Human Essence Research Articles

Feuerbach’s Concept of Religious Alienation and Its Influence

The present study is an attempt to revisit how Feuerbach discusses the concept of alienation from religious point of view. According to Feuerbach, Religion and God do not exist beyond the human reach; rather they are the creation of human being. True religion is the relation of man with himself or with his own true nature. God according to Feuerbach is the manifested inward nature of man. But when man cannot understand that the religion and God are nothing but the creation of human being, he becomes alienated from his actual nature. Worshiping external God is nothing but expression of human emotion. If God is regarded as something different from man, man becomes separated from his own true nature and ultimately he becomes alienated. In other words, if human essence is considered as truly belongs to God who exists beyond human reach, man becomes alienated from himself. Later on Marx regards this religious alienation as means of capitalists’ process of exploitation. In other words, with the help of religious alienation capitalists’ perpetuate their class exploitation. Thus, the present work will mainly focus on Feuerbach’s concept of religious alienation and how subsequently Marx has adopted and critically analyzed this concept of religious alienation in his philosophy.

The Issues of Human Being in the Rashhas of Abdurahman Jami

The article deal with the children of Abdurakhmon Jami the teacher of great Uzbek poet and thinker Alisher Navoi. The historical truth is clarified by comparing the facts and information about Jami descendants mentioned in “Khamsat ul-mutakhayyirin”, “Rashakhatu ayn ul-khayat” and other works. Every time a person gets up from the center of attention of thinkers, tries to understand its essence in a new historical context and from a new point of view, reinventing it again and again. Ultimately, in the science of philosophy there is no exaggeration to say that there is no subject more complicated and contradictory than a person. For this reason, in this article: Abdurahman Jami's rashhas, a statement was made about the human issue. It is mentioned about the fact that the wound, the essence and the role of man in society play an important role in the system of philosophical problems, different philosophical teachings have different interpretations of these issues, that man as a spiritual socio-historical and cultural being seeks to deepen its identity in every new historical context, to realize the human essence.

Utopien des Übergangs. Don Quixote und Zarathustra

Abstract The subject of this article points beyond a purely literary or literary-historical approach. The question is, whether and how a human being is able to change the (social) conditions of their life by changing himself through transition into another form of existence. In order to overcome established (social) conditions and one’s self, it is necessary to begin with a vision, a utopian dream. Those who pursue the utopian dream of overcoming their current (social) conditions must acknowledge their own good and evil, that is, their position vis-a-vis equality and justice, law and morality. The person itself, and its personality, is revealed in the relation between the utopia of changing its current way of life and its social reality. The ultimate question is: what is the essence of humanity, the ecce homo? Both the transition into a new form of being and the utopian dream differ decisively in Don Quixote and Zarathustra. It is not my concern to compare them as literary figures.

Toward a More Credible Principle of Beneficence

My objective of this paper is to suggest and workout a more credible form of the Principle of Beneficence from the common essential elements of the three major ethical theories (Deontology, Utilitarianism and Virtue Ethics) that will try to overcome the over-demanding objection of Utilitarianism and the rigorism of Kant’s Deontology. After analyzing these three moral systems, I find that beneficence lies within the very essence of humanity. Human beings are superior to other creatures in the world due to rationality and humanity. From the humanitarian ground, a common goodness lies within every human. Beneficence, as a moral principle, is derived from this inner humanity of every individual. Despite their initial differences, utilitarianism, deontology and virtue ethics recognize this fundamental humanitarian disposition of doing good for all as a part of being a morally better person. The principle of beneficence as I suggest, is different from its consequential utilitarian notion suggested by Mill. This version of beneficence is more credible as it does not impose excessive demands upon an individual to develop any maximum beneficial outcome following utilitarian calculation of beneficence over cost, and it also strives to overcome the rigorous duty-based theory of Kantian deontology by appealing to the fundamental virtue of humanity. Finally, the credibility of this form of beneficence comes from the underlying transcendental humanism which is the chief feature of Indian tradition.

Utopien des Übergangs. Don Quixote und Zarathustra

Abstract The subject of this article points beyond a purely literary or literary-historical approach. The question is, whether and how a human being is able to change the (social) conditions of their life by changing himself through transition into another form of existence. In order to overcome established (social) conditions and one’s self, it is necessary to begin with a vision, a utopian dream. Those who pursue the utopian dream of overcoming their current (social) conditions must acknowledge their own good and evil, that is, their position vis-à-vis equality and justice, law and morality. The person itself, and its personality, is revealed in the relation between the utopia of changing its current way of life and its social reality. The ultimate question is: what is the essence of humanity, the ecce homo? Both the transition into a new form of being and the utopian dream differ decisively in Don Quixote and Zarathustra. It is not my concern to compare them as literary figures.

Satirical graphics in the creation of the plastic artist Iurie Rumeanțev

d cultural barometer, it highlighted the perception and plastic reflection of events and changes typical of the weather. Quite a few plastic artists contributed to this, among whom the graphic artist Iurie Rumeanțev. The artist showed skill, artistry and originality in the perspective of emphasizing some interesting facets of everyday life. During his creative activity, the artist creates numerous satirical sheets that see the light of day in various publications, including the satire and humor magazine "Chipăruș", the magazine "Femeia Moldovei", the newspaper "Tinerimea Moldovei", etc. Frequently participating in international exhibitions, Iurie Rumeanțev is appreciated with diplomas and medals both for his caricatures and for his book graphics. Artistically reflecting the social life of the era in which he worked, Iurie Rumeanțev managed to create valuable graphic sheets in which, situations, frequently encountered in everyday life, are mirrored in an ironic way. At the same time, the artist excludes distortions of shape and hideousness in the representation of the characters, emphasizing the artistic revelations of the human essence. Simultaneously with the satirical graphics, Iurie Rumeanțev also manages to persevere in book graphics by making reference works.

Humanism as the essence of the principle of religious tolerance (on the example of the Ideas of L. N. Tolstoy, F. M. Dostoevsky, and N. N. Pirogov)

During the period of globalization, various social strata comprise a new conceptual system. This ongoing transformational process prompts reconsideration of the fundamental concept of religious tolerance: it disintegrates and accretes with extraneous connotations. The worldwide growing religious fanaticism makes the problem of religious tolerance exceedingly acute. Its comprehension becomes relevant not only on the examples of countries, but also on the legacy of prominent representatives of different eras. The object of this research is the literary-philosophical heritage of L. N. Tolstoy, F. M. Dostoevsky, and N. N. Pirogov. The subject is the principle of religious tolerance in the worldview of the listed philosophers. Each of them demonstrates a superior example of humanism in the era of close interaction of various ethnic groups. The analysis of works of the three cultural figures indicates that despite the difference in worldviews, they all agreed upon the general humanistic essence of religious tolerance. The recognition of religious tolerance as a general cultural universal is based on their perception of the world as a single organism that does not unify various religious traditions, but rather constitute them into the “unity of diversified”. If L. N. Tolstoy elucidates humanistic nature of religious tolerance on the level of the individual, communities and entire humanity, then F. M. Dostoevsky has such reflections due to theme of war and peace. In combination with the “cosmic” worldview of N. N. Pirogov, these three views reveal different edges of religious tolerance based on the principle of complementarity. The study of humanistic ideas of the Russian philosophers may contribute to the creation of the methodological concept of religious tolerance as one of the fundamentals of the state domestic and foreign policy of the Russian Federation during the globalization era.

God's Consistency Which Is Promised Through a New-Normal-Era Health Protocol in Order to Preserve The Essence Of Humanity

Health anthropology has experienced a tremendous new revolution, started from last year, 2020. A New-normal Health Protocol formulation was put in place to deal with the Covid-19 pandemic outbreak. Natural and social media communities complained about humanity and human rights degradation, raising calls for resistance due to imposed global restrictive regulations. God in Christian theology is a God who promises to His human creation that He will be with and help humans to have a happy and prosperous life. By doing literature research, this paper tries to explore whether the Covid-19 management guidelines are by the consistency of covenant God in restoring the essence of humanity. How is the relation between two paradigms of society, from God’s side and human’s side, through the Health Protocol intervention? The finding is that God, who created perfect human beings, keeps all the processes of his life to become the people of His eternal kingdom. Society and individuals should be able to respond to global regulations as support for faith and perspective to continue to live and fill the days ahead with the maximum quality of life as prime human beings. ABSTRAK: Antropologi kesehatan mengalami suatu revolusi baru yang dahsyat, dimulai dari tahun lalu, 2020. Sebuah rumusan Protokol Kesehatan New-normal diberlakukan untuk menangani wabah pandemi Covid-19. Masyarakat nyata dan media sosial mengeluhkan perasaan degradasi kemanusiaan dan hak asasi manusia bahkan mencuatkan seruan perlawanan karena peraturan pembatasan global yang dipaksakan. Allah dalam teologi Kristen adalah Allah yang berjanji kepada manusia ciptaan-Nya bahwa Ia akan menyertai dan menolong manusia untuk mendapatkan kehidupan yang sejahtera dan berbahagia. Dengan melakukan sebuah literature-research tulisan ini mencoba menelusuri apakah pedoman tatalaksana Covid-19 ini sesuai dengan konsistensi Allah yang berjanji dalam hal memulihkan esensi kemanusiaan. Bagaimanakah hubungan antara dua paradigma tentang kemanusiaan dari sisi Allah dan manusia melalui intervensi Protokol Kesehatan. Temuan bahwa Allah yang menciptakan manusia yang sempurna menjaga sepanjang proses kehidupannya agar menjadi umat kerajaan kekal-Nya. Seyogyanya masyarakat dan individu dapat menyikapi peraturan global sebagai penopang iman dan cara pandang sehingga tetap dapat menjalani dan mengisi hari-hari ke depan dengan kualitas hidup maksimal sebagai manusia prima.

Eastern Church Fathers on Being Human—Dichotomy in Essence and Wholeness in Deification

The article traces the formation of Eastern Christian anthropology as a new religious and philosophical tradition within the Early Byzantine culture. The notion “Patristics” is reasoned as a corpus of ideas of the Church Fathers, both Eastern and Western. The term “Eastern Patristics” means the works by Greek-Byzantine Church Fathers, who in the theological disputes with the Western Church Fathers elaborated the Christian creed. Based on an analysis of the texts of Greek-Byzantine Church Fathers, the most important provisions of Eastern Patristics are deduced and discussed, which determined the specificity of Christian anthropology. In this context, different approaches of the Eastern Fathers to the explanation of the Old Testament thesis on the creation of man in God’s image and likeness and the justification of the duality of human essence are shown. Particular attention is paid to considering the idea of deification as overcoming the human dualism and the entire created universe, the doctrine of the Divine Logoi as God’s energies, and the potential elimination of the antinomianism of the earthly and Divine worlds. The article reflects the anthropological ideas of the pre-Nicene Church Father Irenaeus, the non-canonical early Christian work The Shepherd of Hermas, and the teachings on the man of the classical Eastern Patristics period by Athanasius of Alexandria, Gregory of Nyssa, and Maximus the Confessor.

Nancy is a Thinker of Radical Emancipation

Nancy has been criticised for rejecting the politics of emancipation that characterises the thought of some of his more militant contemporaries. To be sure, he does distance himself from the rhetoric of emancipation. He considers that the grand modern emancipation narrative of the Enlightenment, and of the revolutions of the late eighteenth century, expired with the end of the Cold War, and that the ideal of emancipation carried by this narrative is dangerous insofar as it imposes “ultimate sense” on history and assumes an “essence of humanity” that is to be liberated. It would be a mistake, however, to assume that Nancy’s rejection of the modern, linear account of emancipatory politics is a refusal of emancipation per se. Indeed, his reason for rejecting modernity’s simple narrative of emancipatory progress is that this framing of history is by a long chalk not emancipatory enough, and that it has far too much in common with the identitarian politics against which it seeks to set itself. So it should come as no surprise that Nancy uses emancipatory language in his very rejection of the politics of emancipation, arguing for example that we need “emancipation from a certain thinking of emancipation.” This article makes the case for Nancy as a rich and radical thinker of emancipation whose thought, far from being apolitical when it comes to liberation, offers us a broad, robust and practical account of the emancipatory. This case is made by weaving together two important strands of Nancy’s thought. First, his deconstruction of Christianity is examined in the light of the claim that Christianity is “in itself and by itself in a state of surpassing” and that Christianity’s self-surpassing is “perhaps its deepest tradition.” This leads, secondly, to a consideration of Nancy’s frequent meditations on Pascal’s statement that “man infinitely exceeds/surpasses man.” When they are taken together, what emerges from these two strands of Nancy’s thought is a pattern of emancipation that goes beyond simple historical ruptures to operate across multiple temporalities at once, each populated by plural vectors of continuity and change. Nancy seeks emancipation from a double slavery: the slavery of absolutising a continuity with the past, and that born of the ideological fantasy of a simple rupture with the past. Instead, he offers us an account of emancipation that is capable of navigating a subtler course through multiple dynamics of continuity and change. The article concludes by briefly examining Nancy’s use of the term ressourcement to characterise this radical account of emancipation, evoking the importance of the gesture described by this term for the biblical prophets, for the magisterial reformers and for Vatican II. Far from being weak in its emancipatory potential, Nancy’s thought takes the modern emancipatory imperative and returns it to us with greater depth, breadth and potency.

WAHYU PERTAMA AL-QUR'AN SEBAGAI PONDASI METAFISIKA PENDIDIKAN ISLAM

There are three aspects of education that can be taken from the first five verses of surah Al-Alaq, is divine education (tauhid), intellectual education (intellect) and skills education. Education cannot be separated from things that are free from physical reach (metaphysics), for example tauhid education, the delivery of material or lessons must be in accordance with facts, not just fantasies, assumptions, and illusions. This paper uses a library research with data sources in the form of scientific articles, books, documents, journals, and other sources that are library in nature. The data collected was then analyzed in depth with content analysis techniques and presented descriptively. The result is the first revelation which contains metaphysical elements such as the essence of God, His creation and humans so that metaphysics cannot enter from Islamic education. The process of Islamic education to achieve the goal of education is the realization of humans who have good beauty potential to support humans in carrying out their duties and positions on earth, namely as servants and caliphs.

MENELAAH EKSISTENSI MANUSIA DALAM PEMIKIRAN VITALISME NIETZSCHE

This paper examines the existence of humans in the vitalist thought of Nietzsche (1884–1900), one of the modern Western philosophers. This research is qualitative research using the descriptive analysis method. In this case, it attempts to describe and describe Nietzsche's vitalist thought and then analyzed it so that the desired results are obtained. This research shows data that in Nietzsche's view, the realization of the creativity of human existence is when humans can become the will to power "will to power" and this is the essence of humans being created on this earth. In Nietzsche's term, the human being whose existence is at its peak, he calls it ubermensch, namely man as the controller and determinant of his life, even the lives of others. Humans are free to do whatever they want to do. Even religion has no right to rule humans so that people live to rule each other. So, from that man has succeeded in utilizing his vital forces as a human..

Realismo y Relaciones Internacionales: una observación desde la historia de la ciencia y la epistemología

El presente artículo busca realizar un análisis sobre la argumentación de la teoría Realista en Relaciones Internacionales. El Realismo presenta una batería de conceptos para entender el sistema internacional basado en el centralismo del Estado Nación, un sistema internacional anárquico, el balance de poder, y la auto ayuda. En este trabajo nos proponemos recorrer la trayectoria de estos conceptos y preguntarnos si resultan pertinentes para entender la política internacional. Se encontrará que los argumentos que caracterizan las lecturas realistas trasladan conceptos pensados y difundidos en las ciencias de la naturaleza a partir del Siglo XVI, cuyas lecturas de los asuntos naturales responden a visiones mecánicas del universo y se trasladan a la naturaleza humana y el comportamiento político entre las unidades estatales. Dada la prolífica producción de esta escuela de pensamiento, hemos seleccionado para hacer una lectura crítica descriptiva y explicativa a 1) Hans Morgenthau, quien se considera el fundador del Realismo académico, 2) Kenneth Waltz, quien planteó una lectura Neorealista desde una visión estructural, y por último 3) Henry Kissinger a quien se considera un realista como hacedor de política en la función de gobierno. En una primera parte de este trabajo analizaremos el contexto en cual surgieron los conceptos que nutrieron al Realismo. Luego, rastrearemos el origen de estos conceptos que provienen de la filosofía natural que conformó el pensamiento moderno. Finalmente, extraemos algunas conclusiones sobre las implicaciones de pensar lo internacional con categorías y metafóricas provenientes de los orígenes epistemológicos de otras ciencias.

Promocja i intensyfikacja komunikacji interpersonalnej bezpośredniej rodzic – dziecko, nauczyciel – uczeń w świecie technokracji i osaczania kapitałem materialnym.

<p>Reizacja człowieka (łac. res – rzecz), szczególnie dziecka, czyli osaczanie na ogromną skalę światem materialnym, w tym szczególnie gadżetami medialnymi, to aktualnie jeden z największych problemów psychologicznych i pedagogicznych i zarazem jedno z największych wyzwań. <br />Świat rzeczy to także piękny świat, dziś także świat multimediów, które bardzo pomagają w codziennym życiu, szczególnie w kontekście pandemii, ale równocześnie wszystko to wymaga wielkiej mądrości, aby nie zniszczyć świata bezcennych relacji międzyludzkich, interpersonalnych – międzyosobowych, bezpośrednich, face to face, bliskości, które są szczególnie ważne i bezcenne dla prawidłowego rozwoju dziecka i każdego człowieka, zawsze i wszędzie.<br />Celem niniejszych badań jest zwrócenie uwagi na powyższy problem i szczególna mobilizacja do promowania i wzmacniania super ważnych i bezwzględnie koniecznych relacji interpersonalnych bezpośrednich, których zauważa się poważny deficyt. W tej kwestii wydaje się, że iż badania są ciągle konieczne. Wielu nauczycieli z moich osobistych rozmów i wywiadów potwierdza potężny deficyt wiedzy o komunikacji interpersonalnej wśród rodziców a także trudność z jej asymilacją w życiu codziennym, z powodu między innymi tempa życia i przeniesienia komunikacji w komunikację zapośredniczoną medialnie. Promowanie i permanentny trening komunikacji interpersonalnej od najmłodszych lat przez rodziców i nauczycieli z dziećmi i uczniami, a także między sobą to nadzieja na uratowanie esencji człowieczeństwa i społeczeństwa.</p>

The position of the polish bishops’ conference on LGBT+ – philosophical, theological, clinical and political aspects

IntroductionPracticing medicine cannot disregard cultural conditions. Philosophy and religion are elements of culture. For several years in Poland, various circles have discussed the extensive LGBT issues. A document of Polish Bishops on this subject appeared on 28.08.2020. In 2018, 91.8% of people over 16 years old in Poland declared affiliation to the Roman Catholic Church (Statistics Poland 2020).ObjectivesThe aim of the study is to present different perspectives of effects of that publication, including ethical evaluation and references to clinical practice.MethodsStatements of protagonists and antagonists of this document in Polish were analyzed. Collected arguments were divided into types: philosophical – by philosophy branches (e.g. ethics, philosophical anthropology), theological and clinical.ResultsAs of 29.09.2020 – 85,200 results in the Google Search after typing (in Polish) “Polish Episcopal Conference LGBT”. The use of philosophical arguments by both parties results from the adaptation of different systems, e.g. regarding philosophical anthropology, some assume the immutability of human nature, others – its variability and susceptibility to shaping, e.g. human sexuality. Some emphasize the importance of non-discrimination, while others indicate the need to consider human essence in determining directions of actions.ConclusionsProfessionals should help everyone, regardless of conditions, in accordance with conscience and contemporary medical knowledge [Polish Code of Medical Ethics]. They should try to understand patients and the context of symptoms. Familiarizing oneself with arguments of both sides helps in this. But polemical language makes dialogue difficult. What for one is a “venerable tradition”, for another is a “stereotype” or “discrimination”.

CREATIVE POTENTIAL OF PERSONALITY: MAIN MECHANISMS OF DEVELOPMENT

The difficulty of studying the phenomenon is that there is no single definition of creativity. Therefore, this is the reason for the need to substantiate the creativity characteristics and determine the main personal abilities that motivate creativity. Creativity is a means of self-realization of an individual, the characteristic essence of human existence. It is creativity that an individual realizes his inner potential in. The realization of the creative potential of individuals becomes a measure and criterion for assessing the development of the socio-cultural environment. As a means of knowing the world, creativity reveals the great potential of the human spirit, and the realization of the creative potential of a man provides the creation of new things in ideal forms and socio-practical activities. Creative activity is one of the main factors in developing human essence. The process of creative activity, the results of activity, the personality of the creator as well as the environment and conditions in which creativity is carried out can be determined in the structure of creative activity. The ability to be creative is unique to a man because a man creates a new product that did not exist before. Creativity as a complex mental activity of a man is characterized by its psychological features. Creativity begins with setting tasks to be solved within the process of activity, then there is the search for a solution. But creativity becomes full-fledged only when a person turns new ideas into a social product that becomes accessible to understanding and perception by others. Creativity is associated with the structural and functional renewal of activity, its transformation into a more perfect activity which is expressed in the newly created material and spiritual values. The self-realization of a creative personality occurs through the disclosure of the inherent creative potential which is determined by talent, creativity, willingness to carry out various forms of activity and its productivity determination.

ДО ПИТАННЯ ПРО ЗБЕРЕЖЕННЯ ЕТНІЧНОЇ АВТЕНТИЧНОСТІ СУТНОСТІ ЛЮДИНИ

У статті висвітлено міжетнічні зв’язки українців та литовців з погляду їхнього суспільно-історичного розвитку в плані державотворення, культурно-економічних зв’язків, ролі видатних постатей, особливості лексичних, фольклорних, етноантропонімних чинників, діяльності культурно-ділових центрів, спрямованих на збереження етнічної автентичності в сучасних умовах життєдіяльності.

La memoria “viaggiante” fra identità e traduzione

Una delle caratteristiche principali della memoria è il suo essere in movimento, il quale, attraversa in maniera trasversale: nazioni, epoche e tecnologie. Rappresenta, inoltre, uno degli aspetti più rilevanti nella costruzione dell’identità; definisce e scandice la vita di un individuo o un gruppo sociale, li caratterizza indelebilmente nel tempo, viene ri-mediata all’interno dei media e dei diversi gruppi della nostra società. Questo suo “viaggio” transnazionale che percorre lo spazio, il tempo e le tecnologie in una continua mediazione e ridefinizione lo si assimila al medesimo cammino che in una certa forma compie la traduzione. È innegabile come memoria, identità e traduzione siano intimamente connesse fra di loro e a ciò che è racchiuso nell’essenza umana, che deve intendersi in una dialettica dell’implicazione e dell’ipseità/alterità.

Pandemics in Need of a Christian Response

Humanity has survived many waves of attacks mounted by microscopic agents which we cannot see but which have left millions of our species dead, and hundreds of millions more enduring a great deal of pain and suffering, even life-long dysfunction. Pandemics have led to the downfall of whole populations and people groups; they have shaped policies and practices of the societies which survived. These encounters have taught us a great deal about Earth's biology, as well as our own physiology, resourcefulness, and potential. They have shone a spotlight on the essence of humanity: the good, the bad, and the ugly. We have now encountered another pandemic-producing agent--COVID-19--which has disrupted human activities around the globe. All of this raises many important and even existential questions for humanity in general, and Christians in particular.

Человек через метрику центристского мировоззрения: за и против

The article describes the main centrist matrix of the study of man: cosmocentrism, theocentrism, anthropocentrism, ratiocentrism, sociocentrism. Their strengths and weaknesses, as well as the limits of applicability, are analyzed. Some ways of overcoming centrist thinking, which is an exclusive, divisive strategy in culture and thinking, are explored. The article substantiates the importance of an inclusive, connective strategy in culture and anthropology, which allows us to find new dimensions of human essence.