Essential Content Research Articles

Effect of Different Drying Methods and Distillation Times on Essential Oil Composition and Antioxidant Content of Rosemary

The aim of this study is to determine the effect of different drying methods and distillation times on the antioxidant and essential oil contents of rosemary. The essential oil content of rosemary extracts was determined using hydrodistillation and its composition by GC-FID/MS. The antioxidant content of deoiled materials was quantified on the LC-MS/MS. Carnosol and carnosic acid contents (LC/MS-MS) and essential oil compositions (GC-MS) were determined after each treatment. The highest essential oil (2.34%), carnosol (0.62%), and carnosic acid (0.85%) contents of dried samples were determined at 45C. Some variations were also observed in the essential oil composition of dried samples. These quality parameters showed significant variations over different distillation times. And, the distillation time of 120 min was determined more appropriate to obtain essential oils and antioxidant compounds at a high yield. To produce rosemary extracts with a high content of essential oils and antioxidant compounds, it is highly recommended that the fresh plants should be first dried at 45C, and then dried samples should be processed into essential oils by hydrodistillation for 120 min. The remnants of plant materials from the production of rosemary essential oil could be used to produce carnosol and carnosic acid. Eventually, essential oils and antioxidant compounds should be extracted from rosemary in an integrated manner.

PARTISAN VOLUNTEER MOVEMENTS DURING WORLD WAR II IN THE ROSTOV OBLAST OF THE SOVIET UNION AND IN WESTERN SERBIA: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS

Based on an analysis of both published and newly identified sources, this paper will attempt to carry out a comparative analysis of the essential content, nature, scale, social and national composition, political and ideological views and positions, and the ideological foundations and practical results of the struggle by partisan, anti-Nazi resistance movements in the Rostov oblast and in western Serbia during the Second World War. These regions were unique in terms of natural and geographic conditions, the ethnic and social composition of their populations, and their ideological views and political positions. Therefore, special attention will be given to identifying, thoroughly describing, and conducting a comparative analysis of the common and unique features of the partisan movement in these two regions. The paper will also demonstrate the influence of political, socioeconomic, ethnic, and social factors on the scale of this movement, the degree to which it was supported by the local population, the results of its activities in each of these areas both generally and in relation to their correlation and comparative analysis. The final generalizations and conclusions about the role and significance of the partisan movements in the Rostov oblast and in western Serbia during the Second World War, and their general and more specific features will also be substantiated.

Using compensatory growth by reducing dietary energy and essential amino acid contents for male Auburn and B.U.T.6 turkeys in organic farming

Using compensatory growth by reducing dietary energy and essential amino acid contents for male Auburn and B.U.T.6 turkeys in organic farming

Nutritional profiling of plant‐based meat alternatives and ground beef

AbstractThe objective of this study was to characterize the nutritional profile of plant‐based meat alternatives (PBMA) and ground beef (GB). Beyond Beef (BEY); Impossible Burger (IMP), a third available product of plant‐based protein, including SWEET EARTH, Incogmeato, Open Nature, and Good & Gather (GEN); and two lean levels of GB (regular [80%–85% lean, regular ground beef] and Lean [>93% lean, lean ground beef, LGB]) were purchased from retail stores across the United States. Proximate composition, mineral content, fatty acid profile, amino acid profile, and B‐vitamin content were measured in raw products. Generally, PBMA had increased ash content which coincided with increased mineral concentration compared to GB, namely sodium, calcium, and zinc (p < 0.05). Similar trends were observed for B‐vitamins. The fatty acid profile of IMP was primarily saturated due to lauric acid (12:0) and myristic acid (14:0) concentrations. Both BEY and GEN were highly unsaturated because of linoleic acid concentration (18:2n6). LGB possessed the greatest total amino acid concentration and total essential amino acid content (p < 0.05). Phenylalanine was increased in PBMA compared to GB (p < 0.05). Overall, these data show differences and similarities between the nutritional profile of PBMA and GB. However, the bioavailability of these nutrients and associated health outcomes, particularly in PBMA, require further investigation.

Quantification of mineral oil contamination in corn oil by Fourier transform near-infrared spectroscopy: Comparison of linear and nonlinear multi-calibration methods

Corn oil is a popular edible oil among consumers, renowned for its flavor enhancement and essential nutrient content. Monitoring contaminants in corn oil is critical to ensuring consumer safety. Fourier Transform Near-Infrared (FT-NIR) spectroscopy combined with linear and nonlinear calibration models detected five different concentrations of mineral oil in corn oil. The results demonstrate that Partial Least Squares Regression (PLSR) effectively identifies contaminants such as diesel, white mineral oil, coal oil, and lubricating oil, with determination coefficients (RP2) of 0.99, 0.98, 0.98, and 0.97, respectively, and root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) values of 1.0240, 1.3435, 1.4318, and 1.6797 mg/kg. The Ridge Regression method yielded optimal performance for detecting motor oil contamination (RP2 = 0.99, RMSEP = 0.64), demonstrating robust reliability. These findings indicate that FT-NIR spectroscopy, when paired with appropriate linear and nonlinear modeling, is an effective tool for ensuring the safety of corn oil.

Nutritional Composition and Functional Properties of A. platensis-Derived Peptides: A Green and Sustainable Protein-Rich Supplement

Among cyanobacterium, Arthrospira platensis (A. platensis) is a rich source of diverse bioactive compounds due to its high protein, essential amino acid, vitamin, and mineral content. A. platensis is one of the most abundant sources of protein (50–70%). In the food industry, A. platensis is being used as an ingredient for the development of food flavor, taste, and nutritional composition. Several in vitro and in vivo studies have revealed the potential use of A. platensis in the prevention and treatment of various metabolic diseases. Recently, extensive research has focused on the production and bioactivity of the A. platensis-derived bioactive peptides. A series of steps were used for the production of bioactive peptides including hydrolysis, ultrafiltration, and chromatographic techniques, coupled with an advanced detector. A. platensis peptides showed health benefits such as anti-hypertension, anti-diabetes, anti-microbial, antioxidant, anti-obesity, and anti-cancer activities. This review aims to present the main nutritional composition of A. platensis, the processes of purification, and the identification of bioactive peptides, and the potential health benefits such as antihypertensive, antidiabetic, anti-cancer, anti-obesity, antioxidant, and anti-microbial activities associated with the consumption of A. platensis-derived peptides are discussed. The originality of this review over the old review is that our review comprehensively studies the macro- and micronutrient composition and listed bioactive peptides to date, which can play an important role in the treatment of various diseases. Moreover, this review provides information related the research gaps of the various technologies that should be used for the development of the peptide as a pharmaceutical and functional food.

Spatial patterns and predictors of missing key contents of care during prenatal visits in Ethiopia: Spatial and multilevel analyses.

Quality Antenatal Care (ANC) is considered if pregnant women have access to essential services that align with the best evidence-based practice. Although several studies have been conducted on ANC uptake in Ethiopia, they have focused on the timing and number of visits and the level of complete uptake of care contents according to the WHO recommendation remains scarce. Hence, this study aimed to assess the magnitude of missing care content during ANC visits, its spatial variations, and individual- and community-level determinants in Ethiopia. The study was conducted using the 2016 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey and included a total weighted sample of 4,771 women who gave birth within five years before the survey. Spatial analysis was carried out using Arc-GIS version 10.7 and SaTScan version 9.6 statistical software. Spatial autocorrelation (Moran's I) was checked to determine the non-randomness of the spatial variation in the missing contents of care. Multilevel multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed using STATA version 16. The adjusted odds ratio (aOR) with its corresponding 95% CI was used as a measure of association. The prevalence of missing full contents of ANC in Ethiopia was 88.2% (95% CI: 87.2, 89.0), with significant spatial variations observed across regions. Missing essential contents of care was higher among women who live in rural areas (aOR = 1.68, 95% CI: 1.47, 2.71), not completed formal education (aOR = 1.94, 95% CI:1.24, 3.02), late initiation of ANC (aOR = 3.05, 95% CI:1.59, 6.54), attended only one ANC (aOR = 4.13, 95% CI: 1.95, 8.74), and not having a mobile phone (aOR = 1.44, 95% CI: 1.07, 1.95). The level of missing care content during prenatal visits was high in Ethiopia, with significant spatial variation across regions. Health systems and policymakers should promote early initiation and encourage multiple visits to provide optimal care to pregnant women. In addition, it is vital to focus on enhancing education and healthcare infrastructure in rural parts of the country.

Different lines of camelina (Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz) in broiler quails’ diets: effects on meat physicochemical traits and sensory profile

The present study investigated the effect of Camelina sativa cake dietary inclusion on quail meat fatty acids (FA), amino acids (AA), and sensory characteristics. To this, 480 broiler quails were allocated to four dietary treatments (12 replicated cages/treatment): a control diet (Control) and three diets with 15% camelina cake, containing a commercial cultivar (Calena) and two improved lines (Pearl: low linoleic acid; Alan: low glucosinolates). After slaughter, breast meat FA and AA profiles and contents were analysed, alongside a sensory evaluation by trained panellists. The dietary inclusion modified breast meat FA profile and contents (p < .001), notably increasing α-linolenic acid (C18:3 n-3), which improved overall n-3 PUFA and reduced the n-6/n-3 ratio to recommended levels. Health indices improved in a line-dependent manner: atherogenicity lowered in Alan compared to Control and Calena (p < .01), while thrombogenicity reduced in all camelina treatments than the Control (p < .001). Camelina-fed groups showed an AA profile in line with the Control one, and Pearl displayed a higher essential AA content compared to Alan (p < .05). Sensory results indicated no substantial changes in meat attributes across treatments, except for tenderness and animal fat flavour: the first lowered in Alan meat compared to the Control (p < .05), while the latter was higher in the Control than in Alan and Calena groups (p < .01). In conclusion, the 15% dietary inclusion of different camelina cakes in quail diets positively influenced meat FA, enhancing product healthiness without negatively impacting its nutritional quality and sensory attributes. Findings indicated that camelina cake is an effective feedstuff to improve quail meat quality. HIGHLIGHTS Once fed to quails, all tested camelina cakes increased meat n-3 PUFA and reduced the n-6/n-3 by about 5 and 7 times, respectively. Meat atherogenicity and thrombogenicity indices of camelina-fed quails improved, indicating enhanced product healthiness. Camelina inclusion did not alter quail meat sensory attributes compared to the control group.

Essential Curriculum Content for Automotive Body Painting at Vocational High Schools: The Delphi Technique

The extensive content of the curriculum at vocational high schools (SMK) that students must master results in graduates not fully mastering their knowledge. Therefore, this study needs to be conducted to analyze the content of the SMK curriculum so that it can be curated into essential materials based on criteria of urgency, continuity, relevance, and applicability in the curriculum of the automotive body painting course at SMK. This research employs a modified Delphi technique in two rounds, involving a panel of experts consisting of 21 practitioners in the field of automotive painting. The questionnaire was developed concerning the objectives of the automotive body painting curriculum, comprising 16 contents evaluated using a four-level Likert scale. Data collection was carried out using Google Forms. Data analysis was conducted using descriptive statistics with the aid of Excel and SPSS release 27. The study results indicate that there are eight highly essential contents out of the 17 in the automotive body painting curriculum. These eight contents are 1) Implementation of procedures for preparing materials and equipment for repairs; 2) Implementation of panel preparation procedures; 3) Application of putty method; 4) Application of sanding method; 5) Application of masking methods; 6) Implementation of metal panel painting procedures; 7) Implementation of plastic panel painting procedures; and 8) Evaluation and resolution of painting failures. Therefore, in implementing the curriculum, teachers can focus on the highly essential materials to enable students to learn more optimally.

Effect of Processing Methods on Amino Acid and Fatty Acid Composition of Parkia biglobosa Seeds

Parkia biglobosa (PB) is among the various underexploited nutritious plants. A comparative study was conducted on the effect processing PB has on the amino and fatty acid composition. Fermented (FPB), defatted (DPB), and protein isolates (PI) samples were prepared from Parkia biglobosa seeds using various processing methods, and evaluated using standard analytical protocols. The PI showed the highest significant total non-essential amino acids, essential amino acids, and conditionally essential amino acids when compared with FPB and DPB. In addition, the PI showed the highest significant (p &lt; 0.05) total neutral amino acids, basic amino acids, total aromatic amino acids, and the lowest percentage cystine ratio of total sulphur amino acids and total amino acids in comparison with FPB and DPB. The PI also showed a better-predicted protein efficient ratio, essential amino acid index, biological value, protein content, and nutritional index than FPB and DPB. Furthermore, PI amino acid composition was compared favourably with the reference scores for a whole hen’s egg, preschool child, and provisional scoring pattern. Arginine and histidine values of PI were higher than the recommended values. The FPB (42.29%) showed the highest polyunsaturated fatty acids compared with the DPB (41.94%) and PI (26.7%). The dominant saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated fatty acids were stearic acid (15.1 DPB), linoleic acid (42.29 DPB), and oleic acid (14.05 PI). The DPB (1.84) showed a better polyunsaturated to saturated (P:S) ratio than FPB (1.74) and PI (0.91). The results revealed that the processing methods improved the relative amino acid composition, whereas the fatty acid composition improved in DPB. Therefore, PI could serve as an alternative in the formulation of complementary foods.

Development of Undergraduate Competencies in Caring for People Experiencing Homelessness.

Nurses play a critical role in reducing health inequities in people experiencing homelessness (PEH), a key social determinant of health. Health disparities specific to PEH are exacerbated by numerous factors, including bias, stigma, and a lack of nursing competency in caring for PEH. The purpose of this study was to validate registered nurse key competencies; associated knowledge, skills, and attitudes; and concepts, content, and learning activities to serve as an educational framework in providing care for PEH. Twenty-four nursing experts on the care of PEH rated draft competency and subcompetency statements for relevance and clarity, proposed revisions and missing competencies, and identified essential and useful content, concepts, and learning activities. Four key competencies, 38 subcompetencies, and associated concepts, content, and learning activities were validated by the experts. This framework can be used to guide curricular development across nursing programs to advance health equity for PEH.

Comparative study of physicochemical and structural properties of plant proteins hydrolyzed by different

This study used trypsin to hydrolyze soybean protein isolate (SPI), Cyperus esculentus protein (CEP), Wheat gluten protein (WGP), and flaxseed protein (FP) to varying extents, comparing the structure and physicochemical properties of four plant proteins as well as their enzymatic hydrolysates. Results indicate SPI's surface hydrophobicity rises with hydrolysis, whereas CEP's decreases. Additionally, all four plant proteins exhibit improved essential amino acid content and oil-holding capacity as hydrolysis progresses. The CEP with a 20% degree of hydrolysis achieved the optimal oil holding capacity, reaching 10.2 g/g. SPI demonstrated superior foam capacity. As the degree of hydrolysis increased, foam stability varied among the four proteins. The CEP hydrolyzed to 10% exhibited the highest emulsifying activity index, achiving a value of 60 m2/g. Additionally, the emulsifying stability index of CEP hydrolysates significantly improved as the degree of hydrolysis increased. According to the DPPH• assay, both CEP and their enzymatic hydrolysate had the highest free radical scavenging rate. These findings provided a theoretical basis and empirical evidence for the use and adaptation of plant protein hydrolysates as a promising and environmentally sustainable source of plant-derived peptides in food processing reaprocessing.

Hydrolyzed protein formula improves the nutritional tolerance by increasing intestinal development and altering cecal microbiota in low-birth-weight piglets.

Prematurity or low birth weight (LBW), poses a significant challenge in global health. Exploring appropriate and effective nutritional interventions is crucial for the growth and development of LBW infants. Hydrolyzed protein formula has been suggested as a potential solution to prevent intestinal dysfunction and improve digestion and absorption in infants. This study aimed to investigate the benefits of hydrolyzed protein formula on feeding intolerance, intestinal morphological development, and microbiota in a LBW piglet model. A total of 24 male piglets (3 d of age, 0.95-1.25 kg average BW) were assigned (8 pens/diet; 1 pigs/pen) into three dietary treatments and fed with a basic formula (BF), standard premature infant formula (SF) and hydrolyzed protein formula (HF) respectively, for 7 d. After the piglets sacrifice, growth performance, amino acid metabolism and intestinal morphology were assessed. 16S rRNA sequencing and microbial metabolic phenotypes analyzed the effects of different formula treatments on intestinal flora structure of LBW piglets. The HF diet reduced the rates of diarrhea and milk vomiting were reduced by 20.44% (p > 0.05) and 58.44% (p > 0.05), and decreased the crypt depth in the ileum while increasing the ratio of villus height/crypt depth and the mRNA expressions of y+LAT1 and b0,+AT in the ileum (p < 0.05). HF increased the final body weight, serum Thr and essential amino acid contents, and CAT2 and b0,+AT mRNA expressions in ileal mucosa compared with the SF diet (p < 0.05). Microbiota sequencing results showed that the colonic microbial richness indices (Chao1, ACE, and observed species), the diversity indices (Shannon and Simpson), and the phyla Actinobacteriota, unidentified_Bacteria, Acidobacteriota and Actinobacteria, the genus Rubrobacter and RB41 were reduced (p < 0.05) in SF and HF groups. Microbial metabolic phenotypes analysis showed a reduction in the richness of biofilm-forming bacteria (p < 0.05). In summary, hydrolyzed protein formula had better nutrition and tolerance in LBW suckling piglets by improving amino acid transport and intestinal development, and regulating gut microbial communities.

Comparison of nutritional value of the wild and cultivated spiny loaches at three growth stages.

Environmental pollution and overfishing of wild spiny loach have led to the increased demand for breeding the fish. However, the nutritional value between the wild and cultivated spiny loaches was unknown. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the nutritional components among the wild and cultivated spiny loaches at different growth stages by analyzing and comparing the proximate compositions, fatty acids, amino acids and volatile compounds. Results showed that the cultivated ones had significantly higher energy and fat contents than the wild. Particularly, the cultivated second-age spiny loach contained the highest contents of polyunsaturated fatty acids (4.83 ± 0.01%) and EPA + DHA (0.85 ± 0.02%). Besides, the total essential amino acid content of cultivated second-age spiny loach was 2201.28, exceeding that recommended in the FAO/WTO scoring pattern (2,190). And it had the highest flavor amino acid (6.24 ± 0.04 g/100 g), essential amino acid index value (71.82) and higher contents of volatile compounds. Overall, the cultivated spiny loach, especially that at the second growth stage, displayed the highest nutritional value. The findings of this study would help farmers to harvest the suitable breeding stage of spiny loaches from the perspective of nutritional value, which is beneficial to the sustainable fish farming.

Prospective Adoptive Parent Psychological Evaluations: A Proposal for Required Content Areas

Current psychological evaluation processes for prospective adoptive parents lack standardization, leading to inconsistent assessments, potential placement issues, and adverse effects on adopted children well into adulthood. This brief proposes a structured framework for evaluations that includes 10 essential content areas and highlights the risks of inconsistent criteria. By standardizing the content areas of such evaluations, a pathway to more effective and consistent adoption practices can be implemented to improve parent readiness and enhance the well-being of adopted individuals throughout their lifespan.

A Comprehensive Assessment of Nutritional Value, Antioxidant Potential, and Genetic Diversity in Metapenaeus ensis from Three Different Populations.

Due to its high tolerance to salinity and temperature, as well as its strong adaptability, Metapenaeus ensis holds an important position in the Chinese aquaculture industry. However, studies on the evaluation of its germplasm resources remain insufficient. This research conducted an in-depth comparative evaluation of M. ensis from three representative farming regions in China: Sanya, Zhuhai, and Raoping. The nutritional analysis of muscle tissue showed no statistically significant differences in crude ash, moisture, and crude protein content among the populations (p > 0.05). However, significant differences were observed in crude fat and total sugar content (p < 0.05). The MeSY and MeRP populations had higher crude fat content than the MeZH population (p < 0.05), while the MeZH population exhibited the highest total sugar content. In terms of amino acid composition, the MeSY population had relatively higher total essential amino acid content and proportion, as well as higher total amino acid content, both of which were statistically significant (p < 0.05). A fatty acid composition analysis further highlighted the advantages of the MeRP population in several key fatty acids (p < 0.05). Physiological and biochemical analyses showed no significant differences among the three populations in total antioxidant capacity, superoxide dismutase activity, or catalase activity (p > 0.05). A genetic diversity analysis indicated that M. ensis has relatively low diversity, with the MeSY population showing higher SNP density and nucleotide diversity. A genetic differentiation analysis revealed significant genetic differentiation between the MeSY and MeZH populations, while differentiation between the MeZH and MeRP populations was relatively smaller. This comprehensive assessment of nutritional components, amino acids, fatty acids, antioxidant capacity, and genetic diversity highlights the advantages of germplasm resources from different regions. These findings provide valuable insights for future research on the genetic characteristics and breeding potential of M. ensis.

Comparison of Secondary Metabolites and Essential Oil Content of Some Origanum Species

Origanum genus is one of the most widely used herbs in folk medicine for its biological properties. This study was performed to determine the morphological and phytochemical properties of five species of Origanum including O. majorana, O. onites, O. syriacum, O. vulgare subsp. vulgare and O. vulgare subsp. hirtum as important ethnomedicinal plants. The study was performed at a Research Farm based at Urmia University, Iran. The plants were collected from various places for determining some quantitative properties, antioxidant compounds, and essential contents. The results showed that the highest plant height (86.4 cm) was observed in O. vulgare subsp. hirtum. The highest fresh weight and dry weight were observed in O. onites (826 and 250 g) and O. vulgare subsp. hirtum (727.64 and 230 g) species in comparison to others, respectively. However, the highest essential oil, essential oil yield per plant, and essential oil yield per ha were 5.26%, 1.71 g and 114 kg ha-1, respectively, which was observed in O. vulgare subsp. hirtum species. The quantitative analysis revealed higher content of total phenol (51.12%), flavonoid (6.93%), 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), (54.29%), superoxide (50.04%) and radical scavenging activities in O. vulgare subsp. hirtum species, but the O. onites species showed higher (21.60%) nitric oxide radical scavenging activities compared to other species. The essential oil analysis revealed that the thymol (6.90-59.89%), carvacrol (0.83-48.91%), γ-terpinene (6.55-18.20%), p-cymene (0.50-20.94%) and α-terpinene (2.71-4.28%) were the most prominent compounds in the studied species of the genus Origanum. Cluster analysis showed two main categories and high similarity between O. onites and O. vulgare subsp. hirtum. The findings of the current research indicate that O. vulgare subsp. hirtum was the best species in terms of phytochemical properties.

Особенности управления изменениями в малом бизнесе

It is clarified that the essential content of the concept of “change” implies a certain procedural phenomenon, including awareness of the need for change, the implementation of change, and the consolidation of the result of change. Various types of changes are considered (there is no classical generally accepted classification yet), as well as the most popular models of change management and the use of these models in small businesses. The results of small business development in our country (modern characteristics and industry structure) are briefly analyzed and the main problems of small business development are formulated. The peculiarities of change management in small business are determined by the peculiarities of the small business itself, considered in the context of the study of the possibility of change management (sensitivity to change, flexibility, the need for innovation, working in a highly competitive environment, short-term existence, facilitated document management, quick reaction, corporate solidarity of staff, risk). For the first time, a feature of small business is highlighted – corporate solidarity of staff. The main features of change management in small business are considered. Communications on any communication platform are particularly important, the mandatory use of new technologies, the possibility of using various change management strategies, the publicity and openness of small businesses, the importance of continuous staff training, and the cascading formation of communication goals at all stages of change implementation are noted. The necessity of using various systems for evaluating the effectiveness of change management results is confirmed, since there simply is no unified system; The possibility, but limited use of Lean technologies is noted, since the reserves for reducing costs in small enterprises are always practically exhausted; certain features of change management in small businesses of various industry affiliations (manufacturing, construction business, services and trade differ in their economies, processes, sizes).

Physicochemical and Antioxidative Properties of Protein Hydrolysates from Residual Goat Placenta Extract by Two Different Methods.

Protein hydrolysates from the goat placenta provide multiple benefits, such as immune system enhancement, antioxidant activities, and reductions in uric acid levels. Despite these benefits, their industrial applications have been underexplored. This study aimed to prepare extract protein hydrolysates (GPERPs) from residual goat placenta extract (GPER) and assess their functional properties, focusing on how different drying methods influence these properties. The essential amino acid contents were 30.94% for the GPER and 34.11% for the GPERPs. Moreover, all the essential amino acids were present, and the amino acid score (AAS) for each exceeded 1.0 in the GPERPs. The foaming properties of the spray-dried GPERPs (95.56 ± 5.89%) were significantly greater than those of the freeze-dried GPERPs (49.13 ± 4.17%) at pH values of 4.0~10.0. The emulsion stability (ES) of the spray-dried GPERPs (453.44 ± 8.13 min) was notably greater than that of the freeze-dried GPERPs (245.58 ± 7.12 min). Furthermore, the water retention capacity (WRC) of the freeze-dried GPERPs (201.49 ± 6.12%) was significantly greater than that of the spray-dried GPERPs (103.35 ± 7.13%), except at pH 10.0 (101.44 ± 8.13%). Similarly, at pH values of 6.0, 8.0, and 10.0, the oil retention capacity (ORC) of the freeze-dried GPERPs (715.58 ± 12.15%) was significantly greater than that of the spray-dried GPERPs (560.56 ± 11.15%), although the opposite trend was noted under acidic conditions. In terms of the antioxidant activity, the ability of the goat placenta extract residual protein hydrolysates (GPERPs) to scavenge DPPH radicals and superoxide anion radicals increased with the increasing peptide powder concentration, and the maximum scavenging rates of the DPPH radicals (39.5 ± 0.56%) and superoxide anions (81.2 ± 0.54%) in the freeze-dried peptide powder were greater than those in the spray-dried peptide powder. These findings contribute to the understanding of the physicochemical and antioxidant properties of GPERPs under various drying methods and provide fundamental data for the development of functional foods based on GPERPs.

Improving nutritional values and yield in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivars via foliar application of zinc and iron fertilizers

AbstractDeveloping countries struggle to achieve food security due to a lack of superior crop cultivars, limited inputs, and environmental degradation. One way to deal with these issues is to biofortify with zinc‐ (Zn) and iron (Fe)‐containing fertilizers to improve nutrient content and productivity. Thus, this study aims to assess the effect of foliar application of Zn and Fe fertilizers on various bean cultivars. Three cultivars (SAB‐632, DAB‐197, and BZ‐2) combined with nine Zn‐ and Fe‐containing fertilizers (T1 = 0, T2 = 0+1.5%, T3 = 0+3%, T4 = 0.5%+0, T5 = 0.5%+1.5%, T6 = 0.5%+3%, T7 = 1%+0, T8 = 1%+1.5%, and T9 = 1%+3%) were used as experimental treatments. The study utilized a split‐plot design with a factorial arrangement and three replications, with cultivars on the main plot and fertilizer treatments on the sub‐plots. The result revealed that T8 with the cultivar SAB‐632 had a significantly higher (17.2%) grain Zn concentration than the control. The cultivar SAB‐632 exhibited significantly higher Zn and Fe accumulations. Grain Zn and Fe accumulation were significantly enhanced by the foliar application of treatments, either individually or combined. T6 showed the highest accumulation of Zn and Fe, followed by T9. These values were increased by 33.4% and 29.2%, respectively, due to T6 compared to the control treatment. Additionally, applying these treatments to the leaves improved most agronomic parameters. Therefore, using foliar Zn + Fe fertilizers in bean cultivation can increase essential nutrient contents in grains and improve productivity, ensuring food security and nutrition for small‐scale farmers.