Extraction Of Essential Oil Research Articles

Cytotoxic and Antioxidant Properties of Artemisia deserti Essential Oil Obtained by Different Extraction Methods

Background: Artemisia deserti Krasch belongs to Asteraceae family, and has many medicinal properties that used to treat a variety of diseases, including antihypertensive, invigorating blood circulation, antiallergy, antiviral, antitumor, and antioxidant. Methods: The objective of this study was the evaluation of cytotoxic and antioxidant activities as well as the chemical composition of A. deserti essential oil extracted by different extraction methods. These extraction methods included hydro-distillation (HD), salt-HD (Salt pretreatment followed by HD), maceration-HD (maceration pretreatment followed by HD), acid-HD (acid pretreatment followed by HD), ultrasound-HD (ultrasound pretreatment followed by HD), and enzyme-HD (enzyme pretreatment followed by HD). Results: The results revealed that the highest yield of essential oil was achieved by acid-HD (0.48% ± 0.11%). In all methods, the main compounds of essential oil were camphor (44.32%–66.80%), piperiton (14.11%–24.33%), and 1,8-cineole (4.85%–6.75%). The antioxidant property of essential oils was investigated using the DPPH method. Based on the results, the essential oils extracted by acid-HD and enzyme-HD methods had the highest property. The cytotoxic property of A. deserti essential oils was evaluated. The results demonstrated that the essential oil extracted by enzyme-HD indicated the highest cytotoxicity activity against human cervical carcinoma (HeLa) cells in both 24 and 48 h. Based on the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry results, 1,8-cineol, carvacrol, thymol, and myristicin were rich in the essential oil extracted by enzyme-HD, and the highest cytotoxicity activity of essential oil obtained by enzyme-HD method is probably related to these compounds. Conclusion: In addition, it was observed that enzyme-HD is an effective method in the extraction of essential oil with the highest antioxidant and cytotoxic activities.

Antioxidant, α-glucosidase, antimicrobial activities chemical composition and <i>in silico</i> analysis of <i>eucalyptus camaldulensis</i> dehnh

<p>Throughout history, medicinal plants have been the primary source for preventing and treating infectious diseases and other health issues. The flowering plant <italic>Eucalyptus camaldulensis</italic>, also called river red gum, is a member of the Myrtaceae family and has numerous traditional uses. The objectives of the present study were to identify the essential oil components of <italic>Eucalyptus camaldulensis</italic> using Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GCMS), and to determine the antioxidant, antidiabetic, and antibacterial activities of ethanol, aqueous, and essential oil extracts from <italic>E. camaldulensis</italic> leaves. Addtionally, the essential oil constituents that were identified underwent an <italic>in silico</italic> analysis. The efficacy of various extracts in combat pathogens and free radicals was assessed through the utilization of the 1,1-Diphenyl-2-Picryl Hydrazyl (DPPH), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), α-glucosidase inhibition, and disk diffusion methods. In terms of radical scavenging, reducing power, and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity, the essential oil showed strong antioxidant activity at 84.01 %, 20.1 mmol/g, and 78.2 %, respectively. The essential oil showed a potent antimicrobial action against <italic>Staphylococcus aureus</italic> and <italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</italic>, with 12 and 14 mm inhibitions, respectively, which were higher than ampicillin's 9 and 6 mm inhibitions, respectively. The GCMS analysis showed that the following chemicals were the most common: cis-11-hexadecenal (10.2%), trans-13-octadecenoic acid (9.5%), and 6-Octadecenoic acid, methyl ester, (Z)-(8.8%). The α-glucosidase enzyme was targeted in a docking study to investigate the antidiabetic properties of the 42 phytochemicals found in the essential oil extract. The compound, namely 5.alpha.-Androstan-16-one, showed the highest binding affinities of −8.6 Kcal/mol during the docking screening of the 42 identified phytochemicals against α-glucosidase. These two compounds show potential as competitive α-glucosidase inhibitors. <italic>E. camaldulensis</italic> will be a particularly useful source to improve health and fight communicable and non-communicable diseases. Nonetheless, human evaluations of <italic>E. camaldulensis</italic> safety and effectiveness are necessary, and more well-planned clinical trials are needed to confirm our <italic>in vitro</italic> and <italic>in silico</italic> findings.</p>

Extraction of essential oil in different accessions of Calendula officinalis Linn.

Extraction of essential oil in different accessions of Calendula officinalis Linn.

Extraction of Essential Oil from Onion (Allium cepa) using Hybrid Fluid Mixture (Ethanol and CO 2 ) as Solvent

Extraction of Essential Oil from Onion (Allium cepa) using Hybrid Fluid Mixture (Ethanol and CO 2 ) as Solvent

Studies on extraction of essential oil from patchouli (Pogostemon cablin)

Studies on extraction of essential oil from patchouli (Pogostemon cablin)

Effectiveness of Ethanol Gel and Essential Oil of Kencur Rhizome (Kaempferia galanga L.) base Karbopol against Propionibacterium acnes

Kencur rhizome (Kaempferia galanga L.) is an aromatic herbal plant as antibacterial and anti-inflammatory. This study aims to determine the physical quality and effectiveness of gel preparations of ethanol extract and essential oil of kencur rhizome based on carbopol inhibiting Propionibacterium acnes bacteria. This study used a Randomized Block Design (RAL) with 2 different treatments of 5 levels each, namely ethanol extract gel treatment and essential oil extract gel with concentrations of 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50%. The results of the gel formulation of extracts and essential oils based on carbopol showed pH, texture, spreadability and adhesiveness according to the quality standards of topical preparations. The antibacterial inhibition of the gel was moderate at 50% extract concentration (11.41 mm); and 50% essential oil (9.04 mm). Positive control treatment inhibited growth by 15.84 mm while negative control showed no response. The extract gel and essential oil of galangal rhizome had a significant effect but were less effective in inhibiting P. acnes bacteria. Adding the maximum concentration of extract and essential oil can optimize acne healing.

Factors influencing yield, chemical composition and efficacy of essential oils

Essential oils are secondary metabolites that are produced by plants for the purpose of protection from pests, predators, attraction of pollinators and seed dispersal. The oil is produced in different parts of the plants and contains various chemical compounds that give plants a characteristic odour and flavor. These compounds vary between different plant species and also within plants of the same species. The yield and the efficacy of essential oils also vary between and within species. The variations in the essential oil compounds, the yield and the efficacy is influenced by both exogenous and endogenous factors. Endogenous factors such as plant age, plant density, plant genotype, part of the plant where the oil is extracted brings about variability in yield, chemical composition and the efficacy of essential oils. Similarly, exogenous factors such as light intensity and temperature, water availability, altitude and latitude, soil type and composition, preparation of the plant material before the essential oil extraction, method of extraction of the essential oil and the storage conditions after extraction also have a great influence on the chemical composition, yield and efficacy of essential oils. The factors then need to be moderated in order to ensure that the essential oil produced is of the quality required. Once extraction is done, proper storage conditions to avoid oxidation is necessary as the essential oils await to be used. They should be stored in dark cool conditions in tightly closed dark glass containers to ensure long term quality. Knowledge on the growth requirements of the individual plants that produce oils is necessary so as to produce quality oil.

The Influence of Clove Leaf Size Variations on the Characteristics of Clove Leaf Essential Oil Production

Clove leaves are waste products from clove plantations in Kulon Progo, Yogyakarta. Most clove utilization is limited to the buds, while clove leaves have the potential to be a source of essential oil. Essential oil from clove leaves can be extracted using steam-water distillation. One factor influencing the characteristics of clove leaf essential oil production is the variation in material size. In this study, essential oil extraction was conducted using the steam-water distillation method with different clove leaf sizes, namely 2 cm, 3 cm, 4 cm, and 5 cm. The differences in clove leaf size were intended to determine the most suitable leaf size for extraction using the steam-water distillation method. This study showed that a clove leaf size of 2 cm produced a volume and yield of clove leaf oil of 53.5 ml and 5.45%, respectively. The density value of clove leaf oil obtained from this study was 1.019 grams/mL. The clove leaf oil produced was clear yellowish and had the characteristic aroma of clove oil. These criteria meet SNI 06-2378-2006 for clove leaf oil.

Biochar Derived from Citronella and Oregano Waste Residues for Removal of Organic Dyes and Soil Amendment

The exponential growth and prominence of the essential oil industry was associated with the generation of large amounts of plant residues which, if not managed properly, present an environmental threat due to their ability to contaminate soil and water systems. This study focuses on the valorization of residues generated from oregano and citronella plants following essential oil extraction. To tackle this challenge, we investigated the potential of biochar of oregano and citronella residues for removing methyl orange dye, a common environmental pollutant, and assessed their phytotoxicity for potential applications as soil amendment. The biochar was produced at different pyrolysis temperatures (300 oC and 400 oC) to study the effect of temperature on the various physicochemical properties of the biochar. Several analytical techniques were used to characterize the generated biochar including Fourier Transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), X-ray energy dispersive (EDX) spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectroscopy. The efficiency of oregano and citronella biochars produced at different temperatures as soil amendment was evaluated by examining the germination and root development of Lepidium sativum seeds commonly known as garden cress. The control group displayed strong performance with 90-100% germination and 3.54 cm root length. Oregano biochar obtained by pyrolysis at 300 °C (BOR-300) was toxic to seed growth, while the biochar fabricated at 400 °C (BOR-400) improved germination but fell short of the control. On the other hand, citronella biochar generated at 300 °C (BCR-300) and 400°C (BCR-400) resulted in better germination compared to BOR, but still lagged behind the control group. Furthermore, our results demonstrated that citronella biochar (BCR) at 400 °C effectively removed 88.8% of the methyl orange dye. Conversely, the combination of oregano biochar (BOR) and citronella biochar (BCR) at 300 °C did not substantially affect the dye removal efficiency. In summary, applying BOR and BCR produced at 400 °C to soil appears environmentally safe but does not significantly enhance plant growth. These results highlight the critical roles played by biochar type and pyrolysis temperature in shaping the application process.

NaturalEssential Oils: A Promising Therapy Way for Treating Ischemic Stroke.

Stroke is an acute cerebrovascular disease with high morbidity, mortality, and disability, making it the second leading cause of death worldwide. Ischemic stroke (IS) accounts for the majority of strokes, and its pathogenesis is complex, often involving complications and sequelae. Currently, conventional clinical approaches are ineffective, with few drugs available for intravenous thrombolysis and mechanical thrombolysis limited by a short time window. With the poor efficacy of monotherapy, the search for new complementary or alternative therapies has become the focus of researchers. In traditional medicine, Chinese aromatherapy has a long history of using aromatic medicines to treat IS. Natural essential oils (EOs), as the main pharmacological substances in aromatic drugs, are composed of different ratios of active metabolites with multi-targets and multi-components, which makes EOs have a wide range of pharmacological effects. Modern studies have also shown that EOs extracts and isolated monomers are beneficial for pathologically complex CIS. Therefore, this paper summarizes the EOs and monomers obtained from EOs that can prevent and treat IS in the last 20 years, and finds that EOs exert their anti-CIS effects mainly through anti-oxidative stress, anti-inflammation, anti-apoptosis, and inhibition of excitotoxicity. The amelioration of IS complications by natural EOs and their active monomer components for the treatment of IS are further discussed.

Effect of Oregano Essential Oil and Rosemary Extract Inclusion with Aloe vera Gel on the Quality and Storage Stability of Cooked Chicken Meat

Effect of Oregano Essential Oil and Rosemary Extract Inclusion with Aloe vera Gel on the Quality and Storage Stability of Cooked Chicken Meat

HS-SPME GC/MS Volatile profile of the Onion Allium fistulosum L. variety Pereirana, cultivated in Colombia

The study presents a characterization of the volatile organic compounds found in both raw and the essential oil of the “Pereirana Onion,” an endemic Colombian Welsh onion variety for which the composition has not been previously reported. The analysis was conducted using four distinct fibers through the HS-SPME/GC-MS method. The results revealed that chopped Pereirana onions release as many as 29 different compounds, with concentrations up to 20 times higher than those observed in other evaluated onion species (Biónica, Veleña, and Veleña Sonsón). Most of these compounds are sulfur-based, including dipropyl disulfide, (E)-1-(Prop-1-en-1-yl)-2-propyldisulfane, disulfide, methyl 1-(methylthio) propyl, dipropyl trisulphide, and (E)-1-(Prop-1-en-1-yl)-3-propyltrisulfane. Furthermore, steam extraction of essential oils from Pereirana onions led to the identification of up to 70 different compounds. Simple correspondence analysis (SCA) revealed that Veleña and Veleña Sonsón onion species share common compounds but significantly differ from Biónica and Pereirana varieties cultivated in Risaralda, Colombia. These findings suggest potential applications in the pharmaceutical, agricultural, and food industries, paving the way for future research and industrial utilization.

The Potency of Locally Available Orange Peel Essential Oil as A Feed Additive to Improve Performances of Poultry

Indonesia as a tropical country has several orange varieties grown in the archipelago. The peel which contributes about 10 – 14% of the whole orange, is a potential waste to be utilized for making essential oil useful as an Antibiotic Growth Promoter (AGP) for poultry. Therefore, elaborative research is needed, because there are about 258 oranges from the genus citrus only. Since, many methods have been developed, to find a cheap method for the extraction of essential oil, and then protect the oil from evaporating before being implemented as a feed additive. Some foreign research on the use of orange peel essential oil shows prospective results. It is expected then, that the use of local orange peel essential oil will enable to replace the use of imported essential oil which is more expensive to the feed mills industry.

Optimization of green microwave-assisted extraction of essential oil from lemon (Citrus limon) leaves: Bioactive, antioxidant and antimicrobial potential

This research delves into the analysis of essential oil derived from Citrus limon leaves cultivated in the northern region of Bangladesh, focusing on their potential attributes. The essential oil was extracted employing a microwave-assisted gravity station without using solvent. Optimization was carried out in terms of time, temperature and power as a function of oil yield. The study revealed the highest oil yield of 2.5 % after 50 min at 110 °C, maintaining a microwave power of 300 watt. Twenty-four (24) phyto-components were identified by Gas Chromatogram- Mass Spectrometer (GC-MS) where d-Limonene (34.10660 %) was dominant compound. The 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay was used to assess the antioxidant activity of essential oil. Notably, essential oil displayed superior DPPH radical scavenging activity (IC50 8.57 ppm) compared to butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) (IC50 10.63 ppm), a common antioxidant standard. Furthermore, a variety of harmful microorganisms were used to evaluate the antimicrobial efficacy. The extracted essential oil exhibited the strongest antimicrobial effectiveness against bacteria Staphylococcus aureus (ZOI-27.50 mm, MIC-7.8 μL/mL) and the fungi Candida albicans (ZOI-32.83 mm, MIC-1.95 μL/mL). These findings demonstrate the Citrus limon leaves essential oil contains bioactive components with strong antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. The extracted essential oil holds significant potential for applications in the foods, pharmaceuticals and cosmetic industries.

Evaluation of the Efficacy of Some Pesticides and Plant Extracts in Controlling the Adults of Southern Cowpea Beetle, Callosobruchus maculatus Under Laboratory Conditions

Kashmar, I.Z.A. and M.T. Mohammadali. 2024. Evaluation of the Efficacy of Some Pesticides and Plant Extracts in Controlling the Adults of Southern Cowpea Beetle, Callosobruchus maculatus Under Laboratory Conditions. Arab Journal of Plant Protection, 42(2): 196-201. https://doi.org/10.22268/AJPP-001228 The aim of the study was to evaluate the efficacy of Coragen, Oxymatrine, and the fruits extracts of black pepper, Piper nigrum and leaves of Eucalyptus camaldulenses against adults of the southern cowpea beetle, Callosobruchus maculatus, under laboratory conditions. The results obtained showed that the use of Coragen, achieved the highest mortality rates of 80.08, 83.24, and 95.00% at concentrations of 0.10, 0.15, and 0.20 ml/L, respectively, 7 days after treatment, as compared to Oxymatrine, which caused a mortality rate of 70.00, 79.83, and 88.58%, respectively, at the same concentrations and after the same time period. Results also showed that the essential oil extract of black 200 مجلة وقاية النبات العربية، مجلد ،42 عدد 2 ) 2024( pepper fruits caused the highest mortality rate of adult insects at a concentration of 3 ml per liter, producing 75.00% mortality, compared to the treatment of eucalyptus extract, which produced 63.61% insect mortality, 7 days after treatment. Keywords: Oxymatrine, coragen, Callosobruchus maculatus, Pipper nigrum, Eucalyptus camaldulense, plant extracts.

Adoption behavior of lemon growers towards essential oil extraction technology in the Pothwar region of Punjab, Pakistan

Adoption behavior of lemon growers towards essential oil extraction technology in the Pothwar region of Punjab, Pakistan

Antibacterial Activity of Potential Essential Oil Extracts against the American Foulbrood, Paenibacillus larvae larvae

Antibacterial Activity of Potential Essential Oil Extracts against the American Foulbrood, Paenibacillus larvae larvae

Comparing diverse extraction methodologies to infer the performance of 1,8-cineole extraction from Eucalyptus cinerea: process optimization, kinetics, and interaction mechanisms.

Eucalyptus oil is highly valued for its anti-inflammatory, antiviral, and antibacterial qualities. Research has shown that it is a powerful combatant against cancer cells, making it an extremely interesting area of research. For the first time, the present study proposes to extract 1,8-cineole from Eucalyptus cinerea leaves using different extraction methodologies, namely, hydro-distillation (HD), Soxhlet (SE), ultrasonication (UE), and microwave (ME) extraction techniques. In conventional extraction, HD yielded a maximum of 72.85% 1,8-cineole using a minimum solid-solvent ratio of 1 : 10 g mL-1 within 3 h compared to SE. The first-order kinetic equation was applied in the HD experimental dataset to understand the extraction mechanism. In modern extraction technology, ME achieved the highest yield of 1,8-cineole (95.62%) at the optimal solid-solvent ratio of 2 g mL-1, extraction time of 4.5 min, and irradiation power of 640 W using the response surface methodology (RSM). Furthermore, the kinetic analysis of UE was investigated using three different empirical models. The chemical components of the essential oil extracted using each extraction method were identified as oxygenated monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, and oxygenated sesquiterpenes using gas chromatography. Following extraction using various techniques, the morphology of spent leaves lost its distinct texture, their oil glands were entirely distorted, and their vascular bundles could still be identified. It was observed that the hydrogen bond interaction between the solvent molecule and 1,8-cineole-like value-added components played a role in the extraction. Among the investigated techniques, the solvent-free ME method is the most environmentally acceptable method and could effectively extract essential oil from E. cinerea leaves.

Essential oils extracted from Citrus macroptera and Homalomena aromatica (Spreng.) Schott. exhibit repellent activities against Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae)

Background & objectives: Mosquitoes alone transmit diseases to around 700 million individuals annually, killing approximately 0.7 million people every year worldwide. Considering the potential health risks linked with synthetic repellents, it has become vital to identify eco-friendly, natural repellents for mosquito control as well as to understand the underlying mechanism for mosquito repellent activity. To address this, objectives were set to extract essential oils from Citrus macroptera peel and Homalomena aromatica (Spreng.) Schott. rhizomes, evaluate their mosquito repellent activity against Aedes aegypti, and further explore their mosquito odorant receptor inhibition potential. Methods: The oils were extracted using Clevenger’s apparatus, and properties like specific gravity, refractive index, and boiling point were evaluated and characterised using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). Aedes aegypti mosquito eggs collected from the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), Dibrugarh, were reared in the Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Research Laboratory, to obtain adult Aedes aegypti mosquitoes for the mosquito repellent activity evaluation of the essential oils using the Human Bait technique’. Molecular docking studies were performed for the oil components against mosquito odorant binding proteins. Further, toxicity studies of these two oils were evaluated against human dermal fibroblast adult (HDFa) cells. Results: The results revealed the presence of limonene (86.76%) and linalool (52.35%), respectively, in Citrus macroptera and Homalomena aromatica oils. It was found that the combination of the oils in a ratio of 1:1 showed mosquito repellent activity for up to 6.33 ± 0.23 h. Molecular docking studies showed the presence of major oil components having mosquito odorant receptor blocking potential comparable to N, N-diethyl-meta-toluamide (DEET), indicating a rationale for extended mosquito repellent action. Further, both of these oils were found to be non-cytotoxic against HDFa cells after 24 h. Interpretation & conclusion: The encouraging mosquito repellent activity of these two oils as compared to synthetic mosquito repellent DEET might pave the way for the development of novel herbal mosquito repellent formulations containing these essential oils.

Extraction, Characterisation, Biological Properties and Applications of Essential Oils: A Review

In recent decades, essential oils have emerged as natural supplements to synthetic substances in medicine, agriculture, food industries etc. The modern techniques for extraction of essential oils have significantly reduced the time consumption and increased the yield in comparison to the conventional techniques that have been in use for so long. Advancedcharacterisation techniques like Gas chromatography (GC), Liquid Chromatography (LC), Mass Spectrometry (MS) etc., provide high accuracy incharacterisation depending upon the nature of essential oils or other major phytoconstituents. Studies have shown essential oils to possess biologically significant activities like antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antihistamine, anticholinesterase, anti-cancer, antiaging etc. These activities of essential oils have made them eligible for their application in food preservation, medicines, industries, agriculture etc. Thus, the traditional knowledge of plants and extraction of essential oils from their different parts of significance can contribute to a healthy society if efforts are made towards enhancing their natural properties for maximum utilisation. The present review discusses different sources and compositions of essential oils, common extraction and characterisation techniques, some biological properties of essential oils and their applications in various industries.