Essence Of Philosophy Research Articles

Transtextual Paths: Dream of the Red Chamber as a Source of Borgesian Labyrinth

Abstract With a book review published in the Argentine magazine El Hogar in 1937, Jorge Luis Borges was arguably the first author to introduce the Chinese classic Dream of the Red Chamber (红楼梦) to the Spanish-speaking world. By investigating Borges’s under-examined book review, this article starts with a comparative analysis of the German translation and Borges’s reception of Dream. First, I demonstrate how omissions and interpretations by the German translator Franz Kuhn contribute to Borges’s partial reading of this Chinese novel. Next, leveraging Gérard Genette’s concepts of transtextuality, my analysis situates Dream of the Red Chamber as a hypotext of Borges’s canonical short story “El jardín de senderos que se bifurcan” (“The Garden of Forking Paths”). I argue that “El jardín” not only inherits the narrative and philosophical essence of its Chinese source, but the figurative labyrinth created therein transcends Borges’s initial equivocations about the translated text. Ultimately, I contend that Borges’s ‘transreading’ of Dream of the Red Chamber shapes the crucial themes of dream and doubleness in his later works. Although the translator’s mediation results in Borges’s partial interpretation of the Chinese novel, the Argentine writer constructs a unique labyrinth – his philosophical and literary quintessence – in his creative rewritings and adaptations.

Bacterial Sex and Death: Darwirigaray and Life Death

This article discusses the New Materialist interest in biology and agency, drawing on Elizabeth Grosz's Becoming Undone, a work that provides a feminist ontology of life based on sexual difference. Grosz presents a ‘cross-fertilized’ reading of Charles Darwin and Luce Irigaray, placing them in what she calls the vitalist philosophy of ‘the question of life’. In order to conceptualize life, she posits sexual reproduction as the philosophical essence of life in terms of the maximalization of creativity, productivity (overabundance) and diversity. In this context the article contrasts this vision with Jacques Derrida's reading, in Life Death, of the notion of life based on sexual reproduction in François Jacob's The Logic of Life, with particular attention to Jacob's discussions of sexual reproduction and death. Read in the light of Derrida's insights, Grosz's deployment of this vitalist discourse of infinite productivity necessarily misses complexity in the notion of life that she develops.

ZO‘RAVONLIKNING IJTIMOIY-FALSAFIY MOHIYATIGA DOIR QARASHLAR

In this article, the concept of "Violence" and its philosophical essence are explained scientifically by the researcher. All violence is based on arbitrariness and lawlessness. Although all forms of violence are currently prohibited by international law, there are cases where violence is raised to the level of law in some cases.

Синкретизм Ричарда Рорти: есть ли вообще «чистые» прагматисты

The article presents a response to Igor Dzhokhadze’s critical review of Oksana Tselishcheva’s book Richard Rorty: A Marginal Analytical Philosopher.” The main reproach of Dzhokhadze lies in the incorrect, from his point of view, depiction of the figure of Rorty, who, according to Dzhokhadze, is “a monoideist philosopher who, for 35 years of his life, adhered to one essentially unchanged position [of a pragmatist].” The author rejects this “monoideism” attributed to Rorty, showing that, firstly, Dzhokhadze ignores Rorty’s assessment of his own philosophy, and secondly, wrongfully restricts his philosophical evolution — from a linguistic turn to analytical philosophy and its criticism and the subsequent turn to an increasingly rich palette of philosophical prose with its inherent relativism syncretism, ecumenism and pluralism. The author questions Dzhokhadze’s confidence that Rorty’s “pragmatism” excludes the above-mentioned evolution of the philosopher’s views, showing that pragmatism itself acts as an umbrella term for a rather diverse philosophical techniques and views. The article refutes the popular view supported by Dzhokhadze that criticism of analytical philosophy resulted in Rorty’s final rejection of its methods and values, and shows that the evolution of his philosophy led to the recognition of its parity with the “instructive, revolutionary, hermeneutic” philosophy recognized by him. This is evidenced by the title of Tselishcheva’s book, quoting Rorty’s own confession. Unlike Dzhokhadze, the author considers Rorty’s re-description of himself to be the most important topic, which is reflected in the evolution of his views on the essence of philosophy, from “philosophy as the conversation of mankind” to “philosophy as cultural policy.” Critical assessments of other researchers, in order to limit the consideration of Rorty’s work to the “more or less accurate and well-founded” opinion of one researcher (in this case, Dzhokhadze), are not motivated by scientific considerations, which are indicated in this article.

O KORISTI I ŠTETI FILOZOFIJE ZA ŽIVOT

This paper reconsiders the useful and detrimental aspects of philosophy for life, both individual and general, collective, social one. The author is doing this by putting forward her initial total life disappointments in the great traditional classical philosophy whose culmination is Hegel’s philosophy, but she also puts forward the way how she has managed to surpass that and such great and long crisis in her own life, both professional, philosophical and personal, emotional one. The author began to change her attitude to philosophy essentially when the tragedy of the destruction of the former Yugoslavia began together with the emergent civil war as one of its consequences. Only then she really understood the whole relevance of Hegel’s philosophy and his stressing of recollection and acquirement of the individual and collective historical selfconsciousness as essence of philosophy. The study of Mihail Bahtin about Rabelais had an important role in her accepting of free erotic body as a solution for the modern impasse of total domination of the concept and phenomenon of work and work ethics. The book The Culture of Narcissism by Lasch has had a great role in the author’s understanding of important and lasting value of the modern work ethics, order, discipline and responsibility. Finally, the author agrees with Nietzsche that both history and philosophy should encourage human capacity for acting and general life activity together with the complete loyalty both to veracity and truth.

ФІЛОСОФСЬКА СПАДЩИНА ПАМФІЛА ЮРКЕВИЧА

The article reveals the popularization of Ukrainian philosophical thought and its outstanding figures by the Kyiv National University, in particular the activities of Pamfil Yurkevich (1827-1874), an outstanding Ukrainian philosopher and cultural figure. Philosophical ideas of the thinker are an integral part of the continuous national scientific process, therefore there is an urgent need to return them from oblivion and a thorough understanding of the philosophical heritage will make it possible to reproduce its originality and significance both for the past and for the modern spiritual culture of the country's development period and will allow us to better to understand the problems of our society in their, first of all, moral manifestation. Pamfil Yurkevich makes an attempt to form a philosophical system («metaphysics of the heart»), based on the synthesis of Platonism, Kantianism and the «Patriarchal» tradition. Philosophical anthropology was the basis of this system. Thus, the philosopher proceeds from the attitudes that were characteristic of the contemporary spiritualacademic philosophizing, that the disclosure of metaphysical foundations is possible only through the human essence. Therefore, the subject of philosophy, according to Yurkevich, is man, the human spirit, and the task of philosophy is to strengthen faith, knowledge and beliefs. It was a kind of revolution in the understanding of the subject of philosophy, where the focus was on man as the most complex object of knowledge in the world, in whose soul lies the secret of his divine origin. An important aspect of Pamfil Yurkevich's philosophy is the concept of «idea», which permeates his entire work and makes it clear what is the essence of philosophy. To clarify this, the philosopher singles out spirit and consciousness. He points out that the spirit is much larger than consciousness. Therefore, philosophy as an understanding of the spirit depends on it and tries to make it the basis for understanding the world around us. According to P. D. Yurkevich, this basis is an idea. An idea is an exemplary form of reality, not reality itself, or, in other words, the reality we think. Without recognition of the idea, according to the Ukrainian philosopher, the living and active consciousness of a person would have a distorted view of the world, because the directed human spirit would be divorced from its aesthetic, moral and religious aspirations. An idea is what objects should be. Between ideas and phenomena, Yurkevich believed, is the creative will of God and people. The philosopher also distinguishes three spheres of existence: the world of ideas; the world of created individual things and intelligent beings; the phenomenal realm of primordial realization. These three worlds are not equivalent: the world of ideas is determinative of the other two. Pamfil Yurkevich created a comprehensive philosophical and anthropological concept of the heart as an important basis of a person's physical and spiritual life. because at the center of his teaching is a person with two characteristics - heart and mind. While developing his teaching about the «heart», P. Yurkevich relied heavily on the authority of the Holy Scriptures. The heart also hides the secret of man's modernity, it is the city that connects man with God.

The philosophical content of industrial design

The article is devoted to the philosophy of industrial design as the most important area of aesthetic and engineering activity of people, shaping the appearance of modern society. The object of the study is industrial design, and its subject is the philosophical foundations of industrial design. The goal of the study is to identify the philosophical essence of industrial design in epistemological, ontological and anthropological dimensions. Attention is paid to the historical aspects of industrial design, which allows us to more accurately understand the essence of this phenomenon. The author’ also considered modern industrial design, which in its philosophy is characterized by a strong anti-globalist orientation. It is noted that the philosophical understanding of industrial design contributes to the understanding of the features of its historical development. The main conclusion of the study is that industrial design has a certain philosophical content associated not only with the aesthetic side of reality, but also with its axiological and ethical structure. The epistemological problems of industrial design are important: products act as carriers of certain knowledge and concepts and accumulate the cultural experience of mankind. Anthropological problems of design are associated with the model of a human creator and a human recipient of activity. The scientific novelty of the research lies in the understanding of industrial design, which is a systemic object, developing in space and time. In its existence, this object combines presence and “service”, independent givenness and significance for a person.

The ideological essence of the concept of “Zar zaman”

The task of the article will be aimed at determining the philosophical essence of the period in the Kazakh worldview called “Zar Zaman”. In the context of time, attention is paid to the specifics of “Zar Zaman”, the problems of personal identity. Based on the analysis of the historical and cultural situation for the specified period of time, the consideration of the causes of the difficulties of the critical period is based. Understanding the ideological meaning of “Zar Zaman”, concept which has a special meaning in the cognitive consciousness of the Kazakh people, is important for understanding the entire system of thinking of the Kazakh people. The relevance of the topic under consideration is determined by several reasons. First of all, the study of the problem of time is a general, fundamental, important philosophical categorical concept reflecting the relationship of cognition and reality. In addition, the question of time is very important in human life. The consideration of time is connected with the purpose of comprehending not only the individual existence of time, but also human existence. The problem of time has an important ideological significance. One of the integral parts of our idea is the preservation of spiritual values, the revival of traditions. Their importance increases even more in rapidly changing times. In the article we have tried to consider the ideological essence of the time period called “Zar Zaman” as one of the historically and culturally significant periods of time, taking modernity as a basis. On this basis, the differentiation of the worldview of the “Zar Zaman” period's representatives was laid by studying their creativity

Synergetics in Abai's works

This article discusses the relationship of mythology and the concept of «synergetics» in the work of Abai. The direction of mythopoetic synergetics in the poet's poems is analyzed and revealed. In poetry in general, in literature, questions of fire and water, light and darkness, life and death are eternal themes associated with human nature. The experience of the human spirit, which has its roots in cosmic existence, deeply assimilated these questions in the artistic horizon of its existence. Versatility and goodness are subtly considered. Natural phenomena and seasons are taken as cosmic substances, such as wind, storm, hurricane, cloudiness, fog, summer, winter, autumn. World antinomies are accompanied by the contradictions of human life. Light and darkness, life and death alternate. Eternal phenomena occurring from time immemorial. Such melancholy colors of nature are intertwined with the melancholy melodies of the human soul. Psychological parallels have become the philosophical essence of life. Since such eternal themes of human life have been sung since ancient times, now they form archetypal (prototype) layers, full of archaic features, which are explained by a special mythopoetic background.

Defining the Postmodern Aspect of the Social Factor of Language Variation

The article highlights the trends of the present world, the informatization of society, the intensive development of innovative technologies entails a rethinking of values in art and language environment. Learning a language certainly includes considering a whole range of external circumstances in which it really develops and actively functions: the society that uses the language, its social structure, age difference between native speakers, social status, level of culture and education, place of residence, as well as differences in their speech behavior depending on the language situation. The relevance of the study is determined by the change in human consciousness during the postmodern cultural era, a feature of which is the rethinking of values, the definition of specific trends in the philosophical essence of the postmodern. The study presents the theoretical foundations of postmodern reflection in the social manifestation of speech. Postmodern forms a value attitude to progress as a single unchanging constant, formed throughout historical development. The article examines the conditions of equality of social factors between men and women who choose different strategies of speech behavior, manifested in the models of text construction, use of linguistic means, associations arising in both sexes as one of the aspects of postmodern semantic representation. In the course of the study the concept of "ethnicity" is defined, replacing the concept of "ethnos" and denoting the existence of separate ethnic groups. The study is based on the method of analysis and synthesis, the research, descriptive and scientific method was used to determine the postmodern aspect of the social factor of language variation. The results of the study are the basis for determining the social factor of speech in the context of postmodern society.

FUZZY LOGIC OF LUTFI ZADEH AND METHODOLOGICAL AND EPISTEMOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF SET THEORY

In order to understand the essence of Lutfi Zadeh’s creativity, which introduced a number of scientific innovations into the treasury of world culture and had a great influence on contemporaries with its fundamental discoveries and amazing ideas, as well as to objectively evaluate the new impulses and directions that he brought to public consciousness, first of all, one should comprehend not only the real, but also the philosophical essence of the discoveries, to voice them in the language of philosophical thinking. The fuzzy logic of the great scientist and thinker, who has gained great prestige in modern scientific circles, illuminating theoretical thinking from a new angle and significantly elevating the horizons of human knowledge over the traditional binary logic of Aristotle, is today accepted with admiration by world scientists and is intensively studied as one of the fundamental discoveries of the twentieth century. It is no coincidence that at present this theory has become the object of extensive discussions, the subject of dialogues at international conferences, symposiums, scientific seminars periodically held in Japan, Germany, the USA, Russia, China, Turkey, France and a number of other countries. This fact itself is an important indicator of the high appreciation of Lutfi Zadeh's theories by world scientists.

The philosophical nature of oratory in the context of the national theater

The philosophical nature of oratory in the context of the national theater was determined and theoretical considerations were made in the scientific article. At the same time, it was confirmed that the roots of the philosophical essence of the art of oratory in the context of the national theater can be traced back to the traditions of the ancestors in ancient times, selecting the main social and cultural norms, and it was determined that the art of oratory is the heir of the cultural and spiritual wealth of the people formed over the centuries in the course of their further development. The article distinguishes that the national theater is an expression of the freedom of thought, recognition and action of the Kazakh society. It can be justified that the art of Kazakh oratory is both a platform and a cornerstone of the manifestation of human conscience and freedom of language. It is always based on the thought system, thought process, thought flow that leads to the abyss of world life. From this point of view, modern philosophical researches are first of all based on classical works of Kazakh theater, national folklore, including eloquent words, and we study the vital worldview of the Kazakh nation, the country's own system of knowledge, and the process of thinking. Therefore, here we believe that the spiritual and philosophical thoughts and ideas will be the methodological backbone of the nation, when the art of Kazakh oratory is connected with the art of Kazakh theater.

OILANING IJTIMOYILASHUVIDA TADBIRKORLIK KO‘NIKMALARINI RIVOJLANTIRISHNING FALSAFIY MOHIYATI

OILANING IJTIMOYILASHUVIDA TADBIRKORLIK KO‘NIKMALARINI RIVOJLANTIRISHNING FALSAFIY MOHIYATI

THE PERSONALITY OF THE ARTIST AND CRITIC IN THE LITERARY PROCESS AND LITERARY CRITICISM OF AZERBAIJAN IN THE PERIOD OF INDEPENDENCE

The purpose of the article is to determine the role of Azerbaijani criticism in the literary process of the period of independence, the personality of the writer, critic and creative process, the value of the work in the current literary process, by taking into account the reader`s taste, the possibility of evaluating the artistic and philosophical essence of the work in the context of the period and time, Methodology and methods used: This topic was investigated by methods based on the philosophy of Azerbaijanism, the ideology of independence. In the course of the analysis and research, theoretical and comparative studies were conducted in the context of a comparative historical method that has withstood the test of literary and theoretical thought since the XIX century, national and moral requirements of the history of independence were taken into account. The article extensively analyzes how important the role of the personalities of the critic, writer, and artist is in the literary process. The main scientific innovation put forward: To study the direction, typology of literary criticism of the period of independence means not only to study the literary heritage in the sphere, categories and thinking of criticism, but, if we approach it in a broad sense, to reveal the history of the people, era, socio-political thought, the history of philosophical thinking. The article examines the literary criticism of the period of independence in unity with the history of socio-political, philosophical thought of the Azerbaijani people.

Synchronism of Symbolic Manifestations in Traditional Religions

The article provides a theoretical analysis of the religious and philosophical essence and the evolution of the development of the content of the main symbols of world religions that have become traditional. Through this analysis, the goal was to identify the ideological and practical features of traditional religions, as well as the continuity and synchronism of symbolic manifestations in them. A religious symbol is a special form of expression, explanation of the idea, content, and practical nature of religion. It can have both a secret and allegorical meaning, while simultaneously expressing a specific object. Therefore, when studying the history of religions, religious beliefs and religious practices, special attention should be paid to their symbols. Given the relevance of this problem, the authors of the article using the comparative historical method compare the development and transformation of the symbols of world religions in different periods of time. The continuity of symbolic manifestations in traditional religions is clearly reflected in the content of the ideology of religions and in terms of the performance of religious rituals and ceremonies. At the same time, all traditional religions call humanity to peace, mutual love, kindness, and religious tolerance. In the course of the analysis of the ethical and eschatological categories of these religions, the semantic and content similarities of sacred concepts, religious rituals and ceremonies performed for the purpose of worship were revealed.  Key words: Traditional religions, religious faith, religious symbol, religious ceremonies, religious experience

Moral and Justice as the Philosophical Basis of Legal Education: A Criticism of the Indonesian Ministry of Education‟s “Merdeka Belajar” and “Kampus Merdeka” Concepts

The Indonesian Ministry of Education and Culture has applied the ‘Merdeka Belajar’ (Freedom to Learn) and ‘Kampus Merdeka' (The Freedom Campus) (abbreviated MBKM) learning concepts. In legal education, these concepts aim to form legal students who master the knowledge, skills, and competence demanded by the job market. Unfortunately, these programs lack the fundamental vision to create honest individuals of law that have integrity. This paper analyzed the MBKM program that only envisions catering students to the needs of the job market and how that policy neglects the essence of legal education, namely morals and justice. This research employs the philosophical approach. Without morality, the legal sector will become a facility for destruction through moral hazards such as corruption, collusion, and manipulation. A legal expert should ideally strive to demand and uphold justice, truth, goodness, and virtue, as well as the integrated and personal moral ideals that are non-existent in the MBKM concept. The MBKM policy in legal education needs to be revised as legal education should emphasize its philosophical essence; namely the perspective of justice can only be achieved through moral integrity. Contribution of completed study to modern education to remind, the philosophical essence is still needed.

Pedagogical Aspects of the Protection of Human Rights in the Context of the Philosophy of Education and Law

The main goal of the study is to determine the main pedagogical aspects of the protection of human rights in the context of the philosophy of education and law. The philosophy of human rights, in the context of the philosophy of education and the philosophy of law, is an integral part of philosophical anthropology, the most important task of which is to study the nature of humans, which serves as the source of his inalienable rights and freedoms. The main aspects of the study are the issues of phenomenology and ontology, revealing human rights as its attributive property, which is formed in the context of social life. An important aspect of this issue is the study of the pedagogical aspects of the human rights protection system in the context of the philosophy of education and law. A detailed study of the foundations of the protection of human rights and their philosophical essence serves as a powerful basis for the formation of a modern democratic society. As a result of the study, the main aspects of the essence of human rights in the context of the philosophy of education and law were identified.

GREAT OPPORTUNITIES OF A SMALL GENRE (EXAMPLE OF FARID EDGU'S STORIES)

This article provides information about the work of contemporary Turkish writer Farid Edgu and analyses selected short stories. The stories analysed are taken from the short stories collections "Av" ("Hunting", 1967), "İşe Deniz, Maria" ("Here is the sea, Maria", 1999). The author also briefly mentions major Western and Turkish literary figures who have influenced the writer's work, and gives an idea of the general characteristics of their style. In particular, despite the fact that some of Farid Edgu's stories are very short, there is a deep philosophical meaning in their essence. In Turkish literary studies, such works are referred to as "minimal öykü" (minimal story). One of the most important aspects of Edgu's minimal stories is that they focus more on the situation than on the story. The works such as "Death of the Executioner" ("Cellad'ın Ölümü"), "Unexpected Guest" ("Beklenmeyen Konuk"), "In the Dark" ("Karanlıkta"), "If Only" ("Keşke") and "Thought" ("Hayalhane") are reviewed in this article. In these stories an attempt is made to reveal great possibilities of small genre and philosophical essence of life. In this sense one can conclude that the transfer of a small event or situation onto a large pictorial canvas is the main feature of Farid Edgu's style. In addition, the symbolic plot, symbolic image, symbolic dialogues, and their expression in a new method are the leading features of modern Turkish storytelling. Another unique feature of Farid Edgu's style is that he has convincingly highlighted human conflict situations such as tragedy, rebellion, intolerance and intransigence in all their complexity in a series of stories. The writer has made a great contribution to the development of figurative prose style and at the same time to the development of the "minimal story ("minimal öykü") genre in Turkish storytelling, making effective use of metaphor typical of Orientalist literature. The opinion of the Turkish literary critics, who have studied the works of Farid Edgu and have at times engaged in a debate with him, has also been taken into consideration. The article concludes with a summary of the unique aspects of the author's works and stories.

PEDAGOGIC IN POST-TRUTH DEMOCRACY IN INDONESIA

<div><p class="Els-history-head">Indonesia is a country with Pancasila ideology which becomes fundamentally philosophical. Advances in the field of information technology in the era of industry 4.0 and society 5.0 seem to drown out the existence and essence of philosophy and pedagogy. This era is dominated by the role of technology where computers are increasingly intelligent. In the Ancient Greece era pedagogic was a slave who supervised and monitored the academic development of the children who attend school. Human tendencies in the post-truth age are characterized by the difficulty of distinguishing where scientific facts see flash flood conditions in the digital world, lies feel like facts that threaten electoral democracy. Education Administration is a science with a core science in the form of leadership, administration, policy analysis, supervision, and pedagogy. In the context of the post-truth problem, namely by formulating strategies in the form of influence on human reality because post-truth lives in virtual reality, replying to flood the digital world full of post-truth with educational content. Post-truth is a phenomenon that occurs when personal beliefs and emotions take precedence over facts. This study aims to suggest alternative solutions using philosophy and pedagogy to resolve the post-truth problem from the study literature. The conclusion of this research provides a suggestion to overcome and protect society in the post-truth era using philosophy and pedagogy perspective and increase trust in the Indonesian Armed Forces (TNI), Indonesian Police (Polri) Teachers, and lecturers as the shield of Indonesia. </p></div>

Camus’ Understanding of the Paradoxically Multidimensional Human Being

The article analyses important issues of philosophical anthropology from a socio-philosophical viewpoint. By defining a human being in different stages of the development of philosophical thought, one or another of his genus’s essential characteristics are distinguished. Modern philosophy documents that human beings are paradoxical, contradictory beings and subject to complicated definitions. This analysis is based on the different approaches of well-known researchers, leaning on the human paradox and trying to rationalise it as much as possible. The article combines the main approaches that provide an opportunity to justify humans’ philosophical essence and nature comprehensively.