Essais De Research Articles

Heroes and Dilettantes: The Action Francaise, Le Sillon, and the Generation of 1905-14

In the spring of 1912, a series of articles entitled Les jeunes gens d'aujourd'hui appeared in the popular Parisian journal L'Opinion. Its authors were two intellectuals, Henri Massis and Alfred de Tarde, who wrote under the pseudonym and announced that France's new generation-the majority of her budding intelligentsia between the ages of eighteen and twenty-five-was rejecting the moral and intellectual foundations of the liberal republic established by its fathers and grandfathers. Claiming to have surveyed a significant proportion of the students at Paris' elite lyce'es and grandes e'coles, Agathon reported that the new youths offered a striking contrast to their elders, specifically, to the generation of men who came of age around 1885. This latter group, according to Agathon, was characterized by social and political liberalism, resigned pacifism, and philosophical materialism, all traits corresponding to the psychological orientation which Paul Bourget had labelled dilettantism in his Essais de psychologie contemporaine of 1882.1 Dilettantism, wrote Massis and de Tarde, represents that dispersed being in whom the bundle of energies is relaxed; it is the inca-

Influence of the crystallographic parameters of the grain boundary/grains system on the intergranular precipitation of austenite in a ferritic iron-nickel alloy

The object of the research described in the present paper was to analyse the crystallographic parameters which may influence the formation on heating of austenite at ferrite grain boundaries in a Fe-4% Ni alloy. In polycrystals, as opposed to bicrystals, the influence of the equilibrium structure of grain boundaries of the parent phase seems to be negligible; this can be attributed to the relatively close energies of the random and moreover impure boundaries. On the other hand, extrinsic dislocations, which are the main non-equilibrium components of the intergranular structure, act as preferential nucleation sites. The morphology and the growth of the precipitates were strongly influenced by the misorientation between the ferrite grain boundary plane and the nearest possible low-energy ferrite-austenite interface in each grain. The observation of apparently single crystals of massive ferrite, which derived by cooling from austenite and developed on both sides of some grain boundaries was interpreted by a particular orientation relationship between the two original adjoining grains. Finally an attempt of a morphological classification of the intergranular coherent or partially coherent precipitates was made on the basis of the complex crystallographic «grain-boundary/grains/prec Analyse des parametres cristallographiques qui interviennent dans la formation, pendant chauffage, d'austenite aux joints de grains de ferrite dans un alliage Fe-4% Ni. Dans les polycristaux contrairement aux bicristaux, la structure d'equilibre du joint de grains de la phase mere ne joue pas un grand role. Les dislocations extrinseques sont des sites de germination preferentiels. La morphologie et la croissance des precipites sont fortement influencees par la desorientation dans chaque grain de ferrite entre le plan du joint et l'interface ferrite-austenite de faible energie la plus proche. Essai de classement des differentes morphologies des precipites intergranulaires

Piaget's Grouping II: The model, its assessment, and the effects of training

Although Piaget emphasized the importance of negation in equilibration theory, few data are available pertaining to children's use of Grouping II (Gr. II) logic, which relies on negation. Three approaches to assessing Gr. II capability are reviewed in light of Piaget's (1949, Traité de logique: Essai de logistique opératoire, Paris: Colin) discussion of Gr. II. The paper describes a new task to assess three aspects of Gr. II thought: (a) naming secondary classes, (b) comparing a secondary class with a primary class contained within it, and (c) reasoning about vicariance relationships. An experimental group of third graders trained to use Gr. II logic performed significantly better on post-test tasks than did an untrained control group. Training included rule instruction, evaluative and informative feedback, and manipulative activities.

The Linking of Spinoza to Chinese Thought by Bayle and Malebranche

The Linking of Spinoza to Chinese Thought by Bayle and Malebranche YUEN-TING LAI THERE IS ONE ASPECT of Spinoza's thought which has largely escaped the attention of Spinoza scholars in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries: the linkage of his philosophy to Chinese thought. This aspect has not been totally forgotten; it has had a sporadic history. Bayle and Malebranche led the way in creating this link, and their opinions were echoed in the eighteenth century by Count Henri de Boulainvillier, Jean Levesque de Burigny, Anthony Collins, and Jean Baptiste de Boyer, better known as Marquis d'Argens. 2 Earlier in this century, the linkage resurfaced in studies comparing Spinoza with the Neo-Confucian philosopher Chu Hsi. ~ This was the work of scholars whose interests were basically focused on comparative philosophy . The parallelling of Chu Hsi's thought with Spinoza's found favor I am profoundly grateful to Richard H. Popkin who first interested me in this subject.An early version of this paper was part of the program celebrating the 35oth anniversary of the birth of Spinoza organized by the Societyfor Study of the History of Philosophy,December 27, 1982. Subsequent versions have been read to various colloquiaat the PhilosophyDepartments of Dalhousie University, Memorial University, and York University in 1983. I appreciate the comments and criticismreceived during and after these occasions. I am indebted to Thomas M. Lennon for his criticism, to George L. Stengren for letting me consult his translation of Malebranche 's Entretien and Avis touchant L'entretien and to David Graham for his advice on seventeenth -century usages in French. See Count Henri de Boulainvillier,Essai de m~taphysique, in Oeuvresphilosophiques (La Haye: M. Nijhoff, 1973-75), Vol. a; Jean Levesque de Burigny, Histoire de la philosophie payenne (La Haye, 1724), 2 volumes; Anthony Collins,Letter to DodweU on the Immortality of the Soul (London, 1769) and Jean Baptiste de Boyer, better known as Marquisd'Argens, Lettres chinoises (La Haye, 1739-4o). See Wing-Tsit Chan, "The Study of Chu Hsi in the West,"Journal of Asian Studies 35, No. 4: 555-75. [151] 152 JOURNAL OF THE HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY especially with J. P. Bruce and O. Graf, but other scholars such as W. E. Hocking, E. V. Zenker and Joseph Needham also made this connection. 4 In the last few years, comparisons of Spinoza and Oriental Philosophy have again been made by scholars, some of whom have strong interests in Spinoza , e.g., Paul Wienpahl, Jon Wetlesen, Arne Naess, and Siegfried Hessing. They connect aspects of his philosophy with Taoism, Neo-Confucianism, and, especially, Zen Buddhism. 5 The body of associated material provides interesting possibilities. For example, even a cursory examination shows that the linkage is usually based on two themes, monism and rationalism. Studies of this theoretical basis can perhaps prove to be sources of insight on perennial philosophy, My present interest, however, concerns its implications for the historian of philosophy. 6 The thesis of this paper is that Bayle's interest and Malebranche's interest are integral components of a little-known confrontation between Cartesianism and Neo-Confucianism, or what was then understood of it in Europe. I See J. P. Bruce, Chu Hsi and His Masters: an Introduction to Chu Hsi and the Sung School of Chinese Philosophy (London: Probsthain, 19z3); O. Graf, "Chu Hsi and Spinoza," Proceedings of the Tenth International Congress of Philosophy (Amsterdam, 1949), Vol. 1:238-42 and Dschu Hsi, Djin si lu, die sunkonfuzianische Summa mit dem Kommentar des Ya Tsai (Tokyo, Sofia University, 1953); W. E. Hocking, "Chu Hsi's Theory of Knowledge," Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 1, (1936): lo9-27; E. V. Zenker, Geschichteder chinesischenPhilosophie (Reichenberg, 1926-1927); and Joseph Needham, Science and Civilization of China (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1956), vol. 2. See Paul Wienpahl, The Radical Spinoza (New York: New York University Press, 1979); "Ch'an Buddhism, Western Thought, and the Concept of Substance," in Invitation to Chinese Philosophy, edited by Arne Naess and Alastair Hannay (Oslo, Bergen, Tromso: in Spinoza's Philosophy of Man, edited by Jon Wetlesen (Norway: Universitsforlaget, 1978), 211-94; Jon Wetlesen, The Sage and the Way (The Netherlands: Van Gorcum, Assen, 1979; New York: The...

Review. Essai de typologie narrative. Le 'point de vue'. Theorie et analyse. Lintvelt, Jaap

Journal Article REVIEWS Get access Essai de typologu narrative. Le apoint de vue. Théorie et analyse. By JAAP LINTVELT. Paris: Corti. 1981. 315 pp. ANN JEFFERSON ANN JEFFERSON OXFORD Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar French Studies, Volume XXXIX, Issue 1, January 1985, Pages 115–116, https://doi.org/10.1093/fs/XXXIX.1.115 Published: 01 January 1985

REVIEWS

Journal Article REVIEWS Get access Essai de typologu narrative. Le apoint de vue. Théorie et analyse. By JAAP LINTVELT. Paris: Corti. 1981. 315 pp. ANN JEFFERSON ANN JEFFERSON OXFORD Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar French Studies, Volume XXXIX, Issue 1, January 1985, Pages 115–116, https://doi.org/10.1093/fs/XXXIX.1.115 Published: 01 January 1985

Thermostabilisation du vaccin antiamaril 17D lyophilisé. I. Essai de substances protectrices

Une etude systematique a ete menee pour eprouver differentes substances susceptibles d'exercer un effet protecteur sur le titre infectieux du vaccin antiamaril 17D lyophilise soumis a une epreuve a 37°C. L'effet de glucides, acides amines et sels mineraux, sous differentes concentrations et associations, a ete examine et un melange thermostabilisant a ete retenu, capable de reduire a environ 0,35 log 10 u.f.p. la perte de titre du vaccin apres exposition a 37°C pendant deux semaines.

Diffusion du zinc dans GaAlSb et application à la photodétection infrarouge

Zinc diffusion was performed into n type Ga 1−x Al x Sb alloys (x≤0.20) grown by liquid phase epitaxy onto (111) GaSb substrates. The diffusion temperatures were 510°C, 550°C and 600°C. The diffusion was carried out in a closed system from zinc vapour phase. The diffusion profiles were determined with the help of a ionic microprobe. The effective diffusion coefficient was calculated. It is expressed as D eff =D 0 exp(−E 0 /kT) where D 0 =8 cm 2 s −1 and E 0 =1.92 eV for x=0.17. The zinc solubility limit and the zinc diffusion rate increased with the aluminium concentration of the alloy. MESA p + n photodiodes were prepared (O=300 μm). Diffused junctions are abrupt, with reverse currents (about 10μA) due to surface leakage. The spectral response was studied as a function of the alloy composition and junction depth. The best results were obtained with shallow junctions (0,4 μm). They show that Ga 0.85 Al 0.15 Sb and Ga 0.96 Al 0.04 Sb diffused p + n structures are adapted to 1.3 μm and 1.55 μm photodetection On decrit des essais de diffusion du zinc, a partir de la phase vapeur, dans les composes ternaires Ga 1−x Al x Sb de type n elabores par epitaxie en phase liquide, ainsi que la preparation, pour la premiere fois, de photodiodes MESA diffusees p + n a GaAlSb. Proprietes photoelectriques de telles structures; role de la composition de l'alliage et de la profondeur de jonction sur la reponse spectrale

Stress Rupture of Steels in High Pressure Hydrogen

Stress rupture tests on carbon and low alloy steels in argon and in high pressure hydrogen have shown a significant reduction of rupture times by hydrogen compared to argon.A model for stress rupture is presented which considers cavity growth by both gas pressure in the cavities resulting from hydrogen attack and stresses caused by external loads. A closed form solution is obtained for conditions of power law (dislocation) creep. Stress rupture data for a carbon steel, a 0.5%Mo-steel, and a 1% Cr-0.5 % Mo steel at 811K and hydrogen pressures of 2.7 and 6.2MPa are used to evaluate the model. Calculated methane pressures change parallel with the creep resistance of the steels rather than their carbon activity. Résumé Pour des aciers au carbone à faibles alliages soumis à de hautes pression d'hydrogène ou d'argon, des essais de contrainte à la rupture ont montré des temps de rupture significativement plus bas pour l'hydrogène.On présente ici un modèle pour l'étude des contraintes à la rupture. Il tient compte à la fois des contraintes dues aux charges externes et de la croissance des cavités résultant de la pression de l'hydrogène occlus. On obtient une solution analytique pour la fonction de fluage en forme ε = Kσn. On compare les résultats du modèle à des essais sur un acier au carbone, un acier 0.5% Mo et un acier 1% Cr-0.5 % Mo, à une température de 811°K et des pression d'hydrogéne de 2.7 et 6.2 MPa. Les pressions pour le méthane varient dans le même sens que la résistance au fluage des aciers plutôt qu'en fonction de leur activité en carbone.

The Cancun Summit and the NIEO Proposals

THE WORLD ECONOMIC ORDER: PAST AND PROSPECTS, edited by Sven Grassman INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC DISORDER: ESSA YS IN NORTH‐SOUTH RELATIONS, by Gerald K. Helleiner DU CONGO AU ZAÏRE 1960–1980: ESSAI DE BILAN, by A. Huybrechts, V. Y. Mudibme, L. Peeters, J. Vanderlinden, D. Van Der Steen and B. Verhaegen (Brussels: Centre de recherche et d'information socio‐politiques [CRISP], 1980) 420 pp., paperback 800 Belgian francs. POLICIES FOR INDUSTRIAL PROGRESS IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES, edited by John Cody, Helen Hughes and David Wall TOURISM: PASSPORT TO DEVELOPMENT?, edited by Emanuel de Kadt WHAT UNEMPLOYMENT MEANS, by Adrian Sinfield THE WORKLESS STATE, edited by Brian Showler and Adrian Sinfield WALTER LIPPMANN AND THE AMERICAN CENTURY, by Ronald Steel EEC AND THE THIRD WORLD: A SURVEY, edited by Christopher Stevens THE ECONOMIC THEORY OF THE STATE, by David K. Whynes and Roger A. Bowles, with a Foreword by Alan Peacock EAST EUROPEAN INTEGRATION AND EAST‐WEST TRADE, edited by Paul Marer and John Michael Montias MONETARISM OR PROSPERITY?. by Bryan Gould, John Mills and Shaun Stewart, with a Foreword by Peter Shore REVERSING ECONOMIC DECLINE, by John C. Carrington and George T. Edwards THE MULTINATIONAL MOTOR INDUSTRY, by George Maxcy and Erik Lundberg

An Early Eighteenth-Century Discussion of Musical Acoustics by Étienne Loulié

An Early Eighteenth-Century Discussion of Musical Acoustics by Étienne Loulié. Un article de la revue Canadian University Music Review / Revue de musique des universités canadiennes (Numéro 2, 1981, p. 1-240) diffusée par la plateforme Érudit.

Bréal, la sémantique et Saussure

Hans AARSLEFF: Bréal, la sémantique et Saussure. This essay presents an extension of arguments 1 have advanced in essays on «Bréal vs. Schleicher» and «Taine and Saussure». It is devoted to Bréal's linguistic thought, based both on the late Essai de sémantique and on his earlier essays, dating from the late 1860' s, on the same subject. The essay argues that Bréal's ' sémantique' is a ' linguistique générale', and that it was directed against Schleicher's organicism and its consequences. Bréal shifted the emphasis to the mindbound nature of language and linguistic processes, and in this context he developed concepts that recur in Saussure's linguistic thought as presented in the Cours. Thus we find in Bréal a conceptualization that includes such Saussurean concepts as diachrony, synchrony, valeur, structure, binary opposition, and syntagmatics. The essay argues that Saussure owed a substantial debt to Bréal. It is further argued that Bréal's thought is an expression of the late 19th-century reaction against the residue of romantic thought in scholarship. This turn of mind is best known under the term already then used: le réalisme.

Localisation De L'ecoulement Plastique En Traction Dans Un Materiau Insensible a La Vitesse De Deformation

The evolution of plastic flow is calculated along a tensile specimen containing an initial geometric or metallurgical defect. The computation is performed for the limiting case in which the material obeys a rate insensitive equation of plastic flow. In this approach, the specimen is considered as a set of N + 1 slices,and it is shown by means of a simple graphical method, that the localization of plastic flow, i.e. the necking process, begins at first slowly and then proceeds much more rapidly. The application of the Considere criterion to determine the onset of rapid flow localization is shown to lead to inaccurate results if the average strain is measured rather than the local strain in the weakest part of the defect. Résumé On étudie, au cours d'un essai de traction, l'évolution de la déformation plastique le long d'une éprouvette contenant initialement un défaut géométrique ou métallurgique. Le calcul est présenté dans le cas limite d'un matériau obéissant à une loi de comportement plastique insensible à la vitesse de déformation. En considérant l'éprouvette comme constituée de N + 1 tranches et en utilisant une méthode de résolution graphique, on montre de maniere simple que la localisation de l'ecoulement plastique dans la zone du défaut (développement de la striction) se produit d'abord lentement, puis d'une maniére beau coup plus rapide. On montre que l'application du critére de Considére pour la détermination du début de la localisation rapide de l'écoulement plastique n'est pas rigoureuse si la déformation de l'éprouvette est mesurée en moyenne selon la méthode usuelle.

The Alterity of Medieval Literature

ANS ROBERTJAUSS here gives an excellent account of three involved in reading old texts: first, immediate, prereflexive aesthetic experience; then awareness of of world of text; then discovery of meaning for us. I want to concentrate on second of these steps and make a few observations on how contributors to this issue treat what Jauss calls alterity of Middle Ages. My first observation is a general one. In very first sentence of his seminal book, Essai de poetique medievale (1972), Zumthor stressed l'eloignement du moyen age, la distance irrecuperable qui nous en separe; and a similar emphasis on sheer remoteness and otherness of period marks essays here. Thus, Warning, in his discussion of certain (admittedly outrageous) plays, speaks of their absolutely archaic and their insuperable hermeneutic strangeness. All contributors, in fact, seem to feel considerably further away from their Middle Ages than I feel from mine. I ask myself why this should be. One reason is that contributors are mostly concerned with continental, and especially French, literature. When Jauss speaks of repression of by aesthetic canons of Renaissance, for instance, his observation applies to French literature-to which, by a familiar and pardonable synecdoche, expression medieval literature commonly refers. But in some other countries, including England, this suppressing and distancing of during Renaissance period was a much more partial affair than it was in France. Writers such as Spenser and Herbert (and some would add Shakespeare) in England display a cultural continuity with their predecessors; and this continuity makes a surprising difference, for students of English like myself, to our sense of eloignement du moyen age. The other reason why contributors' emphasis on strangeness of Middle Ages itself strikes me as strange lies, not in history of sixteenth-century literature, but in history of twentieth-century universities. Jauss observes that the study of of European Middle Ages . . . has lost its place in

Comments on H. R. Jauss's Article

T IS with pleasure that I respond to New Literary History's invitation to express some of my reactions to reading the text of H. R. Jauss. I find myself, nevertheless, placed in a delicate situation. On the basic issue, and on all of the questions examined by Jauss, I am in perfect agreement, even if some of the examples that he cites (such as the animal epic) are less familiar to me than others. First of all (since I do not believe that this is what NLH expects), I must restrain the impulse that prompts me to praise his essay and to underline in doing so both its methodological and general theoretical importance. What Jauss questions (by pointing out the problematical) is the relationship existing between the Middle Ages and the medievalist. It is the mode of knowledge that we as men of the last quarter of the twentieth century can claim with respect to the object that we propose to study and which while studying we define. Indirectly (in the pages concerning allegory), the interrogation deals with the knowledge that the Middle Ages had of itself and with the ways which we can know that knowledge. I have no doubt but that these are the real problems, and perhaps, from our standpoint, the only real problems. The few points where I notice a divergence between Jauss's position and mine result less from this general point of view than superficially from terminological differences or, in a manner less easily reducible, from the differences in our respective intellectual backgrounds, and from certain presuppositions implied by these backgrounds. Although I have lived a very small time in France, I am aware of having been strongly influenced and sometimes confused by the work accomplished there in the last fifteen or twenty years, often among those very little concerned with the Middle Ages. Hence inevitably (and in spite of a constant effort not to allow myself to be captured by one mode of thought) certain of my orientations, choices, or metalanguage, compared with those of Jauss, inadvertently bring out our divergences rather than the long-term convergence of our efforts. What undoubtedly permits me to comment is the generosity with which Jauss repeatedly cites and discusses my Essai de poetique medievale and takes into account reactions provoked by it. It is not a question of polemics but, on the contrary, of responding to a tacit invitation and of reexamining several propositions of that work. The reexamination

Behaviour of Atchafalaya levees during construction

Presently available analytical techniques were used to achieve an understanding of the observed behaviour of Atchafalaya test sections during and shortly after construction and to develop modelling techniques for the evaluation of alternative designs. The characteristic behaviour of the test sections was identified and successfully modelled by finite element stress and deformation analyses and by stability analyses. Measured pore pressures agreed well with those calculated, but pore pressure analyses gave little insight into test section behaviour. Careful analysis of the foundation soil profile was an important factor in the success of the investigation. The usefulness of the methods of analysis was evaluated and different methods of stability analysis compared. Les techniques analytiques disponibles furent utilisées afin de parvenir à une comprehension du comportement réel des essais de sections d'Atchafalaya, pendant et peu après la construction et de développer des techniques de modelage pour l'évaluation de projets différents. Le comportement caractéristique des essais de sections fut identifié et modelé avec succès par des analyses de stabilité avec les éléments finis. Les pressions interstitielles mesurées s'accordèrent bien avec celles calculées, mais les analyses de pressions interstitielles les donnèrent peu de renseignements sur le comportement des essais des sections. Une analyse soigneuse de la fondation du profil du sol fut un facteur important dans la réussite de l'investigation. L'utilite des méthodes d'analyse fut évaluée et des méthodes différentes de stabilité furent comparées.

Attitudes toward Women in Two Eighteenth-Century French Periodicals

Attitudes toward Women in Two Eighteenth-Century French Periodicals KA Y WILKINS Research dealing specifically with the study of women in eighteenth-century France (whether from an historical, sociologi­ cal, or literary viewpoint) is of relatively recent vintage.1 In the past an occasional female scholar would turn her attention to a woman author—Emily Crosby’s Une Romanciere oubliee: Madame Riccoboni (1924) is a case in point. But with the growth of women’s studies, a fresh enthusiasm and realization of the paucity of our knowledge about this area has led to such works as Pierre Fauchery’s monumental study of literary portrayals of women in the eighteenth-century European novel, La Destinee feminine dans le roman europeen du XVIIIe siecle: Essai de gynecomythie romanesque, 1713-1807 (1972), to the four-volume Histoire mondiale de la femme (1965-66), to Bardeche’s two-volume Histoire des femmes (1968), and to such related studies as Philip Stewart’s Le Masque et la parole: Le Langage de Vamour au XVIIIe siecle (1973). Two recent American Ph. D. dissertations have dealt with Diderot and women, another with Voltaire and women, and three more with a reappraisal of the fortunate Madame Riccoboni.2 My own attempt is limited in scope but 393 394 / KAY WILKINS nevertheless yields some interesting conclusions. I have examined two runs of different periodicals, the Mercure de France (1720-25) and the Journal encyclopedique (1780-83), and have analyzed the depiction of women in them. Although I am aware that the periodicals are of different types and that any conclusions repre­ sent only a small insight into a vast area of study, it is apparent that attitudes changed to some degree in the sixty-year period separating the two series I examined. The Mercure de France was a highly successful periodical which made sufficient profit to be able to provide substantial pensions to men of letters. It aimed at a sophisticated audience interested in court affairs, social and foreign events, and the latest cultural activities in Paris. A typical number (Jan. 1720) included an article analyzing the attribution of the title “tres chretien” to the king, a letter about America, a harangue to the king by a missionary to the Algonquins, a list of royal edicts and laws, some very mediocre verse, a short story, reviews of the latest French and English theater presentations, an historical account of the Compagnie des Indes de France, some enigmas and songs, details of notable births, marriages, and deaths, foreign news, the Paris journal, and some advertizements, such as news of a powder which causes a nursing mother to lose her milk within forty-eight hours (a product that will not be advertized in the post-Rousseau climate of the Journal encyclopedique). The qualities of the ideal woman for the editors and contribu­ tors to the Mercure de France seem to be summed up in the funeral eulogy of a royal princess: “Epouse, elle fut fidele; mere, elle fut tendre; Princesse, elle sacrifia tout aux interets de l’Etat; veuve, elle ne songea plus a plaire; chretienne, elle remplit les devoirs de la Religion” (Jan. 1723, p. 97). Constancy and strength in the face of adversity are also desirable qualities—in a rare moment of praise for the female sex, the editors include a letter from the French envoy to Algeria relating the courage of one Miss Bourk (of Irish family) who coped bravely with capture and imprisonment by barbarians (March 1720, pp. 84-92). Above all, Attitudes toward Women in Two Periodicals I 395 however, woman is valued for her reproductive and nourishing faculties; the Jan. 1722 Mercure includes a letter praising the king’s nurse for her fine body and good health, which have ensured Louis’ well-being. The many poems and speeches cele­ brating the king’s marriage remark on the queen’s virtue which should be rewarded by “la douce humanite,/La sainte piete, la modeste prudence,/Et l’heureuse fecondite” (Oct. 1725, pp. 2356-57). Women are admired for their devotion to religion—one Mademoiselle de la Baronie was posthumously praised for spend­ ing whole winters without a fire so as to meditate and study religion without any...

Tests of bored and driven piles in Cretaceous mudstone at Port Elizabeth, South Africa

Three specially constructed test piles were loaded to failure to determine design values for shaft adhesion and end bearing in pile sockets in mudstone. The loading test results were related to strength tests on the rock. Cross-jacking tests in the pile sockets and crushing tests on mudstone cubes correlated well with the pile test results, indicating an ultimate end bearing capacity of nine times the undrained shear strength and an average shaft adhesion factor α = 0·2. Unconfined compression tests on cylindrical core specimens appeared to underestimate, and point-load strength tests to overestimate, the mudstone strength. Subsequently some piles were driven into the same mudstone. A loading test on a test pile indicated adequate bearing capacity with much smaller depth of penetration into the mudstone than required for the bored piles. The test showed that the grouted anchor cables developed an adhesion factor α of at least 0·4. Trois essais de pieux construits spécialement ont été poussés jusqu'à rupture afin de déterminer les valeurs à prévoir pour le frottement latéral et la résistance de pointe pour des emboîtures de pieux dans du limon compact. Les résultats de l'essai de chargement ont été reliés aux essais de résistance sur le roc. Des essais de soulèvement avec un cric au travers d'une emboîture de pieu et des essais d'écrasement sur des cubes de limon compact correspondent bien avec les résultats d'essais de pieux, indiquant une force portante limite de pointe de 9 fois la résistance au cisaillement, non drainée et une moyenne du coefficient d'adhérence de α = 0·2. Il apparaît que des essais de compression simple sur des échantillons cylindriques sous-estiment la résistance du limon compact et que des essais de poinçonnement la surestime. Quelques pieux ont ensuite été battus dans le même limon compact. Un essai de chargement sur un pieu d'essai a indiqué une charge portante suffisante avec une pénétration moindre que celle exigée pour les pieux forés. L'essai a montré que les cables d'ancrage injectés ont présenté un coeficient d'adhérence α d'au moins 0·4.

A propos de deux observations de paludisme transfusionnel. Essai de prévention associant un test d'immunofluorescence indirecte aux critères de sélection clinique

Resume Le paludisme transfusionnel peut constituer pour les malades un danger grave dans la mesure ou le diagnostic n'est souvent etabli que de facon tardive. Les Centres de Transfusion doivent donc eviter de mettre en circulation tout flacon suspect. L'application stricte des criteres de selection clinique amene actuellement a eliminer a Paris une proportion importante de donneurs de sang. L'utilisation d'un test d'immuno-fluorescence indirecte chez ces donneurs suspects peut permettre d'en recuperer un grand nombre.

A hydraulic triaxial apparatus for controlled stress path testing

A simple and versatile hydraulically operated triaxial apparatus has been developed for stress path testing. The apparatus is described and the range of tests which can be performed is discussed. These include both stress controlled and strain controlled tests. Some typical test results are presented and are used to illustrate the fact that under undrained conditions the deformation of the sample is a function only of the magnitude and sign of the stress difference, and is not otherwise influenced by the absolute magnitude of the total stress changes. The apparatus can be used with any convenient pressure control and recording system. A simple adaptation of the self-compensating mercury control system is illustrated. Un appareil triaxial simple et universel hydraulique, a été créé pour des essais de traction. L'appareil est décrit et la portée des essais qui peuvent étre réalisés, est discutée. Ceux-ci comprennent des essais de traction contrôlée ainsi que des essais de déformation contrôlée. Quelques résultats d'essais typiques sont présentés et utilisés pour illustrer le fait que sous conditions non drainées la déformation de l'échantillon est fonction seulement de l'importance et du signe de la différence des tractions, et qu'elle n'est pas autrement influencée par l'importance absolue des changements de traction totale. L'appareil peut être utilisé avec n'importe quel contrôle de pression convenable et de système d'enregistrement. Une adaptation simple du système de contrôle de mercure à propre compensation est indiquée.