essential oil were Linalool, 1,8-cineole, and camphor. Likewise, the extracted essential oils had similar relative densities (0.88) and color values. On the other hand, OASD was superior to SD in terms of rapidity (total extraction time of 50.3 ± 2.1 min vs. 112.7 ± 5.9 min) and consumed energy (0. 4 kWh vs. 0.9 kWh for 1 mL essential oil). OASD can be considered as a potential energy- and time- saving alternative to SD for industrial units after further process optimization and up-scaling studies. Industrial relevance This paper describes the first research on using ohmic heating, as a volumetric heating method, to accelerate conventional steam distillation (SD). Ohmic accelerated steam distillation addressed the drawbacks of the previously proposed ohmic-assisted hydrodistillation method including the possibility of electrochemical reactions between electrode and extraction medium, limited range of applied frequency, the necessity of using costly corrosion resistant electrodes. Therefore, this method is potentially applicable to SD which is the preferred industrial extraction technique for many essential oils. The proposed method in this study has the potential of enhancing the production capacity and reducing the production expense for distillatory and essential oil industries.

Uji Efektivitas Repellent Sediaan Lotion Kombinasi Minyak Atsiri Daun Zodia (Evodia suaveolens Scheff) dan Minyak Atsiri Batang Serai (Cymbopogon citratus) Terhadap Nyamuk Aedes aegypti L.

Zodia (Evodia suaveolens Scheff) and lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) are native Indonesian plants with repellant activity against mosquitoes and insects. The purpose of this research were to formulate and evaluate the repellant activity of zodia-serai lotion against Aedes aegypti and determine the protection power of three formulas of lotion. The method used in this research including steam distillation of essential oil from zodia leaves and lemongrass, formulation and evaluation of lotions, power protection test, and data analysis. The result of this research showed that lotion had acidic pH of 5, and they were stable without separation after stability evaluation with centrifugation. The most effective repellant activity of the lotion was exhibited at 0 hours with 100% of repellency. The best combination of essential oils of zodia (Evodia suaveolens Scheff) and lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) as Aedes aegypti repellent was at ratio of 7:3.

Effect of clonal reproduction on quantitative indices and component composition of essential oil of peppermint varieties

Quantitative and qualitative composition of essential oils of peppermint breeds Lebedinaya Pesnya, Lubenchanka, Lidiya, Ukrainskaya Perechnaya, Mama, Chornolista was investigated before and after clonal microreproduction by the method of isolated tissues and bodies culture in vitro. Methods of essential oil steam distillation, capillary gas chromatography and statistical analysis were used in the research. It is established that increase in essential oil quantity was observed for peppermint breeds on which reproduction and improvement іn vіtro technology was applied. As a result of clonal microreproduction of peppermint plants in culture іn vіtro on nutrient medium Murasige and Skug, in which the growth regulators 0.75 mg/l of 6-benzylaminopurine, 0.1 mg/l of adenine, 0.05 mg/l of indolil-3-acetic acid and 0.5 mg/l of gibberellins acid were added and virocide Ribavirin in concentration 10 mg/l, improvement was obtained in comparison with vegetatively reproduced plants; increase in essential oil quantity per hectare was established for the following breeds; Chornolista by 54.2%, Lebedinaya pesnya by 38.2%, Ukrainskaya Perechnaya by 36.7%, Mama by 28.5%, Lubenchanka by 17.1% and Lidiya by 11.6%. For oil content the highest indices were noted for Lubenchanka, Mama and Lebedinaya Pesnya peppermint breeds with product yield 4.02%, 3.98% and 3.84% respectively. It was established that the essential oil component composition in non-clonal peppermint plants raw materials and plants-regenerants after culture in vitro is variable depending on breed. Limonene, cineole, menthone, menthofuran, iso-menthone, menthyl acetate, β-caryophyllene, iso-menthol, menthol, pulegone, germacren, piperitone, carvone were identified in peppermint essential oil. High content of menthol, low content of carvone, piperitone, pulegone (except for Chornolista, Ukrainskaya Perechnaya breeds) and menthofuran (except for Chornolista, Ukrainskaya Perechnaya and Lubenchanka breeds) are characteristic for Ukrainian selection peppermint investigated breeds. A clear tendency to menthol and menthone content ratio increase is observed in plants which were improved in conditions іn vіtro. Pulegone was not detected in essential oil samples of Lebedinaya Pesnya, Lidiya and Mama breeds. Biochemical markers of Lebedinaya Pesnya, Lubenchanka, Mama breeds, which differentiate them within the group of investigated breeds, are higher limonene, piperitone and menthol pool; for Ukrainskaya Perechnaya and Chornolista breeds – pulegone, cineole and menthone; for Lidiya breed – iso-menthone.

KINETICS AND MODELING OF OIL EXTRACTION FROM VIETNAM LEMONGRASS BY STEAM DISTILLATION

Essential oils from parts of plants such as stump, flower, kernel, and seed are usually produced by extraction, distillation and mechanical press. In practice, steam distillation is commonly used for the extraction of crude essential oils since it is not only a simple process but also applicable at various scales. Furthermore, the method makes it possible for a keeping of precious components of the oils unchanged. Therefore, studies on kinetics and modeling of the essential oil steam distillation are needed for the optimization of the operating conditions, energy requirement, and the process scale-up.In this work, experiments of lemongrass (Cymbopogon Citratus) steam distillation were carried out and a kinetics model was developed for the extraction of lemongrass essential oil. Raw materials were pretreated by natural drying, primarily crushing and chopping prior to the distillation. The oil yield obtained is in the range of 2.1 – 2.9 ml/kg of raw materials. Composition of the crude oil extracted was measured by GC-MS. Measurements showing that the oil product contains 70.5 % of precious component–Citral in which Neral is 29.8 % and Geranial 40.7 %. The kinetics parameters were estimated from experimental data conducted at various operating conditions for different preparation of the raw materials. The process rate constant (extraction rate constant) describing the extraction efficiency obtained from this study is varied from 0.02 to 0.027 min-1 using first-order kinetic model.

Selective extraction of high-value phenolic compounds from distillation wastewater of basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) by pressurized liquid extraction.

During the essential oil steam distillation from aromatic herbs, huge amounts of distillation wastewaters (DWWs) are generated. These by-products represent an exceptionally rich source of phenolic compounds such as rosmarinic acid (RA) and caffeic acid (CA). Herein, the alternative use of dried basil DWWs (dDWWs) to perform a selective extraction of RA and CA by pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) employing bio-based solvent was studied. To select the most suitable solvent for PLE, the theoretical modelling of Hansen solubility parameters (HSP) was carried out. This approach allows reducing the list of candidate to two solvents: ethanol and ethyl lactate. Due to the composition of the sample, mixtures of water with those solvents were also tested. An enriched PLE extract in RA (23.90 ± 2.06 mg/g extract) with an extraction efficiency of 75.89 ± 16.03% employing a water-ethanol mixture 25:75 (% v/v) at 50°C was obtained. In the case of CA, a PLE extract with 2.42 ± 0.04 mg/g extract, having an extraction efficiency of 13.86 ± 4.96% using ethanol absolute at 50°C was achieved. DWWs are proposed as new promising sources of natural additives and/or functional ingredients for cosmetic, nutraceutical, and food applications.

Oil distillation wastewaters from aromatic herbs as new natural source of antioxidant compounds

Distillation wastewaters (DWWs) are generated during the essential oil steam distillation from aromatic herbs. Despite of growing interest on novel source of natural antioxidant compounds as food additives, studies on DWWs are scarse. Herein, the potential of DWWs produced by the distillation of packaged fresh basil, rosemary and sage wastes was evaluated by chemical and antioxidant characterization.HPLC-DAD-HRMS profiling revealed that DWWs contain water-soluble phenolic compounds, mainly caffeic acid derivatives and flavonoid glycosides, with rosmarinic acid (RA) as predominant components (29–135mg/100mL). DWWs demonstrated high levels of total phenolic compounds (TPC, 152–443mg GAE/100mL) and strong antioxidant capacities, in ORAC, DPPH and ABTS assays (1101–4720, 635–4244 and 571–3145μmol TE/100mL, respectively). Highly significant correlations of TEAC values with TPC and RA contents revealed that phenolic compounds and high RA content were responsible of DWWs antioxidant properties.Thus, DWWs are proposed as a new promising source of natural food additives and/or functional ingredients for cosmetic, nutraceutical and food applications.

CO2-supercritical extraction, hydrodistillation and steam distillation of essential oil of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis)

Essential oil of rosemary was obtained by supercritical CO2-extraction (SCE), hydrodistillation (HYDRO), and steam distillation (SD). Quantity of oil, antioxidant activity, and chemical composition (gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, GC-MS) of the essential oils were evaluated. For SCE, oil was obtained at two temperatures (40 and 50 °C) and two pressures (10.34 and 17.24 MPa) using a rosemary particle size of 600 ± 50 μm. The yield was between 1.41 and 2.53 g essential oil (EO) 100 g−1 of dry rosemary (% w/w). The antioxidant activity values were in the range 29.67–37.55 mg equivalent of Trolox (ET) g−1 of EO or 22.66–30.81 mg ascorbic acid (AA) g−1 of EO. Yields of essential oil were between 0.35 and 2.35%. The antioxidant activity was found in the range 1.73–2.60 mg ET g−1 of EO or 1.50–2.20 mg AA g−1 of EO. Camphor, eucalyptol, β-caryophyllene, and borneol acetate were the main chemicals detected by GC-MS in EO.

Modelling the Kinetics of Steam Distillation of Essential Oils from Lemon Grass (Cymbopogon Spp.)

The kinetics of essential oil recovery from lemon grass was investigated using an experimentally validated first order kinetic model. Essential oil recovery was accomplished in a steam distillation equipment using 100g of plant material in different physical states. The kinetic model developed did not take into consideration the resistance to oil diffusion from the tissues within the plant material to the leaf surface. The integral method of analysis was used to test the fit of the model to the experimental results. The straight lines obtained indicated that the recovery of essential oils from lemon grass followed first order rate kinetics with a mean rate constant, k, of 0.0451. It was observed that oil extraction was not instantaneous as some time was required to wet the plant material to enable the oil diffuse from within the leaves to the surface. Furthermore, loose packing of the plant material within the steam distillation equipment improved oil yield and drying the plant material prior to distillation did not reduce the quantity of oil available for recovery.

Modeling the kinetics of essential oil hydrodistillation from plant materials

The present work deals with modeling the kinetics of essential oils extraction from plant materials by water and steam distillation. The experimental data were obtained by studying the hydrodistillation kinetics of essential oil from juniper berries. The literature data on the kinetics of essential oils hydrodistillation from different plant materials were also included into the modeling. A physical model based on simultaneous washing and diffusion of essential oil from plant materials were developed to describe the kinetics of essential oils hydrodistillation, and two other simpler models were derived from this physical model assuming either instantaneous washing followed by diffusion or diffusion with no washing (i.e. the first-order kinetics). The main goal was to compare these models and suggest the optimum ones for water and steam distillation and for different plant materials. All three models described well the experimental kinetic data on water distillation irrespective of the type of distillation equipment and its scale, the type of plant materials and the operational conditions. The most applicable one is the model involving simultaneous washing and diffusion of the essential oil. However, this model was generally inapplicable for steam distillation of essential oils, except for juniper berries. For this hydrodistillation technique, the pseudo first-order model was shown to be the best one. In a few cases, a variation of the essential oil yield with time was observed to be sigmoidal and was modeled by the Boltzmann sigmoid function.

Composition and antioxidant activity of aqueous and ethanolic Pelargonium radula extracts

Pelargonium radula (Cav.) L'Hér is a plant with hypoglycaemic properties originating from South Africa. Since oxidative stress plays a major role in the development of diabetic complications, the aim of this study was to evaluate if P. radula, besides its glucose-lowering properties, can have additional beneficial effects on diabetes. For preparation of extracts fresh or dried leaves were extracted at 20°C with either ethanol or water. Since P. radula is commercially cultivated for its essential oil, the residues obtained after steam distillation of essential oil from dry or fresh leaves were also included in the investigation. Content of phenols (total phenols, flavonoids and tannins) was determined in the extracts. Antioxidant activity was established as radical scavenging and chelating activity, reducing power and activity in β-carotene-linoleic acid assay. To establish possible intracellular effects of the extracts, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage was determined in Hep G2 cells with glucose induced oxidative stress. All the extracts were found to possess antioxidant activities and were able to reduce LDH leakage from Hep G2 cells. In addition to having excellent extraction yields the residues obtained after steam distillation of essential oil showed the most pronounced antioxidant activity in our study. The results of the present study suggest that P. radula leaf might be useful as complementary therapy in diabetes.

Molluscicidal and Mosquitocidal Activities of the Essential oils of Thymus capitatus Hoff. et Link. and Marrubium vulgare L.

Steam distillation of essential oils of aerial parts of Thymus capitatus and Marrubium vulgare L. collected at North cost of Egypt yielded 0.5% and 0.2%, respectively. Results of Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analyses of the two samples identified 96.27% and 90.19% of the total oil composition for T. capitatus and M. vulgare, respectively. The two oil samples appeared dominated by the oxygenated constituents (88.22% for T. capitatus and 57.50% for M. vulgare), composed of phenols, mainly carvacrol (32.98%) and thymol (32.82%) in essential oil of T. capitatus, and thymol (34.55%) in essential oil of M. vulgare. It was evaluated the molluscicidal activity of T. capitatus and M. vulgare essential oils on adult and eggs of Biomphalaria alexandrina as well as their mosquitocidal activity on Culex pipiens. The LC50 and LC90 of T. capitatus essential oil against adult snails was 200 and 400 ppm/3hrs, respectively, while for M. vulgare it was 50 and 100 ppm/3hrs, respectively. Moreover, M. vulgare showed LC100 ovicidal activity at 200 ppm/24 hrs while T. capitatus oil showed no ovicidal activity. It was verified mosquitocidal activity, with LC50 and LC90 of 100 and 200 ppm/12hrs respectively for larvae, and 200 and 400 ppm/12hrs respectively for pupae of C. pipiens.

Improvement of Essential Oil Steam Distillation by Microwave Pretreatment

Microwave irradiation is proposed as a pretreatment method to accelerate the conventional steam distillation of rosemary essential oil. Microwave extraction methods are based on the capacity of radiation to break the oil-containing glands, allowing faster extraction rates. An analytical method is developed to quantify the fraction of essential oil inside and outside trichomes. This method is used to evaluate the effect of microwaves on the fraction of oil released outside of trichome glands. Steam distillation rates are measured after using different microwave pretreatment energies, and the influence of liquid moisture released from plant cells is also analyzed.