Essay Sets Research Articles

Fate of methane in aquatic systems dominated by free-floating plants

Worldwide the area of free-floating plants is increasing, which can be expected to alter methane (CH4) emissions from aquatic systems in several ways. A large proportion of the CH4 produced may become oxidized below the plants due to the accumulation of CH4 as a result of a decrease in the diffusive water-atmosphere flux and the entrapment of part of the ebullitive CH4, in combination with suitable conditions for methane oxidizing (MOX) bacteria in the aerobic rhizosphere. We used a set of essays to test this hypothesis and to explore the effect of different densities for three widespread free-floating species: Azolla filiculoides, Salvinia natans, and Eichhornia crassipes. The gas exchange velocity, proportion of CH4 bubbles trapped by the plants, occurrence of radial oxygen loss from roots, and MOX rates on the roots were assessed. We subsequently used the outcome of these experiments to parameterize a simple model. With this model we estimated the proportion of the produced CH4 that is oxidized, for different plant species and different densities. We found that in a shallow (1 m) system up to 70% of the CH4 produced may become oxidized as a result of a strong decrease in gas exchange combined with high MOX activity of the rhizosphere microbiome. As floating plants also are likely to increase CH4 production by organic matter production, especially when their presence induces anaerobic conditions, the overall effect on CH4 emission will strongly depend on local conditions. This explains the contrasting effects of floating plants on CH4 emissions in literature as reviewed here. As the effect of floating plants on CH4 emissions, including the high MOX rates we show here, can be substantial, there is an urgent need to consider this impact when assessing greenhouse gas budgets.

The Peculiar Business of Politics

This essay stems from Jim Dorn’s invitation to encapsulate my recent book, Politics as a Peculiar Business: Insights from a Theory of Entangled Political Economy (Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar, 2016). Where standard political economy treats states as singular entities that intervene into economies, I treat states as networks of peculiar enterprises that operate inside a society’s market arrangements. This peculiar quality ramifies throughout a society. To be successful, political enterprises must raise sufficient revenue to return profits to investors. Those profits are disguised through indirect transactions and ideological formulations, but are profits all the same. There is thus a simple explanation for why political enterprises grow relative to commercial enterprises: they grow because they offer higher returns to relevant investors than what those investors could obtain through commercial enterprises. The analytical challenge a theory of entangled political economy must face is to explain the profit-seeking reality of the sub-system of political enterprises that operates inside a society. This essay sets forth the main analytical features of this alternative scheme of political economy, and closes by considering possible implications for efforts to limit the reach of the political within society.

Forum: Insiders, Outsiders, and Disclosure in the Undergraduate Classroom

AbstractIn this set of essays, three authors provide different perspectives on whether personal religious sensibilities and identities affect the ways we teach religion. Elliott Bazzano discusses how, as a white Muslim convert teaching at a Catholic college, he incorporates selective autobiographical anecdotes into his classes as a way to problematize the meaning of “insider” and “outsider,” and pushes his students to recognize the many layers of identity that any given person embodies at a given time. In the second essay, Audrey Truschke explains why she makes no reference to her own religious beliefs or affiliations in class as part of her strategy to demonstrate how students can study any religion regardless of personal convictions. In the third essay, Jayme Yeo explores the benefits of discussing personal religious identity as a means to resist the categories of “inside” and “outside,” which she sees as heterogeneous concepts that do not always offer explanatory power upon close examination.

Book Review: Poetry and the Religious Imagination: The Power of the Word

Poetry and the Religious Imagination: The of the Word. Edited by Francesca Bugliani Knox and David Lonsdale. Famham, Surrey: Ashgate Publishing, 2015. xii + 268 pp. $109.95 (cloth).This valuable and unusual volume is the product of a 2011 Power of the Word conference held at Heythrop College, University of London. It provides North American readers with a valuable sample of the rich crossdisciplinary theological and literary scholarship being carried forward in Great Britain, especially in Scotland, by such groups as the Centre for Literature, Theology and the Arts at Glasgow University and the Institute for Theology, Imagination and the Arts at St. Andrews University.What is offered is a richly allusive set of essays, featuring an exemplary range of poets examined by an unusual range of academic and non-academic contributors. These contributors deliberately and deliberatively cross disciplinary lines, while still maintaining their own disciplinary integrity. Philosophers and theologians read literature as philosophers and theologians. Poets and poet-critics read philosophy and theology as poets and poet-critics. What emerges is a case study in effective cross-disciplinary reflection, one that illustrates the essential porousness of academic boundaries too often defended in North America as all but imperially sacrosanct.The collection includes an essay dealing directly with Aquinas as poet (in a surprising and exhilarating new take), as well as essays, as one would expect in such a volume, on more canonically recognizable poets-Dante, Shakespeare, Eliot, Rilke, and Levertov. But the breadth of allusion and ancillary reference-ranging from Hopkins and Heaney to Heidegger and Derrida- is large and often powerfully suggestive. The bibliographies following each essay are equally wide-ranging.In keeping with the Jesuit auspices of the 2011 symposium, Thomas Aquinas and Ignatius of Loyola are in many ways the tutelary spirits of this volume. Nonetheless, the collection reflects a Roman Catholic sensibility that is in fact catholic in the widest sense. How often does a reader find essays on Aquinas as Latin poet and Stevens as theologian manque in a single volume? (Olivier-Thomas Venard OP on Poetic Audacity in Thomas Aquinas, and John McDade assessing Wallace Stevens on God, Imagination and Reality.) And how often in a single essay does one come across detailed analyses of a film like Terrence Maliek's The Tree of Life and a project like the St. …

Book Review: Faith and Feminism: Ecumenical Essays

Faith and Feminism: Ecumenical Essays. Edited by B. Diane Lipsett and Phyllis Trible. Louisville, Ky.: Westminster John Knox Press, 2014. xiii + 273 pp. $35.00 (paper).The relation of faith and feminism is constituted hy multiple arrays of difference-religious commitments; race, ethnicity, nationality, language; social location, economic position, access to resources of many sorts; choice of cognate disciplines, whether anthropology, social theory, linguistics, literary theory, or archaeology-and of course by how gender is itself constructed in the interaction of these differences. This book of fifteen essays brings together what might be considered a Babel of voices into something that might well provoke the favored side of Pentecost, hearing each speak in voices we may recognize.The introduction by the editors uses these two biblical stories to frame a set of essays in three areas: Biblical Studies, Interreligious Ventures, and Theology and Ethics. Contributors come from five continents, and are active participants in Muslim and Christian communities of faith. In this compilation, Women speak their stories and hear the stories of others. But the speaking and hearing do not always coincide-nor need they. The results may yield blessing, perplexity, or even dismissal. (So Scripture reports the human condition under heaven.) (p. 6). This is an exercise in learning to appreciate plurality and the conflicts as well as the richness it involves.Each of the three sections offers faith-grounded perspectives on pressing contemporary issues. Phyllis Trible reads Genesis 1 as advocating not dominion over the earth but responsibility in a hierarchy involving all creatures in promoting the goodness of creation. Here, humans have the greatest responsibility, not the greatest license. Hisako Kinukawa sees Jesus' sharp, even hostile response to the Syrophoenician woman as rejection of food distribution disparities between rural producing areas and urban consumer ones. Her riposte reminds him that among the privileged, many still suffer inequities. Ulrike Bechmann notes that interreligious dialogue often focuses on Abraham the patriarch, as if Judaism, Christianity, and Islam speak with one voice about him. Better, she argues, to begin with Sarah and Hagar: doing so starts with the difference and conflict and uses this as a tool for social analysis and as a warning in order to find a different way (p. 175). This focus also challenges and decenters the focus on patriarchy in all three religions.Many of these essays look at the fraught relation between religion and secularity in geopolitical realities of colonialism and neocolonialism, today subsumed under the notion of a War on Terror. …

Nietzsche and Spinoza: Thinking Freedom

Nietzsche’s concept of freedom is premised upon a conception of the relationship between freedom and necessity; here I examine that concept of freedom against the background of the philosophy of Spinoza. Both offer powerful accounts of how freedom and necessity might be reconciled; this essay sets out the difference between them by breaking the problem down into those of selfhood, time, reason and culture. It is concluded that for Nietzsche freedom is always premised upon a relationship of the self to itself, whereas for Spinoza it devolves on a relationship between self and others.

Introduction to Section III: Deweyan Growth in Practice

Introduction to Section III: Deweyan Growth in Practice

Freedom from the Stranglehold of Time: Shelley's Visionary Conception in Queen Mab

Notwithstanding ground-breaking studies of Queen Mab, the visionary scope of the work remains largely neglected. The present essay sets out to explore the vision and to show how the concern with Time is integral to it, and not just a framing device for Mab's overview of past, present and future that forms the greater substance of the whole work. The poem envisions the possibility of overcoming time's dominion or at least of coming to terms with it. The reach of the poem encompasses and extends beyond history, the repository of memory and recorded time, thus placing the attack on society within a visionary conceptualization that has no clear boundaries at all, and necessarily so. Shelley's intent is to open up discourse, to saturate his work with thinking that, from the broadest possible imaginary perspective and given his own personal stamp, disrupts time-bound presuppositions that confine human lives within the narrow limits that imprison them.

The Knowledge Bubble Something Amiss in Expertopia

Contemporary legal thought aims at a variety of different objectives: explanation, understanding, interpretation, edification, elucidation, observation, critique, narrative, norm-selection, norm-justification, political action — any of these and more, including all manner of hybrids. In U.S. law schools (particularly the elite schools) there is now an ascendant genre that might be called “knowledge production.” This genre is intellectually sophisticated, technically rigorous, methodologically scrupulous, and theoretically conversant. Its overt aim is to produce a piece of knowledge that is definitive, enduring, and if at all possible, unassailable. The most notable qualities of this genre are expertise and mastery. This essay sets forth a series of challenges and problems for knowledge production. The idea is that knowledge production efforts must successfully negotiate the challenges and problems described herein to successfully achieve their ambitions — the production of knowledge. Nonetheless, most knowledge production efforts in American legal thought seem to be only dimly aware of these challenges and problems. Instead, these difficulties are typically bypassed in order to get on with the knowledge production enterprise. Somewhat vexingly, however, it is precisely the failure to address and negotiate these difficulties that precludes so much knowledge production in law from actually yielding knowledge in any deep sense of the term. The essay concludes with a description of why and how this matters intellectually, aesthetically, economically, morally, politically, and critically.

The Ethics of Visual Culture

AbstractTo introduce this set of essays on visual ethics, I address the conceptual and methodological contours, as well as difficult theoretical questions, that might emerge with a visual turn in religious ethics. In addition I situate the work represented in this focus issue within ongoing conversations about moral perception, culture as a topic of normative analysis, and the various roles of visual culture in the moral life.

Out of Time, or Anderson's National Temporality Revisited

In his influential study Imagined Communities, Benedict Anderson makes the claim that a novel conception of time is inaugurated by the introduction of nations: in contrast to the agrarian sense of time as cyclical and characterised by recurrence, the time of the nation is linear, homogeneous and empty. This notion of temporality is drawn from an earlier work by Walter Benjamin, who posits the linearity of traditional historiography with what he refers to as Messianic time, which is to be understood as a temporality where the moment of redemption is an ever-present potentiality. This essay sets out to delineate these three notions of time, and then goes on to discuss this third temporality in greater detail. First, it can be considered as a psychological time, or a mind time, that governed by traumatic encounters. This sense is shown as a strictly logical time in the work of Jacques Lacan. Second, it is a time of grace, in the sense that it is governed by necessity. Blaise Pascal and the Jansenists went to great length to refute the dominant notion of grace as sufficient. If there is an instance that determines events, then the means by which this instance governs can only be a necessary cause. Finally, the work of Benedict Anderson, and particularly a later article in his corpus, is reconsidered. Here, Anderson argues that the effects of globalization have to some extent rendered the temporal linearity of nationalism obsolete. It is therefore apt to consider what a time after nationalism will be like.

Investigating the Application of Automated Writing Evaluation to Chinese Undergraduate English Majors: A Case Study of WriteToLearn

This study investigated the application of WriteToLearn on Chinese undergraduate English majors’ essays in terms of its scoring ability and the accuracy of its error feedback. Participants were 163 second-year English majors from a university located in Sichuan province who wrote 326 essays from two writing prompts. Each paper was marked by four human raters as well as WriteToLearn. Many-facet Rasch measurement (MFRM) was conducted to calibrate WriteToLearn’s rating performance in scoring the whole set of essays against those of four trained human raters. The accuracy of WriteToLearn’s feedback on 60 randomly selected essays was compared with the feedback provided by human raters. The two main findings related to scoring were that WriteToLearn was more consistent but highly stringent relative to the four trained human raters in scoring essays and that it failed to score 7 essays. In terms of error feedback, WriteToLearn had an overall precision and recall of 49% and 18.7% respectively. These figures did not meet the minimum threshold of 90% precision for it to be a reliable error detecting tool set by Burstein, Chodorow, and Leacock (2003). Furthermore, it had difficulty in identifying the errors made by Chinese undergraduate English majors in the use of articles, prepositions, word choice and expression.

Resistance, Liberation, and Aesthetics in the Early Novels of Alex La Guma

Alex La Guma, the late South African Coloured novelist and short-story writer, died in exile in Cuba in 1985. Until his death, he was clearly the most ambitious novelist in South Africa of the apartheid era. Even while he was in exile, he kept in touch with the momentum of the anti-apartheid struggle, which culminated in the abrogation of apartheid and the attainment of independence with the ascendance of Nelson Mandela as South Africa’s first non-white president in 1994. Resistance and liberation are unmistakably the credos enshrined in La Guma’s fiction. But these thematic preoccupations did not distract him from his calling as a consummate writer who also needed to pay particular attention to the dictates of the art of fiction in his novels and short stories. Thus, in his fiction we find a true blend or matrix of resistance, liberation, and aesthetics. This essay sets out to unravel the trajectory of La Guma’s depiction of this matrix in some of his early novels which, by and large, could be said to have anticipated the revolutionary imperatives of his later fiction.

Piegare la nota: Contrappunto e dramma in Verdi by Marcello Conati

Piegare la nota: Contrappunto e dramma in Verdi. By Marcello Conati. (Historiae Musicae Cultores, vol. 127.) Firenze: Leo S. Olschki, 2014. [xxii, 212 p. ISBN 9788822263094. i 26.] Illustrations, bibliographic references, index.Rivers of ink have been spilled about Giuseppe Verdi. General books about his life and music do not always make the most of new research and analysis, but Marcello Conati's Piegare la nota, contrappunto e dramma in Verdi is, without doubt, a relevant addition to the literature on Verdi. Although the book does not present new material, it provides a cohesive collection of essays written by the scholar from 1969 to 2006, previously accessible only individually within various conference proceedings or academic journals. All are now available in one volume, assembled by Olschki. Fifty years of research demonstrate Conati's significant interest in and passion for this operatic composer.The title of the book, Piegare la nota: Contrappunto e dramma in Verdi, alludes to the significance of counterpoint and of traditional rules, as expressed by Verdi himself. In fact, the composer received, as a youth, a framework of strict studies in composition as passed down through the generations. These fundamental compositional studies were based on the great Neapolitan school, which Verdi considered essential for every student, as Conati affirms in the introduction, in which he examines the importance of Verdi's training. It stands to reason that Verdi's music can be understood in light of the education he received.The preamble, despite being dedicated to counterpoint and harmony in Verdi, only touches on these aspects of compositional practice and the central place they were to take in molding his future career. This initial section might have benefited from the development of deeper insights into counterpoint-dedicated analysis, particularly by use of an example of the composition process. This would have been illuminating, given the author's substantial knowledge of Verdi's works. This is the only shortcoming of the volume, which I maintain should form part of any serious collection of literature devoted to a proper understanding of Giuseppe Verdi.These nine ricognizioni (or essays) retrace the important stages of the composer's career, from the beginning with Oberto until his maturity, when he composed the Pezzi sacri (sacred works), discussing various topics related to Verdi's operas. Conati's Piegare la nota covers more than Verdi's operas: each essay sets out to explore one distinct aspect of Verdi's compositional practice, and sometimes the related facets of staging and dramaturgy. They also provide us with fascinating and relevant documents, such as the press reviews of Oberto found in the first ricognizione, which highlight how this work merits attention as a specific case study.The first essay discusses the international reception of the La Scala premiere of Oberto, Conte di San Bonifacio, and elucidates the judgments and prejudices shown towards this early work. In doing so, Conati explores one of the most overlooked of Verdi's operas, his very first. The subsequent essay is concerned with the genesis of the first performance of Verdi's Macbeth. Many aspects of the production stage of the work are documented through the testimony of critics and the chronicles of those attending, and also through elements drawn from the composer's correspondence. The technical solutions chosen by Verdi and documented by Conati not only shed light on the first Macbeth performance but also provide the reader with detailed insights into nineteenth-century theatrical life (similar solutions are analyzed in the sixth essay in relation to the first version of Simon Boccanegra in 1857, in which different aspects of lighting and visual staging effects are documented thoroughly). What this essay confirms is Verdi's professed drive for consistency in his desired dramaturgical effects; Conati's work testifies to the centrality of these effects in Verdi's creative process. …

基于突发事件的青岛市山东路抗毁性评价体系研究

山东路作为青岛市城区最主要的交通干道之一，每天会有大量的居民途经于此，伴随着道路上交通量的增大，突发事件发生的频率也在不断加大，若考虑自然灾害，对居民的出行造成了不小的影响。不仅如此，突发事件对于政府也会造成很大的经济损失。本文以道路通行时间为评价道路抗毁性的基本指标，建立了突发事件下的由道路路阻和信号交叉口延误共同决定的道路抗毁性评价模型，为政府提供可靠的决策依据并为市民提供安全有效的出行指导。 Shandong Road as one of the main roads of Qingdao, the traffic volume of this road is very huge every day. Along with the increase of traffic on the road, the frequency of the emergency also rises. The emergency, such as natural disasters, has a lot of effects on the residents’ travel. In addition, the emergency can also cause great economic loss to the government. Based on the traffic time as basic index to evaluate the road invulnerability, by the road impedance under the emergency and the signal intersection delay, the essay sets up an invulnerability evaluation model of road to provide reliable decision basis for the government and a safe and effective travel guide for citizen.

Maria Edgeworth on Citizenship: Rousseau, Darwin, and Feminist Pessimism in Practical Education

This essay challenges prevailing assumptions about the particular stance toward gender equality that emerges in Maria Edgeworth’s Practical Education (1798), a matter of importance as the treatise is now being used to shed light on the political nuances of Edgeworth’s fiction. Despite countering Jean-Jacques Rousseau’s Emile (1762) on logistical and feminist grounds with accounts of her family’s home-schooling methods, Practical Education is neither the simple rejoinder to Rousseau nor the simple affirmation of Edgeworth’s feminism that critical consensus suggests. Rather, it is a densely written set of exploratory essays in which Edgeworth tests a gender-neutral ideal of civic training against the conflicting imperatives of early and adolescent education. Her investigations reflect her understanding of Emile as a work of political philosophy in which Rousseau imagines the education of the ideal citizen; centrally she endorses Rousseau’s contention that communities are best served by members who have grown up with a robust sense of self-worth. She supplements Rousseau’s political theory with principles of cognitive and behavioral psychology set out by Erasmus Darwin in Zoonomia; or, the Laws of Organic Life (1794, 1796). Darwin likewise urges the importance of self-reliance to individual and social health. He additionally offers a gender-neutral model of learning that Edgeworth cites extensively in her descriptions of the enlightened classroom, where individuals’ aptitudes take precedence over gender and where girls and boys alike are encouraged to view themselves as contributors to civil society. Thus Edgeworth’s synthesis of Rousseau and Darwin sets the conditions for a complete overhaul of gendered epistemology and ethics. Edgeworth’s final chapters, however, implicitly cast doubt on the possibility of extending her most cherished pedagogic and civic ideals to the later education of adolescent girls. Therefore, an analysis of Edgeworth’s Rousseau-Darwin dialogue simultaneously raises the stature of Practical Education as a work of ideas and complicates its relevance to the thread of feminist satire running throughout her novels.

The Civil War Guerrilla: Unfolding the Black Flag in History, Memory, and Myth by Joseph M. Beilein Jr., Matthew C. Hulbert

Reviewed by: The Civil War Guerrilla: Unfolding the Black Flag in History, Memory, and Myth by Joseph M. Beilein Jr., Matthew C. Hulbert Scott Thompson The Civil War Guerrilla: Unfolding the Black Flag in History, Memory, and Myth. By Joseph M. Beilein Jr. and Matthew C. Hulbert. (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2015. Pp. vii, 245.) The contributors to The Civil War Guerrilla, edited by Joseph M. Beilein Jr. and Matthew C. Hulbert, shed new light on irregular warfare during the Civil War and its place in American memory. The editors symbolize their approach to irregular warfare with the black flag. According to contemporary writings, irregulars raised it to signal a fight to the death. However, no such flags can be found in any archive. The volume’s essays “unfold the black flag,” tracing “both guerrillas and our perceptions of them from history to memory to myth” (11). Contributors refute the long-standing popular and scholarly view of the guerrilla as a merciless, apolitical villain. They engage Michael Fellman’s view of irregulars as participants in a sociopathic war. The volume also builds on Daniel Sutherland’s work demonstrating that local insurgencies shaped the outcome of the national Civil War. The volume ultimately seeks to explore and reassess the Civil War irregular’s place in American culture and history. Writing at a time of major growth in the irregular warfare subfield, this volume’s essays make an important contribution to Civil War studies. They do so by expanding the profile of the Civil War irregular soldier and by writing a new chapter in the story of how Americans have remembered the Civil War. Moreover, they succeed in disproving mythical stereotypes of irregular warfare and introducing new ways of researching this type of combat. The first set of essays examines the nature and participants of Civil War irregular warfare. Christopher Phillips highlights the ideological nature of irregular warfare in the western border states. Contesting the belief that irregulars were nihilists with personalized motives, Phillips cites official reports revealing that irregular activity erupted in response to the Unionist’s effort at emancipation. Andrew William Fialka uses GIS mapping technology to show that rather than being unpredictable and chaotic, Missouri’s irregular war had a larger order. His findings include that irregulars targeted Union soldiers more often than civilians and cooperated with the regular Confederate Army. In a comparative piece that expands the geographic boundaries of irregular warfare studies, David Brown and Patrick Doyle explore how the more commercial and politically divided North Carolina Piedmont underwent an acute irregular conflict, but the South Carolina Piedmont, located in the pro-Confederate cotton belt, never witnessed a large degree of guerrilla violence. Incorporating new racial groups into the story of Civil War irregular warfare, Megan Kate Nelson explores how Native Americans preserved a centuries-long guerilla tradition and conducted ambushes that [End Page 88] doomed Henry Sibley’s campaign to implement the Confederate dream of a western slave empire. Memory studies populate the second half of the volume. Hulbert’s piece on guerrilla memory reveals that the memoir of Thomas M. Goodman formed a part of the Civil War “memory industry.” Goodman portrayed “Bloody” Bill Anderson’s guerrillas as inhuman and sadistic to counter the border West’s “irregular Lost Cause” and to ensure that the sacrifices of Union soldiers fighting in the Kansas-Missouri irregular war would be remembered. John C. Inscoe discusses how the American public started to understand irregular warfare through literary fiction and theatrical productions about Appalachia in the 1860s. Unionist and pro-Confederate writers and playwrights venerated their favored side’s irregulars and demonized those of the enemy. In his essay, Rod Andrew Jr. examines the interaction between myth and fact in the story of Manse Jolly, a postbellum outlaw hero who resisted what white Southerners termed “Yankee tyranny” and “negro rule.” Beilein’s work “explores ... the process by which Confederate guerrillas ... have been wrapped in myth and hyperbole” (10). After hiding his intentions from former Confederate guerrilla William Gregg, who agreed to help conduct his research, amateur historian William Connelley selectively cited Gregg’s memoir to paint William Quantrill’s Confederate irregulars as blood-thirsty monsters motivated by self...

Geächtet, verboten, vertrieben: Österreichische Musiker 1934–1938–1945 ed. by Hartmut Krones

Reviewed by: Geächtet, verboten, vertrieben: Österreichische Musiker 1934–1938–1945 ed. by Hartmut Krones Vincent Kling Hartmut Krones, ed., Geächtet, verboten, vertrieben: Österreichische Musiker 1934–1938–1945. Schriften des Wissenschaftzentrums Arnold Schönberg 1. Vienna: Böhlau, 2013. 608 pp. Krones has assembled a wide-ranging set of essays on composers, performing musicians, managers, and publishers who were, as the title says, ostracized, barred from professional activity, or driven out during the two consecutive periods of Austrian fascism, the years of the Ständestaat and those of National Socialism. He hastens to discourage direct comparison between the “mere” stringency of the first period and the monstrosity of the second, but parallels are depressingly consistent through similar techniques of defamation, denial of funding or confiscation of existing resources, and blockage of access to publication and performance. The essays, most of them addresses from various conferences in Vienna, Linz, New York, Mexico City, and Jalapa—all under the auspices of the “Wissenschaft szentrum Arnold Schönberg” and other institutions—are arranged roughly chronologically from the Austrian civil war of February 1934 to the defeat of Nazism in April 1945. The first division addresses the politics of the corporative state, its activities given prominence because it moved so aggressively to stifle the music of the Second Vienna School, as it is known, by ensuring that its composers could not make a living (10) and by emptying the treasuries of the organizations that sustained them. Krones establishes the point in a long and minutely detailed essay (39–116). Anita Mayer-Hirzberger documents further how many musicians were forced to emigrate well before March 1938 in “. . . tausende Emigranten in allen benachbarten Ländern . . . : Zur Auswanderung ‘linker’ Musiker in der Zeit des österreichischen Ständestaates” (117–28). The essay by Matt hias Schmidt, “Freiheit und Legitimität: Ernst Krenek und die Kulturpolitik des Ständestaates” (129–41), may be of special interest to scholars of literature, [End Page 110] because Krenek’s simultaneous drive toward experiments like dodecaphonism, which aroused official distrust, and self-definition through Austrian tradition, such as his requisitioning Schubert in his song cycle Reisebuch aus den österreichischen Alpen, proved untenable in a regime that dictated the form, theme, and content of works of art. Identifying with Schubert’s need to depict das Unwiederbringliche, laboring under anxiety about clearly imminent massive changes, Krenek developed the same kind of conservative, anti-progressive attitude that came to characterize Franz Werfel and Karl Kraus during the same era; Krenek subscribed to authoritarian rule and to the österreichische Idee of the former monarchy’s civilizing mission at the very moment when he was being defamed as a “Kulturbolschewik” (133). Indicatively, his opera Karl V., which dates from those years, was first performed only decades later, and against widespread passive opposition, at the Vienna State Opera. The essays on music under National Socialism (143–284) do not require as much specification here, since they scarcely cover new ground, though Hugo Schanovsky’s work on Linz during that era (197–201) adds considerable detail. Before taking up the topic of emigration itself, two methodological essays provide a kind of interlude; these are Claudia Maurer Zenck’s “Einige Überlegungen zur musikwissenschaftlichen Exilforschung” (251–58) and Horst Weber’s “Exilforschung und Musikgeschichtsschreibung” (259–84). Three places of exile are examined: Great Britain (373–433) and the United States (435–502), as one would expect, but also a section on Austrian musicians in Latin America (503–62). Finally, two essays about life in the concentration camps, one general and one specifically about the vocal works Viktor Ullmann composed in Theresianstadt, end the main contributions. In addition to his foreword, Krones precedes the main contributions with a helpful overview, “12. Februar 1934 bis 27. April 1945: 4092 Tage Ächtung, Verbot, Vertreibung und Ermordung österreichischer Musik(er)” (13–27) and concludes them with a Podiumsdiskussion held at a conference in Vienna (593–608). Despite its merits, this book is a strange compendium. We learn, for example, that none other than the seemingly model Nazi married couple, Kle-mens Krauss and Viorica Ursuleac, were instrumental in protecting and helping Jewish colleagues, but this relatively new information is offered in an essay that mainly...

The State of Ohio History: A Roundtable Discussion

The State of Ohio HistoryA Roundtable Discussion Gregory S. Wilson (bio), L. Diane Barnes (bio), Kevin F. Kern (bio), David J. Merkowitz (bio), and Donna M. DeBlasio (bio) introduction Gregory S. Wilson This past year, I challenged a talented group of colleagues to consider the state of Ohio history and present their ideas at the Ohio Academy of History annual meeting in 2015. I meant for us to contemplate both research about Ohio, as well how we teach and present that history in Ohio’s schools and its public history settings. Happily, they accepted. Stemming from that conversation, L. Diane Barnes commissioned the following set of essays for publication here. Several things prompted my concern, and many of them are described in the following pages. My colleague at the University of Akron, Kevin F. Kern, and I coauthored a new state history of Ohio, and I thought it might be an opportune moment to step back and examine how we tell the story of a state, and whether telling that story remained important and useful, or even just plain interesting.1 Many years into the “cultural turn” in the discipline of history, and with more attention paid to global and transnational histories, [End Page 7] whither the focus on something so seemingly trite as a state, let alone Ohio, an entity rarely associated outside the state with anything besides blandness, deindustrialization, and football? I had wondered, too, how the teaching of Ohio’s history fared both in the public schools and at the college level. Having worked with teachers from across Ohio, as well as history professionals working outside academe, I also thought it wise to consider how Ohio’s history is faring in public history settings across the state. What stories, if any, are we telling—and hearing—about Ohio’s history? The results of these musings are the ideas, questions, and suggestions penned below from L. Diane Barnes, Kevin F. Kern, David J. Merkowitz, and Donna M. DeBlasio. I thank each of them for their contributions. Together, they demonstrate that the people of Ohio remain interested in history generally and in the history of Ohio in particular. But they caution us, in various ways, to be alert for just how and why that history is being used, threats to history as a professional subject and discipline, and how it is being taught and studied. To paraphrase a famous quotation, the price of critically engaged, supported, and relevant history is eternal vigilance. Together these essays highlight the past foundation of Ohio history and offer important pleas for new directions in the study, teaching, and presentation of Ohio’s rich, compelling, and important history. part i: the ohio history journal L. Diane Barnes As editor of the Ohio History journal, I have been thinking a lot about state history and whether it has outlived its usefulness as a category of study, perspective, and analysis. I think maybe it has, at least in its current practice. The ways that state history has been conceived and approached in the last fifty years (maybe one hundred years) has changed little. This failure of practitioners of Ohio history to keep up with the times created an impression of the field as anachronistic and backward looking. Scholarly submissions to the journal have remained fairly constant and centered around just a few subjects: state politics and politicians, state development and infrastructure, and war, with a little of abolitionism, civil rights, and the Kent State shootings thrown in for good measure. This persistent trend continues today, and I am as guilty as earlier editors of maintaining [End Page 8] the old guard. A recent volume, for example, included a cogent essay exploring the influence of Thomas Jefferson’s 1801 religious liberty letter to the Danbury, Connecticut, Baptists on the framers of the 1803 Ohio Constitution. Another examined James A. Garfield’s front-porch campaign for the presidency, while a third considered the intersection of slavery, race, and regional identity in Ohio during the early republic.2 Excellent scholarship drove all of these essays, and the historiography of the state advanced in each area; however, these same subjects might have appeared in the Ohio History of a...

Lens of War: Exploring Iconic Photographs of the Civil War

Lens of grew out of an invitation to leading historians of the Civil War to select and reflect upon a single photograph. Each could choose any image and interpret it in personal and scholarly terms. The result is a remarkable set of essays by twenty-seven scholars whose numerous volumes on the Civil War have explored military, cultural, political, African American, women s, and environmental history. The essays describe a wide array of photographs and present an eclectic approach to the assignment, organized by topic: Leaders, Soldiers, Civilians, Victims, and Places. Readers will rediscover familiar photographs and figures examined in unfamiliar ways, as well as discover little-known photographs that afford intriguing perspectives. All the images are reproduced with exquisite care. Readers fascinated by the Civil War will want this unique book on their shelves, and lovers of photography will value the images and the creative, evocative reflections offered in these essays. Contributors: Stephen Berry, William A. Blair, Stephen Cushman, Gary W. Gallagher, J. Matthew Gallman, Judith A. Giesberg, Joseph T. Glatthaar, Thavolia Glymph, Earl J. Hess, Harold Holzer, Caroline E. Janney, James Marten, Kathryn Shively Meier, Megan Kate Nelson, Susan Eva O Donovan, T. Michael Parrish, Ethan S. Rafuse, Carol Reardon, James I. Robertson Jr., Jane E. Schultz, Aaron Sheehan-Dean, Brooks D. Simpson, Daniel E. Sutherland, Emory M. Thomas, Elizabeth R. Varon, Joan Waugh, Steven E. Woodworth.