Essential Oil Of Lippia Alba Research Articles

Water stress modulates terpene biosynthesis and morphophysiology at different ploidal levels in Lippia alba (Mill.) N. E. Brown (Verbenaceae).

Monoterpenes are the main component in essential oils of Lippia alba. In this species, the chemical composition of essential oils varies with genome size: citral (geraniol and neral) is dominant in diploids and tetraploids, and linalool in triploids. Because environmental stress impacts various metabolic pathways, we hypothesized that stress responses in L. alba could alter the relationship between genome size and essential oil composition. Water stress affects the flowering, production, and reproduction of plants. Here, we evaluated the effect of water stress on morphophysiology, essential oil production, and the expression of genes related to monoterpene synthesis in diploid, triploid, and tetraploid accessions of L. alba cultivated in vitro for 40days. First, using transcriptome data, we performed de novo gene assembly and identified orthologous genes using phylogenetic and clustering-based approaches. The expression of candidate genes related to terpene biosynthesis was estimated by real-time quantitative PCR. Next, we assessed the expression of these genes under water stress conditions, whereby 1% PEG-4000 was added to MS medium. Water stress modulated L. alba morphophysiology at all ploidal levels. Gene expression and essential oil production were affected in triploid accessions. Polyploid accessions showed greater growth and metabolic tolerance under stress compared to diploids. These results confirm the complex regulation of metabolic pathways such as the production of essential oils in polyploid genomes. In addition, they highlight aspects of genotype and environment interactions, which may be important for the conservation of tropical biodiversity.

Essential oil of Lippia alba impedes the growth of Propionibacterium acnes by modulating membrane potential and ROS level

IntroductionPropionibacterium acnes (P. acnes) is a rod-shaped, anaerobic, Gram-positive, opportunistic bacterium, that causes infectious and inflammatory diseases, such as acne vulgaris synovitis-acnes-pustulosis-hyperostosis-osteitis syndrome, sarcoidosis, and prostate cancer. Earlier evidence suggests that essential oils have been used to treat skin diseases and disorders since ancient times. Thus, the present study investigated the anti-microbial activity of 28 essential oils from nine families, including Lamiaceae, Poaceae, Geraniaceae, Myrtaceae, Zingiberaceae, Verbenaceae, Cupressaceae, Asteraceae, and Cyperaceae against P. acnes. MethodsThe anti-bacterial susceptibility and efficacy of the essential oils were examined using paper disc diffusion, broth micro-dilution, time-kill kinetics and ROS assays. P. acnes was cultured under anaerobic conditions. The kinetic process evaluated the time and dose-dependent effects of essential oils. The alteration in membrane potential and ROS production were measured in terms of mean fluorescence intensity. Consequently, the chemical composition of essential oil was analyzed by GC and GC/MS analysis. ResultsEighteen essential oils inhibited the growth of P. acnes with a clear zone of 5 – 20.33 mm. Eucalyptus, Mentha, Palmarosa, Lemongrass, Citronella, Geranium, Patchouli, Ocimum, and Clarysage possess better antibacterial activity (ZGI: 10.33 ± 2.31 mm - 20.33 ± 4.72 mm). Lippia alba oil showed the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 0.125% v/v, and the MIC of Mentha, Ocimum, and Patchouli oils ranged from 0.25% to 0.50% v/v. Further, the concentration and time-kill kinetic study indicated that L. alba and O. sanctum oils suppress the growth at MIC till 12 h and at 2 × MIC until 72 h. Moreover, the oils induced ROS production with one fold change at 2 × MIC. In addition, O. sanctum oil altered the membrane integrity with a fold change of 1.0 and 2.0 at MIC and 2 × MIC, respectively, while L. alba oil modified a fold change of 1.0. Discussion/conclusionThe essential oils suppressed bacterial growth by inducing ROS and modulating membrane integrity. Therefore, L. alba and O. sanctum essential oils could be used as an alternative to chemicals/drugs for treating microbe-associated acne problems.

The long-term transport of Potamotrygon wallacei increases lactate levels and triggers oxidative stress in its brain: The protective role of recovery and the essential oil of Lippia alba

This study aimed to determine whether the long-term transport model of cururu stingray (Potamotrygon wallacei) could disturb the brain redox status and brain functions, including antioxidant defenses, signaling pathways activated by oxidative stress, and the physiological responses to transport-induced stress upon arrival and after its recovery; and also to identify how the addition of essential oil of Lippia alba (EOLA) in the water transport could influence on these changes. For this reason, the cururu stingrays were anesthetized with 200 mg/L eugenol and sampled by sectioning of the spinal cord before transport (n = 5), after 32 h-transport in the absence (n = 5) and presence of 10 μL/L of the EOLA (n = 5); and after recovery for 24 h and 48 h post-transport without and with EOLA (n = 5, each group) for blood and brain removal, totalizing 35 animals (four replicates). Transport triggered a rise in the levels of lactate in plasma and brain of cururu stingray on arrival. Besides, it increased the superoxide anion (O2•-) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) levels, and decreased the superoxide dismutase (SOD) 1 and 2, catalase, glutathione peroxidase (GPx) 1, and glutathione reductase (GR) activities, activated nuclear factor κB (NF-κB), led to glutathione oxidation, lipid peroxidation (measured through the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS)), and elevated heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) levels in the cururu stingray brain. The addition of the EOLA to water protected brain against stress and oxidative stress on arrival, speeding up a process that could take until 48 h to occur in the absence of this additive. To reach this response, the EOLA decreased lactate levels in plasma and brain of cururu stingray, and also reduced O2•- and H2O2 levels, and NF-κB activation, increased SOD2, catalase, GPx1 and GR activities, decreased the ratio between oxidized and reduced glutathione, avoiding the increase in the TBARS levels in the brain tissue, and regulated the physiological responses to stress, as illustrated by low HSP70 levels found in it. These data make the addition of EOLA to the water even more recommended for long-term transport of cururu stingrays.

Essential Oil of Lippia alba Protects Against Ischemic-Reperfusion Acute Kidney Injury

HIGHLIGHTS Essential Oil of Lippia alba treatment reverted ischemia-induced biochemical alterations. Essential Oil of Lippia alba treatment ameliorated renal morphological alterations. Essential Oil of Lippia alba decreased oxidative stress in renal tissue. Essential Oil of Lippia alba reversed the ischemic damage on tubular cells.

Essential Oils from Colombian Plants: Antiviral Potential against Dengue Virus Based on Chemical Composition, In Vitro and In Silico Analyses.

Currently, there are no therapies to prevent severe dengue disease. Essential oils (EOs) can serve as primary sources for research and the discovery of phytomedicines for alternative therapy. Fourteen EOs samples were obtained by distillation from six plants used in Colombian folk medicine. GC/MS analysis identified 125 terpenes. Cytopathic effect (CPE) reduction assays revealed differences in antiviral activity. EOs of Lippia alba, citral chemotype and carvone-rich fraction; Lippia origanoides, phellandrene chemotype; and Turnera diffusa, exhibited strong antiviral activity (IC50: 29 to 82 µg/mL; SI: 5.5 to 14.3). EOs of Piper aduncum, Ocimum basilicum, and L. origanoides, carvacrol, and thymol chemotypes, exhibited weak antiviral activity (32 to 53% DENV-CPE reduction at 100 µg/mL; SI > 5.0). Cluster and one-way ANOVA analyses suggest that the strong antiviral activity of EOs could be attributed to increased amounts of non-phenolic oxygenated monoterpenes and sesquiterpene hydrocarbons. Docking analyses (AutoDock Vina) predicted binding affinity between the DENV-2 E protein and terpenes: twenty sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (−8.73 to −6.91 kcal/mol), eight oxygenated monoterpenes (−7.52 to −6.98 kcal/mol), and seven monoterpene hydrocarbons (−7.60 to −6.99 kcal/mol). This study reports for the first time differences in the antiviral activity of EOs against DENV, corresponding to their composition of monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes.

Antifungal and Modulatory Activity of Lemon Balm (Lippia alba (MILL.) N. E. BROWN) Essential Oil

Fungal diseases and the progressive development of resistance are a challenge. In this context, Lippia alba (lemon balm) is a species used in folk medicine, being described with antimicrobial potential. The aim of this study was to determine the antifungal activity and modulating effect of the essential oil of Lippia alba (Mill.) N.E. Brown leaves (LaEO). The antifungal activity of LaEO on eight Candida strains was determined by minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum lethal concentration (MLC), minimum biofilm inhibition concentration (MBIC), minimum biofilm eradication concentration (MBEC) and time-kill. The checkerboard technique was used to determine the modulating effect of LaEO on antifungal activity. The results indicate the presence of 11 constituents, with a predominance of carvone (58.15%) and limonene (25.37%). LaEO was able to inhibit the growth of all tested microorganisms, with MIC and MLC ranging from 0.078 to 1.25 mg/mL and MBIC and MBEC ranging from 0.156 to 5 mg/mL. The time-kill assay showed that LaEO was able to eliminate the strains after two hours of exposure and the best association was observed for the combination of LaEO and ketoconazole. The results of the study indicate that LaEO has excellent antifungal activity with potential biotechnological application.

Ovicidal effect of essential oils of Lippia alba, Lippia sidoides and Lippia gracilis on the acanthocephalan Neoechinorhynchus buttnerae (Eoacanthocephala: Neoechinorhynchidae).

Acanthocephalosis in tambaqui Colossoma macropomum culture is a limiting factor for the production of the species, being the most recurrent, which makes it necessary to develop strategies to control parasitosis even in the early stages of parasite development. This study aimed to elucidate the morphological characteristics of eggs of the acanthocephalan Neoechinorhynchus buttnerae and the ovicidal effect of the essential oils of Lippia alba, Lippia sidoides, and Lippia gracilis. The parasites were collected from hosts naturally infected with N.buttnerae, and the eggs obtained from the female 'parasites' abdominal cavity were added to 12-well plates containing the essential oils at different dilutions. After the eggs (N=300) were separated and measured (length and width) with the aid of an optical microscope coupled to a digital program, the viability of the treated eggs was monitored 24h after treatments, L.gracilis essential oil was 100% effective at the highest concentration, whereas L.sidoides essential oil showed over 50% efficacy at 2mg/ml, reaching 100% efficacy at all higher concentrations. Lippia. alba essential oil did not show satisfactory efficacy in preventing N.buttnerae egg hatching.

Eugenol and Lippia alba essential oils as effective anesthetics for the Amazonian freshwater stingray Potamotrygon wallacei (Chondrichthyes, Potamotrygonidae)

This study assessed the potential of eugenol and the essential oil of Lippia alba (EOLA) in providing suitable anesthetic induction and recovery times, and their consequent effects on the blood and respiratory physiology, as well as the gill architecture of an Amazonian freshwater stingray, Potamotrygon wallacei, shortly after reaching the recovery and 48 h later. Juveniles of P. wallacei were exposed to increasing concentrations of eugenol (75, 100, 125, and 150 µL L-1) and EOLA (150, 175, 200, and 225 µL L-1) in an immersion bath. Anesthetic induction was found to be faster with the use of eugenol compared to EOLA. On the other hand, the stingrays anesthetized with eugenol displayed a longer recovery time than those exposed to EOLA. The highest concentrations of eugenol caused moderate to severe histological changes in the gills. No significant changes were found for hematocrit and plasma energy metabolites in the stingrays anesthetized with all concentrations of both eugenol and EOLA shortly after reaching the recovery from the ansthesia, when compared to those recovered after 48h. Investigations regarding the potential use of these natural anesthetics are unprecedented for freshwater stingray species, and 200 μL L-1 EOLA is recommended as the most suitable anesthetic for use in juveniles of P. wallacei.

Anesthetic potential of different essential oils for two shrimp species, Farfantepenaeus paulensis and Litopenaeus vannamei (Decapoda, Crustacea)

ABSTRACT: The use of anesthetics in aquaculture ensures better animal welfare and survival during transport and the production cycle. The present study evaluated the anesthetic efficacy of essential oils (EOs) of Lippia alba (EOLA) and Ocimum gratissimum (EOOG) for pink shrimp Farfantepenaeus paulensis, and EOs of Origanum majorana (EOO) and Cymbopogon citratus (EOC) for white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. shrimp were exposed to (i) 500, 750 or 1000 µL L-1 of EOLA or (ii) 50, 100, 150 or 250 µL L-1 of EOOG, and L. vannamei were exposed to (iii) 150, 300 or 500 µL L-1 of EOC or (iv) 400 or 800 µL L-1 of EOO. The induction times were concentration dependent, with a decrease in induction time with the increase of the EOs concentration, but for EOLA, this pattern was observed only for anesthesia. Induction times for sedation and anesthesia were significantly shorter for shrimp exposed to EOC and EOO. The highest concentration of EOOG (250 µL L-1) resulted in 30% mortality. The recovery time was significantly longer for shrimp exposed to 800 µL L-1 of EOO compared to the other EOs. Overall, the action of EOs significantly differed between the two shrimp species. In conclusion, the tested EOs effectively anesthetized F. paulensis and L. vannamei.

The effectiveness of surfactants applied with essential oil of Lippia alba in the anesthesia of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and their toxicity assessment for fish and mammals.

The Lippia alba essential oil (EO) is a fish anesthetic immiscible in water and commonly used diluted in ethanol. We evaluated the effectiveness of surfactant use with Lippia alba EO in the anesthesia of Oreochromis niloticus, as well as its toxicity in fish and mammals. The EO was extracted by hydrodistillation and the fish were exposed to anesthesia at the concentration of 250 μL/L for 10 min with the surfactants polysorbate 20 (T20), polysorbate 80 (T80), polyethylene glycol (PEG), and ethanol. We also evaluated fish recovery and anesthetic safety margin after exposure for 10, 20, and 30 min. To assess the surfactants' toxicity in mammals, Mus musculus (mice) received the same treatments by gavage. The main constituents of the Lippia alba EO were linalool (42.36%), geraniol (12.46%), neral (10.7%), and limonene (7.45%). Deeper anesthesia was faster in the T20 (60 ± 2.9 s) and T80 (272 ± 21 s) treatment groups, while recovery time for T80 was longer (596 ± 47 s). All treatments showed a good safety margin, without mortality. The genotoxic effects caused by surfactants in mammals and fish were at similar levels to those found in the ethanol treatment. Therefore, this study demonstrated that the use of surfactants T20 and T80 in Oreochromis niloticus anesthesia presented neither a reduction nor a considerable increase of the toxicity when compared to the commonly used ethanol; however, an increase in anesthetic effectiveness was observed throughout the experiment.

Essential oil of Lippia alba (Mill.) N.E.Br. influences the germination, vigor and emergence of lettuce seeds

Secondary metabolites are produced by certain plant species and may influence the development of some species through the action of allelopathic effects. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the allelopathic effect of Lippia alba essential oil on the germination, emergence and vigor of seedlings of different batches of lettuce seeds. This experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with a 3´5 factorial scheme consisting of three batches of seeds of the cultivar Grand Rapids® and five doses of L. alba essential oil (0, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75 and 1.00%) diluted in distilled water and homogenized in Tween® 80. Seed germination and vigor, in the laboratory (experiment I), and emergence, in a protected environment (experiment II), were evaluated. The results demonstrated that there was an inhibitory effect with a significant reduction of germination, vigor and seed emergence when L. alba essential oil was added starting at concentrations of 0.25%. The essential oil showed allelopathic potential over different lettuce seed lots, affecting germination, vigor and seed emergence.

Anesthetic potential of the essential oils of Lippia alba and Lippia origanoides in Tambaqui juveniles

ABSTRACT: The aim of this study was to investigate the anesthetic effect of the essential oils (EOs) of Lippia alba (citral and linalool chemotypes, EOLA-C and EOLA-L respectively) and Lippia origanoides (chemotype carvacrol, EOLO-Ca) on tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) juveniles. The tested concentrations of the L. alba and L. origanoides EOs were: 25, 50, 100, and 200 μL/L. Time required to reach the stages of sedation, deep anesthesia, and recovery, as well as ventilatory frequency, were monitored for each EO concentration. The results indicated that all EO concentrations tested induced tambaqui anesthesia and that the ventilatory frequency was altered by the EOs. L. origanoides showed the shortest time to induce sedation and anesthesia, but had long recovery times. L. alba EO (citral 100 μL/L and linalool 200 μL/L) can be used to efficiently anaesthetise tambaqui juveniles with an efficient recovery.

Ventilatory frequency and anesthetic efficacy in silver catfish, Rhamdia quelen: a comparative approach between different essential oils

ABSTRACT This study investigated the efficacy of essential oils of Lippia alba (EOLA) citral chemotype and Lippia origanoides (EOLO) and their effects on ventilatory frequency (VF) of silver catfish, Rhamdia quelen. Fish were exposed to 50-300 μL L−1 of EOLA and 25-300 μL L−1 of EOLO to determine induction times to sedation, anesthesia, and recovery. Moreover, VF was determined in fish exposed to 5 or 10 μL L−1 of EOLA and of EOLO for 8 h. The increasing concentration of [...]

Chemical Profile and Antifungal Activity against Phytophthora cinnamomi of Essential Oils from Lippia alba and Lippia origanoides

Objectives: Determine the concentration and its chemical compositions of essential oils of Lippia alba and Lippia origanoides with better inhibitory activity against the mycelial growth of Phytophthora cinnamomi phytopathogen. Methods/Statistical Analysis: In this study, the in vitro antifungal activity of essential oils of fresh and dried leaves of L. Alba and L. origanoides against P. cinnamomi was evaluated. The chemical composition of all essential oils obtained from fresh and dry leaves was evaluated using the GC-MS. A factorial design was carried out, identifying as factors the concentrations and states of leaves and plant species. Findings: The essential oils impose antifungal activity against the mycelial growth of P. cinnamomi. The essential oil of L. origanoides exhibits the highest yield of 3.3% and inhibition of 97.1%, while that of L. alba yield and inhibition was the lowest with 2.79% and 68.9% respectively. Furthermore, the essential oils obtained from dried leaves showed the highest average yields and antagonistic activity. In addition, statistical differences were found between L. Alba and L. origanoides. However, all the evaluated essential oils had activity higher than 60%, which shows their importance for agricultural uses. Improvements/Applications: This research presents essential oils as an agroecological alternative to alleviate the phytosanitary problems of crops of economic importance and as an alternative to the use of agro-toxins. Keywords: Antifungal, Carvone, GC-MS, Thymol

Induced aerocystitis and hemato-immunological parameters in Nile tilapia fed supplemented diet with essential oil of <i>Lippia alba</i>

The present study evaluated the dietary supplementation with essential oil of Lippia alba on the hemato-immunological parameters of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) submitted to acute inflammation induced by carrageenin injection in the swim bladder. For a period of 45 days, 96 fish were divided in four treatments in triplicate, as follows: fish fed supplemented diet with essential oil of L. alba (4 mL kg-1 dry ration) injected with carrageenin; fish fed supplemented diet with cereal alcohol injected with carrageenin; fish fed unsupplemented diet with essential oil injected with carrageenin; fish fed unsupplemented diet and noninjected. Cortisol levels, erythrogram, leukogram and the inflammatory infiltrate were analyzed 6 h after inflammatory stimulus. Carrageenin-injected fish showed acute inflammatory reaction in the swim bladder characterized by higher infiltrate of neutrophils and monocytes. The circulating neutrophils number was significantly higher in fish fed L. alba when compared to other treatments. No difference in cortisol levels was found. For dose, time and administration form tested, supplementation with essential oil of L. alba did not present anti-inflammatory activity. On the other hand, influence of dietary supplementation was observed on the neutrophils number after induced aerocystitis highlighting its immunomodulatory characteristic.

Chemical, microbiological, and sensory parameters during the refrigerated storage of silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen) exposed in vivo to the essential oil of Lippia alba.

This study evaluated whether the essential oil of Lippia alba (EO) used as a sedative for fish transport would increase the stability of silver catfish during ice storage. Fish were transported (6h) with water alone (control), 30 or 40µL/L of EO in water. After transport, fish were slaughtered and stored in ice. Data on mesophilic and psychrotrophic bacteria counts during storage did not support the evidence for the antimicrobial activity of EO. However, fish treated with EO (30 and 40µL/L) had delayed onset of rigor mortis, delayed increase of pH after 34days of storage, and delayed peak of hypoxanthine formation and its degradation. In addition, the demerit sensory score of EO-treated fish (30 and 40µL/L) was lower than that of controls along the storage. Thus, the use of EO as a sedative in the water used to transport silver catfish can delay the loss of freshness and the deterioration of whole fish stored in ice.

Anxiolytic-like effect of Lippia alba essential oil: A randomized, placebo-controlled trial

Aim: This study was conducted to examine whether aromatherapy with essential oil of Lippia alba can reduce anxiety levels in a normal population. Methods: The oil was extracted by hydro-distillation for 3 hours using a modified Clevenger-type apparatus and then chemical composition was investigated by a combination of gas chromatography analysis (GC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Moreover, a randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled trial was conducted, where 62 participants were divided into two groups, comprising a control group (CG) treated with placebo, and an experimental group (EG) treated with aromatherapy based on Lippia alba essential oil. The anxiety index was evaluated pretest by State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). Measures were taken two times: pretest and posttest. Results: The chemical analysis showed that carvone was the main component (62.8%). State and Trait anxiety scores showed a decrease in posttest study phase in comparison with pretest in experimental group (p

Essential oil of Lippia alba as a sedative and anesthetic for the sea urchin Echinometra lucunter (Linnaeus, 1758)

The sea urchin, Echinometra lucunter, is consumed in restaurants in Europe and Asia for high prices. This study evaluated the use of the essential oil of Lippia alba (EOL) as a sedative and anesthetic in this sea urchin. Different EOL concentrations were tested (50, 100 and 150 μL L−1), in addition to a group that received ethanol and a control group. After the anesthesia and recovery from the different treatments, the coelomic fluid, gonads and intestine were collected for the analysis of oxidative stress parameters. The highest concentration tested (150 μL L−1) was determined to be the optimal concentration for anesthesia. Results suggest that EOL improved the response to oxidative stress, since a lower level of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances and greater superoxide dismutase and catalase activities were observed in the coelomic fluid and E. lucunter gonads, making the EOL a promising anesthetic for sea urchins.

Biochemical parameters of silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen) after transport with eugenol or essential oil of Lippia alba added to the water.

The transport of live fish is a routine practice in aquaculture and constitutes a considerable source of stress to the animals. The addition of anesthetic to the water used for fish transport can prevent or mitigate the deleterious effects of transport stress. This study investigated the effects of the addition of eugenol (EUG) (1.5 or 3.0 µL L-1) and essential oil of Lippia alba (EOL) (10 or 20 µL L-1) on metabolic parameters (glycogen, lactate and total protein levels) in liver and muscle, acetylcholinesterase activity (AChE) in muscle and brain, and the levels of protein carbonyl (PC), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and nonprotein thiol groups (NPSH) and activity of glutathione-S-transferase in the liver of silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen; Quoy and Gaimard, 1824) transported for four hours in plastic bags (loading density of 169.2 g L-1). The addition of various concentrations of EUG (1.5 or 3.0 µL L-1) and EOL (10 or 20 µL L-1) to the transport water is advisable for the transportation of silver catfish, since both concentrations of these substances increased the levels of NPSH antioxidant and decreased the TBARS levels in the liver. In addition, the lower liver levels of glycogen and lactate in these groups and lower AChE activity in the brain (EOL 10 or 20 µL L-1) compared to the control group indicate that the energetic metabolism and neurotransmission were lower after administration of anesthetics, contributing to the maintenance of homeostasis and sedation status.

Essential oil of Lippia alba in the transport of Nile tilapia

ABSTRACT: This study aimed to examine the action of the essential oil of Lippia alba (EOLA) in the stress response for transport of Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus . The fish were transported into three treatments (in triplicate): control, 10 and 20 µL L-1 EOLA, with loading density of 15 fish/plastic bags for 8h. Plasma glucose levels were significantly decreased in fish exposed to 20µL L-1 EOLA in comparison with the control group and fish exposed to 10µL L-1 EOLA, but the plasma cortisol, lactate and paraoxonase levels were similar. Un-ionized ammonia and ventilatory rate demonstrated a significant reduction in the treatments with the use of EOLA. In conclusion the use of 20µL L-1 EOLA is indicated for Nile tilapia transport.