Content Of Essential Amino Acids Research Articles

Enzyme-Assisted Extraction of Proteins from Cauliflower and Broccoli Waste Leaves

This research presents a novel approach to protein extraction from cauliflower (CL) and broccoli (BL) waste leaves by using enzymatic pretreatment, demonstrating its effectiveness on protein yield. Enzymatic pretreatment (pH 4.5, 10 h, t = 35 °C), was performed using commercial enzyme preparations, Viscozyme® L and Vinozyme®, in three different enzyme-to-substrate ratios E/S (0.2%, 2.5%, and 4.8%) of each enzyme. Leaf proteins (LPs) were obtained with alkaline extraction at pH 10–11 and their isoelectric precipitation at pH 4, following the control sample (extraction without enzymes). Protein yield (%), which was used as a parameter to monitor enzymatic efficiency, demonstrated a direct correlation with the enzyme-to-substrate (E/S) ratio. The highest protein yields were obtained at an enzyme concentration of 4.8% for both cellulolytic and pectolytic enzyme preparations, yielding 14.90 ± 0.12% for CL and 29.88 ± 0.86% for BL. The obtained proteins were characterized by FTIR spectroscopy and SDS-PAGE electrophoresis, and these methods confirmed the enzymatic efficiency of protein isolation. Isolated LPs showed high protein content for CLP 4.8% (77.27 ± 0.14%) and BPL 4.8% (84.66 ± 0.51%), and an increase in total amino acids, while the content of essential amino acids was over 40%. Protein solubility was assessed, revealing significant improvements (p < 0.05) in LPs derived from CL and BL at the highest E/S ratio of 4.8%, compared to the control sample C0%. Specifically, the solubility of CLP reached 29.4 mg/mL at pH 11, while BLP achieved 36.4 mg/mL at pH 10. As a result, these leaf proteins not only meet nutritional demands but also open innovative avenues of research in food science and biotechnology.

Comparative Analysis of the Nutrient Composition of Caulerpa lentillifera from Various Cultivation Sites

The nutrient, amino acid, and fatty acid compositions of Caulerpa lentillifera from various aquaculture regions were assessed to analyze their nutritional characteristics and potential for aquaculture development. The nutrient composition of C. lentillifera was determined according to the standard national nutrient determination methods of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists, and the following data were revealed. (1) The basic nutritional components of C. lentillifera were relatively more abundant in the three aquaculture areas in Guangdong Province. The crude protein content in C. lentillifera was measured at (8.70 ± 0.36)% and (18.57 ± 1.59)% for samples collected from the Dapeng and Daya areas, respectively. These values were significantly higher compared to those obtained from the Beihai, Dongshan, and Nha Trang regions (p < 0.05). Additionally, the crude lipid content of C. lentillifera from the Daya population was measured at (5.10 ± 1.59)%, which was significantly higher than that of samples from the Beihai, Dongshan, and Nha Trang areas (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the total sugar contents in C. lentillifera were quantified as (32.50 ± 4.22)% and (32.87 ± 2.59)% for samples from the Daya and Shanwei regions, respectively. These values were significantly greater (p < 0.05) compared to those observed in the other four populations. (2) The total amino acid (TAA) content of C. lentillifera ranged from 7.05% to 12.37%, with notable concentrations of the fresh amino acids aspartic acid (Asp) and glutamic acid (Glu). Significant variations in the TAA and essential amino acid (EAA) levels were observed among the cultivation regions (p < 0.05), with the Shanwei population exhibiting the highest TAA content of 12.37% and EAA content of 4.65%, surpassing all other populations except for Guangdong Province (p < 0.05). (3) The fatty acid composition analysis revealed that the total fatty acid (TFA) and unsaturated fatty acid (UFA) levels in the long-stemmed grape fern alga from Daya were 2.400% and 1.048%, respectively, and significantly greater than those in the other populations except for Dapeng (p < 0.05). These results imply that the nutritional quality of the Daya population of C. lentillifera is relatively high. C. lentillifera exhibits a palatable flavor profile, making it suitable for consumption and the development into high-quality seafood condiments, thereby contributing to the environmentally sustainable advancement of C. lentillifera aquaculture.

ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ БЕЛКОВОГО И ЛИПИДНОГО СОСТАВА МЯГКИХ КОПЧЕНЫХ СЫРОВ

The aim of the study is to investigate the protein and lipid profile of Adyghe smoked cheese. Objectives: analysis of the mass fraction of methyl esters of fatty acids; assessment of the biological value of the lipid fraction; study of the protein composition: content of essential and replaceable amino acids; calculation of the main indicators of the nutritional value and quality of protein in samples of Adyghe smoked cheese. The study was conducted according to generally accepted standard methods in the Biotechnology laboratory of the Maykop State Technological University (Maykop) and in the testing center of the Kuban State Technological University (Krasnodar). The following methods and techniques were used: acid method (GOST R 55063-2012) - to determine the mass fraction of fat in terms of dry matter; capillary electrophoresis method, according to the M-04-38-2009 method (2014 edition) in accordance with GOST R 55569-2013, GOST 31480-2012, using the Kapel-105 M system – to determine the total content of amino acids; gas chromatography method (GOST 32915-2014) on a Crystal 5000.1 gas chromatograph – to determine the fatty acid composition of the fat phase. The studies were conducted in three replicates with the results presented as an arithmetic mean at a confidence level of P = 0.95. The study of the protein and lipid profile of Adyghe smoked cheese showed that it includes all essential amino acids and 10 saturated, 6 unsaturated fatty acids, including 2 polyunsaturated. In Adyghe fresh and smoked cheese, the amino acid score exceeds 100 %, with the exception of phenylalanine in fresh cheese. The results of this study will help develop recommendations for integrating Adyghe smoked cheese into a balanced diet.

Diet Diversification in Bombyx mori Larvae: The Impact of Dandelion on Nutritional and Bioactive Profiles for Targeted Farming Goals

The domesticated silkworm, Bombyx mori, reared for sericulture, has gained attention as a promising, sustainable protein source. While studies have focused on pupal powders obtained through natural or artificial mulberry-based diets, this research builds on ethnoentomological knowledge of the use of dandelion as a short-term mulberry substitute, in a mixed mulberry–dandelion diet throughout larval development. Through proximate analyses, amino acid and fatty acid profiling, mineral and carbohydrate composition, as well as antioxidant activity assays, we investigated how dietary variation affects B. mori larvae. The mixed diet achieved a distinct nutritional profile, increasing total amino acids to 38.40 g/100 g compared to 32.37 g/100 g in the mulberry-only group, with differences in the content of essential amino acids like isoleucine (2.24 vs. 1.42 g/100 g) and phenylalanine (3.34 vs. 2.82 g/100 g). It also elevated linolenic acid to 74.33% of total fatty acids and introduced sorbitol (13.35 mg/g). Those two compounds were not detected in the larvae reared on a single-plant diet. HPLC-DAD analysis revealed phenolic acids, flavonoids, and riboflavin in both groups, which may serve as potential carriers of antioxidant activity. These preliminary findings demonstrate how dietary modifications can change nutritional profiles and antioxidant properties of B. mori. At the same time, they lay the foundation for further research to fully understand diet-induced effects in edible insects.

Exploitation of the Nutraceutical Potential of the Infesting Seaweed Chaetomorpha linum as a Yellow Mealworms' Feed: Focus on Nutrients and Antioxidant Activity.

According to the Sustainable Blue Economy Communication, the Farm to Fork Strategy, and the European Green Deal, novel business models supporting the use of resources from oceans and seas are of primary importance. Interestingly, several infesting seaweeds are consumed as foods in Asia and are fundamental ingredients in several traditional dishes. Herein, according to the circular economy approach, we investigate the use of Chaetomorpha linum (CL) as a Tenebrio molitor larvae feed in different percentages: 20%, 50%, and 100%, respectively. We analyzed the effects of CL on the survival and biometric parameters of larvae. The survival rate remained comparable to the control, while the mean weight was inversely proportional to the CL%. The nutrient composition was substantially different from the control, showing increased protein and reduced fat content. Analysis of the secondary metabolites revealed a better fatty acid composition, rich in PUFA, with lipid nutritional indexes comparable to seaweeds and crabs. The simulated gastrointestinal digestion highlights the increased content of essential amino acids, and a two times higher antioxidant activity with respect to the control. Taken together, our results confirm that CL can be used as a TML supplement, with beneficial effects in protein content and fat quality.

Influence of natural plant substances on quality indicators of broiler chicken meat

The research was conducted in the vivarium of the Federal Research Centre of Biological Systems and Agrotechnologies in 2023 to study the effect of biologically active substances isolated from medicinal plants on the productivity and meat quality indicators. Week-old broiler chickens were divided into 4 groups (N = 180, n = 45). Broilers in the control group received the basic diet; animals from experimental groups I, II and III, along with the basic diet, were fed cinnamaldehyde in the amount of 15, 30 and 55 mg/kg of feed, respectively. At the age of 42 days, the animals were slaughtered and the chemical, amino acid and mineral composition of the muscles was determined. Broilers that, in addition to the basic diet, received cinnamaldehyde in the amount of 30 and 55 mg/kg of feed, exceeded the control group in pre-slaughter live weight by 4.50% and 7.27%, respectively. Similarly, the mass of muscle tissue and edible part of carcass in group III increased by 8.67% and 8.40% relative to the control group values, respectively. It was found that the mass fraction of protein in the breast was higher in young animals from group II than in the poultry from groups C, CA-I and CA-III by 1.57%, 2.16% and 1.35%, respectively. In terms of calcium content in the thighs, broilers from groups CA-II and CA-III exceeded the control group by 2 times. Young animals from the experimental groups CA-I and CA-III exceeded the poultry from group C in the accumulation of the essential amino acid arginine in the thighs by 0.4% and 0.2%, respectively. Thus, the use of cinnamaldehyde as a feed additive for agricultural poultry has a positive effect on the chemical composition of meat, the content of essential elements and amino acids.

Compositions of gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata Linnaeus, 1758) from different culture systems

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of seasons (summer and winter) on the proximate, amino acid and fatty acid compositions of gilthead sea bream fish fed with commercial diets in sea cages and earthen ponds in the Aegean Sea in Türkiye. In general, the nutrient composition of the diets met the nutritional needs of the fish. Proximate analysis of fish fillets revealed that fish reared in earthen ponds had the lowest moisture and highest lipid content in the winter season (p < 0.05). Although fillet protein contents were comparatively higher in the winter (p < 0.05), there was no significant difference between systems in the same season (p > 0.05). Growing gilthead sea bream in marine cages produced fillets with high contents of the essential fatty acids (EFA) eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6n-3). On the other hand, the 18:1n-9 and 18:3n-3 contents of fish reared in earthen ponds increased by 25.64 and 18.80% respectively, compared to those in marine cages. Fillet content of total n-3 fatty acid were comparatively higher (p < 0.05) in gilthead sea bream from marine cages, and this increase was even more evident in the winter months. The n-3/n-6 ratios of fillets were significantly high in gilthead sea bream from marine cages in the summer. The levels of the essential amino acids (EAAs) arginine and leucine were higher in fillets from both systems in the winter. On the other hand, fillet contents of lysine were higher in the summer. In general, the total EAA content of fillets was higher in fish from the sea cages in summer. EAA/NEAA ratios in both systems in summer and winter were found to be at good levels in terms of fish fillet quality. Fillet contents of EFA and EAA from both systems and seasons were found to be good for human consumption and will have positive effects on human nutrition. In conclusion, commercial diets used in feeding gilthead sea bream improved the proximate, fatty acid and amino acid compositions of fillets to a good extent. Different seasons and culture systems may affect the nutritional composition of fish fillets, especially on fillet EFA contents. Results of fillet samples in marine cages and earthen ponds in summer and winter showed that the fish were of good quality for human health. Evaluation of the results in the present study shows that that gilthead sea bream can also be successfully cultured in earthen ponds in areas unsuitable for agriculture.

Sheep Manure-Tail Vegetable-Corn Straw Co-Composting Improved the Yield and Quality of Mini Chinese Cabbage.

In order to fully utilize the resources of agricultural waste in Gansu Province's semi-arid area. Local commercial organic fertilizer (ST1) was selected as the control, and four kinds of planting and breeding waste composts (PBCs) were designed with sheep manure (SM), cow manure (CM), tail vegetable (TV), mushroom residue (MR), and corn straw (CS) to study the effects of the different PBC formulations on the yield and quality of mini Chinese cabbage. In contrast to local commercial organic fertilizer, the STS (SM:TV:CS = 6:3:1) treatment increased the economic yield by 5.56%. Additionally, STS also significantly increased the VC content of mini Chinese cabbage, increased the organic acid by 14.66%, increased the free amino acid by 38.98%, and the nitrate concentration was significantly reduced by 41.05%. Meanwhile, the STS formula also increased the concentrations of polyphenols and essential amino acids of mini Chinese cabbage and also had excellent performance in volatile compounds. As a result, the STS formula can make full use of local planting and breeding waste resources and produce high yield and high quality of local mini Chinese cabbage. The study provided a theoretical foundation and technical guidance for screening suitable local compost formulas, as well as for the achievement of high-yield and high-quality mini Chinese cabbage production in the semi-arid areas of central Gansu province.

Amino Acid Supplementation May Help Prevent Muscle Wasting After Orthopedic Surgery, but Additional Studies Are Warranted: A Systematic Review of Randomized Clinical Trials.

Background: Essential amino acid (EAA) supplementation, including conditionally essential amino acid (CEAA) and branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) supplementation, has been suggested as a mechanism to optimize patient outcomes by counteracting the atrophy associated with orthopedic procedures. Purpose: We sought to investigate the effect of EAA supplementation in the perioperative period on patients undergoing orthopedic and spine surgery, specifically whether it is associated with (1) reductions in postoperative muscle atrophy and (2) improved postoperative function including range of motion, strength, and mobility. Methods: We conducted a systematic review of the literature. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were used, and the protocol was registered in the Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) database (CRD42023447774). Studies of interest were prospective, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trials (RCTs) published between 2002 and 2023 evaluating the impact of EAA supplementation on patients undergoing orthopedic and spine surgery. Results: Ten RCTs evaluating EAA supplementation in trauma, adult reconstruction, and spine surgery were identified; half of these focused on adult reconstruction. The EAA supplementation dose (3.4-20 g), frequency (daily to 3 times per day), and duration (14-49 days) varied widely across studies. Seven studies reported parameters relating to muscle size and/or composition, with 3 studies reporting superior muscle size/composition in patients receiving perioperative EAA supplementation, when compared with controls. Three studies reported favorable mobility outcomes for patients receiving EAA. Meta-analysis was prohibited by variation in measurement and outcome variables across the studies. Conclusions: Pooled data from level I studies supports the use of EAA, BCAA, and CEAA supplementations across several orthopedic subspecialties. However, significant heterogeneity exists in the quantity, duration, and content of EAA administered. Further prospective studies are needed to determine optimal/standardized parameters for supplementation.

Do pollinators play a role in shaping the essential amino acids found in nectar?

Plants produce floral nectar as a reward for pollinators, which contains carbohydrates and amino acids (AAs). We designed experiments to test whether pollinators could exert selection pressure on the profiles of AAs in nectar. We used HPLC to measure the free AAs and sugars in the nectar of 102 UK plant species. Six distinct profiles of essential amino acids (EAAs) were defined using the relative proportions of AAs with a clustering algorithm; we then tested bumblebee (Bombus terrestris) preferences for the EAA profiles and proline using a two-choice assay. We found a phylogenetic signal for the proportions of phenylalanine, methionine and proline as well as the total concentrations of essential and nonessential amino acids. However, there was no phylogenetic signal for EAA profile. Bumblebees did not exhibit a preference for any of the six EAA nectar profiles; however, four of the EAA profiles stimulated feeding. By contrast, bumblebees avoided proline in an inverse concentration-dependent manner. Our data indicate that bees are likely to have mechanisms for the postingestive evaluation of free AAs in solution but are unlikely to taste EAAs at nectar-relevant quantities. We predict that EAAs increase nectar value to bumblebees postingestively.

Tetrastigma hemsleyanum as a feed additive: modulating gut microbiota for enhancing nutritional transport and growth performance in Jinhua yellow chickens.

Tetrastigma hemsleyanum (TH) has attracted much attention for its heat clearing and detoxification effects, but whether it can become an effective feed supplement in chickens remains unclear. Herein, a total of 120 male Jinhua yellow chickens (two-mth-old) were randomly divided into into four groups (CON, TH-L, TH-M, and TH-H) for a 56-day feeding trial to explore its effects on growth performance and underlying mechanism. Results revealed that dietary TH notably increased the average daily growth (ADG), and decreased the average daily feed intake (ADFI) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) in TH-H group during 29-56 days. Meanwhile, dietary TH improved the development of duodenum and notably increased the contents of essential amino acids and flavor amino acids, while the serum oxidation stress index as well as abdominal fat deposition were not affected in Jinhua yellow chickens. Additionally, TH supplementation notably increased gut microbiota richness, then selectively increased the colonization of potential probiotics and the microbial abundance associated to amino acid synthesis and metabolic pathways in duodenum. Furthermore, qPCR analysis results preliminarily verified that dietary TH not only enhanced intestinal amino acids (rBAT and EAAT3) and peptides (PepT1 and APN) transport but also alleviated the inflammation (IL-1β, IL-6 and IFN-γ), thus thereby improved intestinal development and growth performance in Jinhua yellow chickens. These findings demonstrated that TH is a feed additive that can improve growth performance, muscle amino acids composition and intestinal development.

Effects of Different Carbohydrate Levels in Diets on Growth Performance and Muscle Nutritive Value of Ying Carp and Scattered‐Scaled Mirror Carp (Cyprinus carpio)

This experiment aimed to assess the dietary adaptation and utilization of high carbohydrate diets to Ying carp and scattered‐scaled mirror carp (Cyprinus carpio), focusing on growth performance, muscle nutritive value, and nutrient metabolism. Ying carp (4.5 ± 0.2 g) and scattered‐scaled mirror carp (5.01 ± 0.2 g) were fed isonitrogenous diets containing 20%, 30%, and 40% carbohydrates for 8 weeks; the nitrogen content of the three feeds was (5.12% ± 0.03%). After the trail, the final body weight, feed efficiency, and specific growth rate of both carp varieties were analyzed. Results showed that the final body weight, feed efficiency, and specific growth rate of both carp varieties were significantly higher at the 30% carbohydrate level compared to 20% and 40%, indicating improved growth performance (p &lt; 0.05). Crude protein content in whole fish composition was significantly higher at the 30% carbohydrate level compared to the other two levels (p &lt; 0.05) for both varieties. However, excessive carbohydrate intake (40%) led to pronounced liver fat deposition in both varieties, with scattered‐scaled mirror carp showing less severe deposition than Ying carp. As the carbohydrate levels in the feed increased, the essential amino acid (EAA) and total amino acid (TAA) content in the muscle of both carp varieties significantly increased, while the content of unsaturated fatty acids in the muscle significantly decreased (p &lt; 0.05). Gene expression analysis revealed enhanced glycolytic activity (pk1) and inhibited gluconeogenesis (g6p and pepck) in the liver with higher carbohydrate levels. In muscle tissue, high carbohydrate diets reduced expression levels of genes involved in polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) synthesis (elovl5, elovl6, and rxrgb). The two carp varieties exhibited distinct adaptations to varying dietary carbohydrate levels. While a 30% carbohydrate diet enhanced the growth performance of both varieties, scattered‐scaled mirror carp demonstrated higher growth efficiency, whereas Ying carp excelled in maintaining muscle nutrient quality, particularly regarding PUFAs and amino acid composition. These findings suggest that carbohydrate levels in feed should be optimized based on the specific goals of aquaculture, whether prioritizing rapid growth or improved muscle nutrition. Moreover, variations in the expression of genes related to carbohydrate metabolism between the two varieties influenced their metabolic responses, offering insights for designing variety‐specific feeding strategies to support sustainable aquaculture practices.

Ultrasound-assisted modification of oat protein isolates: Structural and functional enhancements.

Escalating global protein demand necessitates the commercialization of protein rich products. Oat is a promising high-quality protein source but it requires structural and functional modifications to diversify its application. The current investigation was focused on the impact of different powers of ultrasonic waves (200, 400, and 600W) on structural and functional characteristics of oat protein isolates to improve its techno-functional properties. Higher strength ultrasound waves generated flat sheet structures which were observed while analyzing microstructure of oat protein isolate (OPI). However, non-significant variation in molecular weight distribution were observed in different treatments. At 600W power of ultrasonic waves the protein fragments show local accumulation, increased α-helix content. Due to uncoiling of protein structure decrease in β-sheets and β-turns was also observed at 600W. Protein turbidity decreased significantly under low power ultrasonic treatment (200W) which significantly increased at higher power. Moderate ultrasonic treatment (400W) promoted protein dissolution, and maintained a good balance between β-sheets (71.04±0.08), α-helix (16.27±0.02) and β-turns (12.68±0.03), exhibiting optimized flexibility and structural integrity. Whereas, higher strength (600W) significantly destroyed protein structure. The amino acid content decreased significantly with increasing ultrasonic power. The thermal characteristics of OPI remained unaffected after ultrasound treatment. In conclusion, modifications of secondary and tertiary structure induced by moderate ultrasonic treatment (400W) improved functional properties of OPI. The 400W treatment resulted in highest essential amino acid content (EAA) i.e., 22.75±0.82mg/100mg and total amino acid content (TAA) i.e., 64.94±2.7mg/100mg, which are significantly higher than WHO and FAO standards, suggesting best total and essential amino acid production in comparison to other treatments.

Enhancing protein quality in breakfast cereals with blends of acha, pigeon pea, and oyster mushrooms

This study focuses on enhancing the protein quality in breakfast cereal with acha (Digitaria exilis), pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan), and oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus). Protein quality, concentration of essential amino acids, amino acid score with reference to whole chicken egg, and FAO/WHO standard were determined. A completely randomized design (CRD) was used for this analysis; the significant difference between means was determined (ANOVA) and separated using the Duncan multiple range test; the significance was accepted at p &lt; 0.05. Four sample formulations were used: 100% acha (control) sample 101, blends of acha, pigeon pea, and oyster mushroom at different proportions of 75:20:5 (sample 102), 70:20:10 (sample 103), and 65:20:15 (sample 104). Protein efficiency ratio (P.E.R.), biological value (B.V.), essential amino acid index (EAAI), and percentage of EAAI (% EAAI) were determined for protein quality. (P.E.R.) values ranged between 2.93 (101), 2.82 % (102), 3.18 % (103) and 3.29 % (104). Essential, non-essential, acidic, neutral, sulfuric, aromatic, and their percentages were determined. For amino acid score, leucine levels showed values from 8.35% (101), 7.910% (102), 8.90 (103), and 9.31% (104) and sample 104 with the highest value and significantly difference (p&lt; 0.05). These findings strongly suggest the potential of these blends to serve as sustainable, healthy dietary alternatives for diabetic people, as they substitute animal proteins, including providing nutrient-dense options such as improved amino acid balance.

Impact of acha, pigeon pea, and oyster mushroom flour blends on amino acid profiles: Economic and health benefit

Most Africans, especially the people of Nigeria, are diagnosed for reduced muscles mass, slow metabolism, and low immunity due to consumption of poor-quality proteins. In this research, an investigation on the possibilities of improving the amino acid contents, the protein value of composites flours of different blends of acha, pigeon pea and oyster mushroom was done. Four formulations were evaluated: sample A1P0M0 contained only acha, while samples A75P20M5 contained 75% acha, 20% pigeon peas, and 5% mushroom; sample A70P20M10 contained 70% acha, 20% pigeon peas, and 10% oyster mushroom, and sample A65P20M15 contained 65% acha, 20% pigeon peas and 15% oyster mushroom. For amino acids profile, Leucine levels increased from 9.40 % (A75P20M5) to 10.01 % (A65P20M15). Concentration of essential amino acid, amino acid score based on whole chicken egg amino acid and essential amino acid score increased as pigeon pea and oyster mushroom were increased with threonine ranging from 0.99 % (A1P0M0) to 1.13 % (A65P20M15). Protein quality improved, ranging from 3.53 % (sample A1P0M0) to 3.83 % (sample A65P20M15) for protein efficiency ratio. This study suggests best flour blends to optimize nutritional quality, economic and health benefit.

Influence of wheat bran and calcium carbonate coextrusion on the composition of muscle tissue of broiler chickens

The results of research on the effect of extruded wheat bran and calcium carbonate on amino acid and fatty acid composition of muscle tissue of broiler chickens are presented. It was found that the combination of extruded bran with 10 and 15% calcium carbonate led to an increase in saturated fatty acids and monounsaturated fatty acids against the background of changes in the amino acid profile, in particular, a decrease in the content of essential amino acids. Similar changes were revealed at introduction of extruded bran with calcium carbonate at a dosage of 25%. At the same time, according to the revealed effects, the optimal dosage of calcium carbonate introduction into a part of extruded bran is 20%, Ca3 group.

Характеристика белкового комплекса сортов сои селекции ВНИИМК

The biochemical composition of soybean seeds determines the use of soybeans as a source of food and feed proteins. In this study, the protein complex of seeds of soybean varieties bred at V.S. Pustovoit All-Russian Research Institute of Oil Crops was evaluat-ed. The mass fraction of protein was determined by the Kjeldahl method on a VELP Scientifica device (Italy). Amino-acid composition was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography on a Sevco ARM-1000 amino-acid analyzer (Russia). Standard methods were used in the work. The ratio of amino-acid composition of soybean protein by functional groups as well as the protein content in soybean varieties bred at V.S. Pustovoit All-Russian Research Institute of Oil Crops (39.35–42.93%) were determined. The wholesomeness of soybean protein was estimated on the basis of the content of essential amino ac-ids in relation to the FAO/WHO reference protein. During the research it was determined that all essential amino acids have score more than 100%. The biological value of the soybean samples was calculated and ranged from 71.20 to 79.10 %. The ratio of differences in amino acid composition varied from 20.90 to 28.80%. The utility coefficient of the amino acid composition of soybean seed protein differed slightly among varieties (0.68-0.72 fractions of unit). The best ratio of qualitative characteristics of the protein complex was observed in the variety Puma.

The arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Claroideoglomus etunicatum (Glomerales: Claroideoglomeraceae) inoculated wheat plants mediated responses of Sitobion avenae (Fabricius) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) to water deficit

Abstract Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi may promote growth and stress resilience of plants, particularly under water-deficit conditions. However, interactions among mycorrhizal fungi, wheat plants, and aphids like the English grain aphid Sitobion avenae (Hemiptera: Aphididae) under water-deficit stress are still not well understood. Here, we examined the colonization of the fungus Claroideoglomus etunicatum (Glomerales: Claroideoglomeraceae) on wheat, and its effects on development and behavior of S. avenae under different water regimes. The symbiosis between C. etunicatum and wheat tended to increase the total developmental times of S. avenae nymphs under water deficit, but decreased adult lifespans. Irrespective of water conditions or wheat cultivars (Xinong-979 and Chang-6794), this symbiosis tended to cause higher adult weights and fecundities of S. avenae. These findings suggested that inoculation of this fungus could induce some life history trait trade-offs for S. avenae. Inoculation of C. etunicatum caused significant increases in contents of total amino acids in Xinong-979, and contents of some individual amino acids (e.g., glutamine) in both cultivars. This aphid preferred settling on symbiotic plants, with alate individuals attracted to well-watered Xinong-979 from 4 and Chang-6794 from 24 h postrelease. Increased phloem feeding and reduced pathway phase time for S. avenae were found in symbiotic plants. The fungus C. etunicatum also significantly enhanced wheat growth, especially under water deficit, and increased contents of nonessential and essential amino acids in Xinong-979. Our results highlight complex interactions among fungus symbiosis, wheat cultivars, and water conditions, emphasizing the potential to boost wheat crop resilience in the context of global climate change.

Effect of Photoperiod on Nutritional Quality of Muscle and Lipid Metabolism of Litopenaeus vannamei

Photoperiod serves as a significant environmental signal for organisms and plays a critical role in regulating their metabolic processes. This research aimed to investigate the lipid metabolism and nutritional quality of adults Litopenaeus vannamei (wet weight: 11.27 ± 0.73 g, body length: 12.45 ± 0.42 cm) under five photoperiods (0L:24D, 8L:16D, 12L:12D, 16L:8D, and 24L:0D) for 40 days in recirculating water systems (RASs). The 24L:0D group increased lipid metabolism, as indicated by increased lipid metabolism enzyme levels and related gene expression linked to lipogenesis. Additionally, shrimp in the 24L:0D exhibited the highest value of crude fat. The 0L:24D showed a significantly reduced content of crude fat compared with the 8L:16D and 12L:12D. In 24L:0D, the content of total essential amino acids (TEAAs), total hydrolyzed essential amino acids (THEAAs), and total non-essential amino acids (TNEAAs) increased significantly. Similarly, the content of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in 24L:0D was also higher than in other groups. Conversely, 0L:24D resulted in lower metabolic activity and a reduction in PUFA content. In conclusion, prolonging light could benefit shrimp cultivation. This study thoroughly examined the effects of varying photoperiods on muscle quality and lipid metabolism in L. vannamei, providing essential insights for the improvement of indoor aquaculture environments. Provision of light for 24 h improves production but has some adverse effects on animal welfare, so a 16 h light cycle is recommended.

Comparison of the effects of taurine and methionine supplementation on the nitrogen metabolism of beef steers elucidated through plasma metabolome profiling

Comparison of the effects of taurine and methionine supplementation on the nitrogen metabolism of beef steers elucidated through plasma metabolome profiling