Essential Oil Compounds Research Articles

Analysis of the Impact of Ethanol Extract of Calendula officinalis L. on Human Fibroblast Cell Cultures Using the PANsys 3000 Device for Breeding and Visualization of Cells.

Calendula officinalis L. promotes wound healing and might be effective in gingival fibroblast stimulation. The influence of different concentrations of Calendula officinalis L. ethanol extract on human gingival fibroblast was visualized using PANsys 3000-a fully automated cell culture device used for in vitro culture to study cells under conditions similar to in vivo. The human fibroblast cells were isolated from gingival tissue. The 100% brew of Calendula officinalis L., as well as 7% and 20% Calendula officinalis L. ethanol extract, were added to the cultured cells and observed for 72 h. The qualitative and quantitative composition of the volatile compounds of marigold Calendula officinalis L. flowers are presented in this study. The essential oil compounds of the decoction were isolated with solid-phase microextraction (SPME) and analyzed with gas chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). The presence of terpenoids, flavonoids, and other compounds was demonstrated. The composition was correlated with the fragrance properties. Observation of gingival fibroblast showed that there were no changes in cell morphology and proliferation after 100% Calendula officinalis L. brew stimulation. The growth and cell division were not inhibited. Likewise, the addition of 7% or 20% ethanol in water extract of Calendula officinalis L. stimulation did not inhibit the fibroblast proliferation. Overall, ethanol extracts of Calendula officinalis L. decrease the alcohol cytotoxic influence on gingival fibroblasts.

Characterization and metabolism pathway of volatile compounds in walnut oil obtained from various ripening stages via HS-GC-IMS and HS-SPME-GC–MS

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) of walnut oil (WO) samples obtained from 5 ripening stages were analyzed by headspace-gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry (HS-GC-IMS) and HS-solid phase microextraction-GC-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC–MS). A total of 75 VOCs were identified in WO, of which 24 VOCs were found to be the key aroma-active compounds for WO by using odor activity values (OAVs) analysis. Based on chemometrics methods, flavor of WO samples can be characterized into three categories, i.e., early, mid-, and late stages. WO from early ripening stage had stronger green and sweet odor due to 1,8-cineole (OAV 280) and ethanol (OAV 134.5). While nonanal (OAV 181.82), (E)-2-octenol (OAV 160), and hexanal (OAV 103.78) were sources of intense fatty and oily odor in mid-ripening stage. For WO of later ripening stage, the flavor was affected by nonanal (OAV 192.28), 1-heptanol (OAV 150), heptanal (OAV 71.11) and some organic acids.

Caccinia macranthera Brand var. macranthera: Phytochemical analysis, phytotoxicity and antimicrobial investigations of essential oils with concomitant in silico molecular docking based on OPLS force-field

This study was conducted to extract the essential oils (EOs) of Caccinia macranthera identify their phytochemicals, evaluate their phytotoxicity, antimicrobial activity and enzyme inhibition effects using in silico molecular docking technique.EOs of aerial parts, seeds, and roots of C. macranthera were extracted and analyzed via Gas chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. The antibacterial activity of EOs were determined on nine microorganisms via disk diffusion and microbroth dilution assays. In addition, the allelopathic properties of EOs were investigated by calculating the IC50s for inhibition of germination, seedling length and seedling weight growth of Cuscuta campestris seeds. In order to assess the possible inhibitory effect of major components of C. macranthera EOs on enzymes inhibiting germination and plant growth, molecular docking was employed against the glutamine synthetase (GS), acetohydroxyacid synthetase (AHAS), and 4-hydroxyphenyl pyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD) enzymes.The main compounds of EOs from aerial parts, seeds, and roots EOs were dihydrocarveol (29.5%), Trimethyl-2-Pentadecanone (13.6%), and Palmitic acid (16.8%), respectively. The maximum antibacterial effect was related to the aerial parts EO against Staphylococcus epidermidis. Phytotoxicity analysis exhibited a concentration-dependent increase (p ≤ 0.05) activity. The aerial parts EO demonstrated a substantial allelopathy effect, with IC50 values of 0.22 ± 0.026, 0.39 ± 0.021, and 0.20 ± 0.025 mg/mL, respectively, on inhibitory germination, seedling length and seedling weight growth of Cuscuta campestris seeds. Molecular docking analyzes showed that Oleic acid was suitable for dynamic stabilization of HPPD (−6.552 kJ/mol) and GS (−7.265 kJ/mol) and Eupatoriochromene had the inhibitory potential against AHAS, with docking score of −4.189 kJ/mol.The current research demonstrated that C. macranthera EOs from its aerial parts have an acceptable phytotoxic activity against Cuscuta campestris weed. The major components of EOs, Oleic acid and Eupatoriochromene, presented the strongest binding with HPPD, GS, and AHAS active sites causing disturbance in germination, photosynthesis and weed growth suggesting it as a natural herbicide for controlling the weeds.

The effect of induced polyploidy on phytochemistry, cellular organelles and the expression of genes involved in thymol and carvacrol biosynthetic pathway in thyme (Thymus vulgaris).

Induced polyploidy usually results in larger vegetative and reproductive plant organs. In order to study the effect of chromosome doubling on Thymus vulgaris, three levels of colchicine concentration including 0.1, 0.3 and 0.5% (w/v) were applied for 6, 12 and 24 hours on apical meristem of 2- and 4-leaf seedlings. Ploidy level was evaluated by flow cytometry and microscopic chromosome counting. Chemical composition of essential oils extracted by hydro-distillation was analyzed by gas Chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and gas Chromatography (GC). The application of 0.3% colchicine at 4-leaf seedling for 6 hours resulted in the highest survival rate and the highest number of tetraploid plants. Cytogenetic and flow cytometry analyses confirmed the increase of chromosome number from 2n=2x=30 in diploids to 2n=4x=60 in induced tetraploids. Tetraploid plants had larger leaves, taller and thicker stems, dense branching, longer trichome, larger stomata, larger guard cells, and decreased number of stomata. The number of chloroplasts and mitochondria increased significantly in tetraploid plants by 1.66 and 1.63 times, respectively. The expression of CYP71D178, CYP71D180 and CYP71D181 increased in tetraploids by 3.27, 7.39 and 2.15 times, respectively, probably resulting in higher essential oil compounds, as tetraploids outyielded the diploid plants by 64.7% in essential oil, 40.9% in thymol and 18.6% in carvacrol content.

ANFIS-Based QSRR Modelling for Kovats Retention Index Prediction in Gas Chromatography

This study aims to evaluate the implementation and effectiveness of the Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) based Quantitative Structure Retention Relationship (QSRR) to predict the Kovats retention index of compounds in gas chromatography. The model was trained using 340 essential oil compounds and their molecular descriptors. The evaluation of the ANFIS models revealed promising results, achieving an R2 of 0.974, an RMSE of 48.12, and an MAPE of 3.3% on the testing set. These findings highlight the ANFIS approach as remarkably accurate in its predictive capacity for determining the Kovats retention index in the context of gas chromatography. This study provides valuable perspectives on the efficiency of retention index prediction through ANFIS-based QSRR methods and the potential practicality in compound analysis and chromatographic optimization.

Characterization of Olive Oil Volatile Compounds after Elution through Selected Bleaching Materials-Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Analysis.

Using different bleaching materials to eliminate or reduce organic volatiles in deteriorated olive oils will positively affect its characteristics. This study aims to identify the volatiles of oxidized olive oil after physical bleaching using selected immobilized adsorbents. Oxidized olive oil was eluted using open-column chromatography packed with silica gel, bentonite, resin, Arabic gum, and charcoal at a 1:5 eluent system (w/v, adsorbent: oxidized olive oil). The smoke point was determined. The collected distilled vapor was injected into GC-MS to identify the volatiles eluted after partial refining with each of these bleaching compounds. The results showed that volatile compounds were quantitatively and qualitatively affected by the type of adsorbents used for the elution of olive oil and the smoking points of eluted oils. The most prominent detected volatile compounds were limonene (14.53%), piperitone (10.35%), isopropyl-5-methyl-(2E)-hexenal (8.6%), methyl octadecenoate (6.57%), and citronellyl acetate (5.87%). Both bentonite and resin were superior in decreasing the ratio of volatile compounds compared with other bleaching materials used. Resin immobilized medium was significantly affected (p < 0.05), raising the smoke point. These results highlighted some information regarding the characteristics of volatile compounds that result after the physical elution of olive oil through selected adsorbents.

Assessment of chemical compositions and antibacterial activity of the essential oil of Mentha piperita in response to salicylic acid

Mentha piperita, as a species of the mint family, is used in various medical, cosmetic, industrial and culinary products. The effect of different concentrations of salicylic acid (SA) (0. 0.5, 1 mM) on phytochemical activity and antimicrobial potential of Mentha piperita essential oil against six human pathogenic bacteria (Streptococcus agalactiae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus and Listeria monocytogenes) were investigated. According to the results to prevent the growth of L. monocytogenes and S. agalactiae, Gram-positive bacteria, peppermint, essential oil treatment with 1 mM salicylic acid is suggested. But to prevent the growth of Gram-negative bacteria P. aeruginosa and E. coli, peppermint essential oil of control plants is proposed. These results showed that salicylic acid elicitor changed the type and amount of peppermint essential oil compounds. Probably, salicylic acid elicitor improved antimicrobial properties of peppermint essential oil with a change in essential oil components. The inhibitory activity of essential oil depends on the type of microorganism, the concentration of essential oil and the concentration and time of salicylic acid treatment.

Comparative evaluation of different enzyme pretreatment on the oxidative stability and volatile compounds of sunflower oil

In order to determine the influence of enzyme pretreatment to modify the aromas of sunflower seed oil (SSO). In this study, different enzyme combinations prepared SSO as raw material, using reducing sugar, amino acids, oxidation stability, and basic aroma characteristics to compare the whole. The results show that reducing sugar increased approximately 1.5-fold after enzymatic hydrolysis. Arginine, lysine, and histidine decreased most after roasting. The combination of cellulase and protease showed the greatest increase in heterocyclic substances (from 1681.81 to 13865.84 μg/kg), resulting in a strong caramel and nutty flavor. Interestingly, it was identified by aroma extract dilution analysis (AEDA) combined with relative odor activity value (ROAV) that 2,3-dihydro-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-4H-pyran-4-one (DDMP) was a common key aroma compound in enzyme-treated SSO, and phenylacetaldehyde, furfuryl alcohol and acetic acid were considered to be important contributors to the aroma after cellulase, hemicellulose and pectinase treatment, respectively. All of these were newly identified as odorants in enzyme-treated sunflower oil. The enzyme-treated oil also had advantages in terms of oxidative stability, including the reduction of acid value and peroxide value. This work provides a feasible method to enhance the aroma flavor and extend the shelf-life of sunflower oil in future production.

Cinnamaldehyde for the Treatment of Microbial Infections: Evidence Obtained from Experimental Models.

Cinnamaldehyde (CNM) is a cyclic terpene alcohol found as the major compound of essential oils from some plants of the genus Cinnamomum (Lauraceae). CNM has several reported pharmacological activities, including antimicrobial, antivirulence, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory effects. These properties make CNM an attractive lead molecule for the development of anti-infective agents. In this descriptive review, we discuss the application of CNM in experimental models of microbial infection using invertebrate and vertebrate organisms. CNM (pure or in formulations) has been successfully applied in the treatment of infections caused by a range of bacterial (such as Cronobacter sakazakii, Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella enterica, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae, Vibrio cholerae) and fungal (such as Aspergillus fumigatus, Candida albicans and Cryptococcus neoformans) pathogens. All these experimental evidence-based findings have promoted the use of cinnamaldehyde as the leading molecule for developing new anti- infective drugs.

Phytochemicals, Essential Oils Composition and Antioxidant Activity of Astragalus spp., Phlomis olivieri and Daphne mucronata in Habitats of Central Iran.

This study evaluated several secondary metabolites, essential oils (EOs) compositions, and antioxidant activity in four medicinal plants that originated in Isfahan rangelands. The species were Astragalus verus, Astragalus adscendens, Daphne mucronata, and Phlomis olivieri. Thirty-two genotypes of these species were evaluated for different biochemical traits. Based on the evaluation of EOs compounds, GC/MS analysis revealed the total number of identified compounds. These compounds were 25, 22, 12, and 22 for A. adscendens, A. verus, D. mucronata, and P. olivieri, respectively. The dominant compounds were phthalate (59.88 %) in A. adscendens, phytol (38.02 %) in A. verus, hexanoic acid (32.05 %) in D. mucronata and β-cubebene (30.94 %) in P. olivieri. Phytochemical analysis showed that D. mucronata, A. adscendens, and P. olivieri had the highest total phenolics content (TPC) (18.24 mg gallic acid equivalent/g dry weight), total flavonoids content (5.57 mg QE/g DW), and total anthocyanins content (0.23 mg/g DW), respectively. The highest total chlorophyll (0.27 mg/g DW), total carotenoids (0.03 mg/g DW), and antioxidant activity (71.36 %) were observed in A. adscendens, A. adscendens and A. verus, respectively. Among all genotypes, the highest TPC (20.1 mg GAE/g DW) was observed in genotype 5 of D. mucronata. This study provided new information on the chemical compounds within the distribution range of these ecologically dominant rangeland species in Isfahan province, Iran. The data revealed that superior genotypes from these species are rich in natural antioxidants and bioactive compounds. Thus, they can be used in ethno pharmacological fields, food, and industrial applications.

Sources, morphology, phytochemistry, pharmacology of Curcumae Longae Rhizoma, Curcumae Radix, and Curcumae Rhizoma: a review of the literature.

Curcumae Longae Rhizoma (turmeric), Curcumae Radix and Curcumae Rhizoma are derived from the Curcuma species, and have gradually become three of the most commonly used medicinal herbs in China due to their different origins, processing methods and medicinal part. These three herbs have certain similarities in morphology, chemical composition, and pharmacological effects. All three of these herbs contain curcuminoids and volatile oil compounds, which exhibit anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, antioxidant, and neuroprotective properties, although modern clinical applications have their own requirements. At present, there is no systematic guidelines for the clinical application of these three of Curcuma species; consequently, there is a high risk of unwanted phenomena associated with the mixing and indiscriminate use of these herbs. In this review, we focus predominantly on morphology, chemical composition, and the pharmacological activity of these three Curcuma herbs and summarize the current status of research in this field. Our goal is to provide a better understanding of clinical value of these Curcuma species so that we can provide reference guidelines for their further development, utilization and rational clinical application.

Gene Expression of Monoterpene Synthases Is Affected Rhythmically during the Day in Lavandula angustifolia Flowers

Lavender essential oil (EO) is widely used for medicinal purposes. The significant monoterpenes’ abundance of linalool and linalool acetate accounts for more than 50% of lavender EO compounds. Monoterpenes synthesis differs throughout plant development as a result of the differential gene expression patterns in distinct cell types. Previously, we have reported that the chemical composition of Lavandula angustifolia cv. etherio EO was affected by diurnal harvest time. The aim of this was to evaluate if the gene expression of lavender monoterpenes synthases is altered during the day length and correlated with the accumulation of the major components of lavender EO. The relative expression of linalool synthase (LaLINS), limonene synthase (LaLIMS) and terpene synthase-like (LaTPS-l) was recorded in flowers at the 3rd to 5th stage every 3 h during two consecutive days using quantitative real-time PCR. The composition of the lavender EO was also monitored during the day length using GC-MS analysis. Our results indicate that the expression of genes involved in the synthesis of lavender EO, including linalool and limonene synthases, is accompanied by oscillations, picking at mid-day and leading to linalool acetate accumulation in the afternoon. In conclusion, the monoterpenes synthase expression in lavender flowers is rhythmically affected during the day, leading to a higher accumulation of EO compounds in the afternoon. These results will be helpful to monitor the biosynthesis of lavender EO to ensure a high-quality product. Furthermore, the outcome of this study will be useful for breeding programs in the lavender field to modulate the biosynthesis of linalool and linalool acetate during the flowering harvest period.

Effects of D-Limonene Nanoemulsion Coating on Post-Harvest Quality and Physiology of Papaya

Papaya (Carica papaya L.) is a climacteric fruit, and its quality will rapidly decrease after ripening. Hence, the storage life of its fruit is short. D-limonene is a terpene compound in citrus essential oil and has antibacterial and antioxidant properties. The addition of D-limonene in edible coating can delay volatilization, prevent microorganism and pathogen invasion, decrease water loss, inhibit softening, decrease gas exchange, and extend the storage life of fruits. In this study, 0.25%, 0.5%, and 1% D-limonene nanoemulsion coatings were used for post-harvest immersion treatment of “Tainung No. 2” papayas and its effects on appearance, chlorophyll content, respiration rate, ethylene production, pectin methylesterase, polygalacturonase activity, decay loss, firmness, total soluble solid, titratable acidity, ascorbic acid, and total plate count were investigated. After the papayas were treated with 0.5% D-limonene nanoemulsion coating, polygalacturonase and pectin methylesterase activities decreased, fruit firmness was maintained, and ascorbic acid content was high. On the last day of storage, polygalacturonase and pectin methylesterase activities were 0.01 and 0.02 U/kg FW lower than the control group, respectively; firmness was higher than the control group by 1.75 N, and ascorbic acid content was higher than the control group by 31.97 mg/100 g FW. On Day 2, the treatment showed delay in total soluble solid accumulation and chlorophyll degradation, consequently delaying the color change in fruits. The coating decreased decay loss by 40% on Day 2, decreased respiration rate by 97.0 mg CO2 kg−1 h−1, and ethylene production by 5.7 µL kg−1 h−1 on Day 2. Simultaneously, the coating decreased the total plate count and resulted in a good appearance. Fruits coated with a 1% D-limonene nanoemulsion coating showed defects in color change. In summary, 0.5% D-limonene nanoemulsion coating delayed “Tainung No. 2” papaya ripening and decreased microbial infection, consequently extending its storage life.

Larvicidal activity, enzyme inhibitory effect, and molecular docking by essential oil, hydrolate, aqueous extract, and major compounds from the leaves of Eugenia uniflora against Aedes aegypti

Eugenia uniflora is a plant native to Brazil that has a wide geographical distribution and produces a high content of essential oils. The aim of the present study was to investigate the larvicidal activity of the hydrolate (Eu-HYD), aqueous extract (Eu-AE), essential oil (Eu-EO), and major compounds obtained from E. uniflora leaves against Aedes aegypti as well as assess the effects on the digestive enzymes of the larvae. Eu-HYD and Eu-AE were obtained from the leaves as byproducts of the EO isolation by hydrodistillation. Selina-1,3,7(11)-trien-8-one (1, 57.55 %) and oxidoselina-1,3,7(11)-trien-8-one (2, 21.18 %) were the major chemical compounds in the EO, as determined by gas chromatography with flame ionization detection and gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. Eu-EO exhibited the most promising larvicidal activity (LC50 = 35.9 ± 1.02 mg/L), followed by Eu-AE (LC50 = 12.205 ± 1.04 mg/L) and Eu-HYD (LC50 = 42.4 ± 1.02 mg/L), whereas compounds 1 and 2 had an LC50 of 77.8 ± 1.06 and 41.2 ± 1.06 mg/L, respectively. Moreover, Eu-EO, Eu-AE, and Eu-HYD inhibited α-amylase activity in the Ae. aegypti larvae. Docking studies on the altered enzymes indicated that the affinity of compound 2 for Ae. aegypti α-amylase is slightly higher than that of compound 1. These results suggest notable larvicidal activity for all products of Eugenia uniflora leaves, making such products bioactive candidates for interrupting the reproduction cycle of Ae. aegypti, which is the main vector of arboviruses.

Antimicrobial evaluation of the Patchouli (Pogostemon cablin Benth.) leaf essential oil combination with standard antimicrobial compounds

Pogostemon cablin Benth's leaves, which belong to the Lamiaceae family, are used to make patchouli essential oil (PEO). Sesquiterpenes are the main compounds in essential oil. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, antiemetic, and anti-inflammatory activities are just a few of the many pharmacological actions that are well-known. In this investigation, cefuroxime (CEF), moxifloxacin (MOX), clarithromycin (CLA), fluconazole (FLU), and terbinafine (TER) were combined with patchouli (Pogostemon cablin leaf essential oil). Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538, Gram-negative Escherichia coli ATCC 8739, and yeasts Candida albicans ATCC 10231, and C. tropicalis ATCC 750 were tested against all combinations. Drug interaction was given as fractional inhibitory concentrations (FIC) after combinations of the essential oils were tested for their minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC). The checkerboard method was used to assess antimicrobial interactions, Fluconazole, terbinafine, cefuroxime, and clarithromycin combined with essential oil demonstrated an "additive effect" against Candida strains together with E. coli and S. aureus.

In-vitro antimicrobial activity of essential oils of Tasmania

ABSTRACT Thirteen commercial Tasmanian essential oils were evaluated for their antimicrobial activity against 14 human pathogens and cosmetic contaminants including Enterococcus hirae, Kocuria rhizophila, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Propionibacterium acnes, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella aerogenes, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pluralibacter gergoviae, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Burkholderia cepacia, Pseudomonas putida, Aspergillus brasiliensis, and Aspergillus fumigatus. The antimicrobial activities of various essential oils were evaluated using the AlamarBlue Cell Viability Assay, covering a testing concentration range from 3.125 to 800 µg/mL. Essential oils were deemed active if their minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value was less than or equal to 800 µg/mL. The essential oils of Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis ct. α-pinene), Parsley Herb (Petroselinum crispum), and Bitter Fennels (Foeniculum vulgare) demonstrated significant growth inhibitory effects on one microorganism (P. fluorescens) within an MIC value of ≤ 800 µg/mL. Big Badja Gum (Eucalyptus badjensis), Blue Gum (Eucalyptus globulus), Peppermint (Mentha piperita), and Lavender (Lavandula angustifolia) essential oils inhibited the growth of two different microorganisms. Southern Rosalina (Melaleuca ericifolia), Parsley Seed (Petroselinum crispum), Smoky Tea Tree (Leptospermum glaucescens), and Kunzea (Kunzea ambigua) essential oils exhibited an MIC value of less than or equal to 800 µg/mL against 4, 5, 6, and 8 microorganisms respectively. Notably, Coastal Tea Tree (Leptospermum laevigatum) essential oil displayed the most profound antimicrobial activity, inhibiting 11 out of 15 microbial strains within an MIC range of 50–800 µg/mL. The results of the gas chromatography analysis showed that the coastal tea tree essential oil was composed primarily of monoterpenes, with smaller amounts of sesquiterpenes and their oxygenated derivatives. 35 Compounds were identified, representing 95.50% of the compounds in the coastal tea tree essential oil. The main constituents of this essential oil were α-pinene (34.83%), followed by α- and β-eudesmols (10.21% total), and limonene (9.56%).

Analysis of the Chemical Content of Jamblang Bark (Syzygium cumin (L) Skeels) Using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry and Fourier Transform Infrared

Jamblang plant (Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels) is a plant that has the potential as anticancer, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, antibacterial, hepatoprotective, gastroprotective, cardioprotective, antidiabetic, antihyperlipidemic. Jamblang plants contain chemical compounds of alkaloids, flavonoids, resins, tannins, and essential oils. This study aimed to identify the class of flavonoid compounds contained in jamblang leaf isolates using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and Fourier transform infrared. The results of the identification of jamblang leaves showed that the isolate contained flavonoid compounds, the flavonol group, which also had 69 potential bioactive compounds.

Antifungal effects of seven plant essential oils against Penicillium digitatum

BackgroundResearch interest in plant essential oils has increased significantly due to their natural properties and consumer demand for safer methods of food preservation. Plants produce large amounts of secondary metabolites, which have potential activity against fungal pathogens. This study aimed at screening essential oils for their antifungal effects on citrus against Penicillium digitatum, morphological effect and finally determine which essential oils are the most effective.ResultsThe EC50 of seven selected cinnamon (0.424 μL/mL), patchouli (0.513 μL/mL), vetiver (0.612 μL/mL), dill (1.597 μL/mL), origanum (1.971 μL/mL) and ylang (2.214 μL/mL) was determined. In addition, cinnamon substantially reduced sporulation (100%) followed by patchouli (86.02%), vetiver (82.73%), and chamomile (79.04%), respectively. Our GC–MS result determined variance in concentration of essential oils compound composition. The total compound composition in all seven essential oils > 1% was found to be 3 in cinnamon, 5 in dill, 10 in origanum, 13 in ylang, 11 in patchouli, 9 in chamomile and 16 in vetiver. Addition of essential oils significantly altered fungal morphology by scanning electron cryomicroscopy. Patchouli and origanum showed broken hyphae while there was an indication of severe deformation and collapse of spores in cinnamon and chamomile.ConclusionBased on our findings, we report that these essential oils could potentially be applicable in controlling P. digitatum with reduced concern for human health, environmental contamination and possibly replacement of synthetic treatments.Graphical abstract

Chemical Compositions of Essential Oil of Agarwood &lt;i&gt;(Aquilaria crassna)&lt;/i&gt; Harvested in Phu Quoc Island, Vietnam

The importance of natural products derived from Agarwood species is increasingly emphasized in the production of perfumery or cosmetic products made on Agarwood species. On the other hand, due to the predominant amount of aromatic compounds in essential oils, frankincense essential oil is increasingly popular with high economic value. Therefore, in this study, we focused on the extraction process of essential oils and evaluated the chemical composition present in the essential oils by the GC-MS method. Differences in the composition of essential oils between natural and artificial agarwood may be due to species, habitat conditions, climate, geographical conditions, and extraction methods in different regions. Specifically, volatile components in essential oils were identified as Neopetasone (14.43%); Dihydroagarofuran-15-al (9.20%); Jinko-cramol (5.02%); Valeriano (4.94%); Agarofuran &lt;b-&gt; (8.02%); Dihydrokaranone (3.25%), Valenca-1 (10), 8-dien-11-ol (5.95%) and Selina-4,11-dien-14-al (2.73%), contribute to determining the main aroma in Agarwood essential oil.

Comparison of solvent systems on extraction, quality characteristics, and volatile compounds of palm kernel oil

AbstractHexane (HEX) and dichloromethane (DCM) have been used to extract oils from various sources due to their expansive solubility and low volatility that ease removal at low temperatures. However, environmental and health concerns make them undesirable solvents. The aim of this study was to evaluate the extraction efficiency and physicochemical characteristics of palm kernel oil (PKO) extracted with the addition of acetone in HEX‐acetone (1:1, vol/vol) and DCM‐acetone (1:1, vol/vol) mixtures as an alternative to DCM and HEX alone. PKO extracted with co‐solvent systems had better quality characteristics compared with single solvent extracts. The oil recovered, free fatty acid content, peroxide value and other quality characteristics, and thermal properties were within the range for PKO, and similar oils as stipulated in standards. Monounsaturated fatty acid content in PKO was up to 70% of which lauric acid was the most abundant (48%–52%). A total of 50 volatile compounds were identified by GC–MS in all the extracts including amide (1), alcohol (1), aldehydes (2), ketones (3), acids (6), esters (6) and hydrocarbons (31) with higher numbers of volatiles in the HEX extracts compared to the DCM extracts. Dodecanoic acid, hexanal, and 2‐undecanone were the most abundant acid, aldehyde, and ketone, respectively. Principal component analysis (PCA) differentiated the volatiles identified on the polar and non‐polar columns with 88.2% and 8.8%, and 67.3% and 19.6% of the variation accounted for by PC1 and PC2, respectively, with several common volatile components forming a cluster from all the solvents used.