Esculentum Extract Research Articles

In-vitro antimicrobial efficacy of heterostructured ZnO/ZnWO4 nanocomposites for dental caries

ZnO/ZnWO4 nanocomposites were synthesized in a one-pot green technique utilizing Lycopersicon esculentum extract and were confirmed by PXRD, SEM, EDX, and thermogravimetric analysis. The antimicrobial efficacy of nano-sized ZnO/ZnWO4 against salivary microbial samples was studied using the Well diffusion and time-course analysis methods. The results disclosed that nanocomposite has greater inhibition of the growth of salivary microbes. Further analysis proved that it controls Lactobacillus highly and Streptococcus mutans poorly. This ZnO/ZnWO4 nanocomposites exhibits up to 69% higher inhibition than that of ZnO nano compound and 70% higher activity than commercial ZnO at 130 mg/mL concentration. Thus ZnO/ZnWO4 nanocomposites can be promising candidates to replace the ZnO powder which is currently used for endodontic applications.

The Effect of Application of Diplazium Esculentum Leaf Extracts and GA3 on the Berry Quality of Grape (Vitis Vinifera L.) Cultivar of ‘Prabu Bestari’

This study investigated the effect of extract of Diplazium esculentum leaves and GA3 on the berry quality of Vitis vinifera c.v. Prabu Bestari. The objective of this research was to find out the effect of the application of D. esculentum leaf Extract and GA3 on the berry quality of grape c.v. Prabu Bestari. This study was conducted in the Vineyard at the Experimental Station of the Faculty of Agriculture, Udayana University during April to October 2021. A total of five different treatments were applied on inflorescences of grape (by dipping them), i.e. T0= control, only distilled water; T1 = 200 cc leaf extract was diluted with distilled water in to 1 L (200 cc L-1); T2=400 cc L-1; T3 = 600 cc L-1; T4= 500 ppm GA3 (as control positive). There were five treatments arranged in a randomized block design with 6 repetition. The results showed that all treatments were not able to induce seedless, as seeds still presented inside berries, however, the number of seeds in the treatment of 500 ppm GA3 reduced significantly compared to other treatments. Weight per seed decreased significantly at 400 cc L-1 D. esculentum extract, 600 cc L-1 D esculentum extract and 500 ppm GA3.

Identification of Metabolite Compounds and Biological Activity of Diplazium esculentum

Diplazium esculentum is one of the medicinal plants used by Dayak tribes in Central Kalimantan to cure acne. The potential of D. esculentum can be proved through information on the active compounds of the extract obtained in decoction and infusa methods. Thus, a liquid chromatography-mass spectrophotometry (LC-MS)-based method is developed to identify the active compounds of D. esculentum extract in either decoction method or infusa method. The chemical compound potential of D. esculentum extract was then analysed using bioinformatics approach based upon the database of PASS online server. Results showed that the D. esculentum extract contained 81 chemical compounds in decoction method and 68 compounds in infusa method, in which the dominant compound was flavonoid. Moreover, PASS online web server analysis found 7 flavonoid compound groups potential as anti-acne containing antisebor, AR expression inhibitor and CYP1A1 inhibitor. This information could be very useful for designing a clinical test on plant natural compound potential for traditional drug development

Diplazium esculentum (Retz.) Sw. reduces BACE-1 activities and amyloid peptides accumulation in Drosophila models of Alzheimer\u2019s disease

Alzheimer’s disease (AD), one type of dementia, is a complex disease affecting people globally with limited drug treatment. Thus, natural products are currently of interest as promising candidates because of their cost-effectiveness and multi-target abilities. Diplazium esculentum (Retz.) Sw., an edible fern, inhibited acetylcholinesterase in vitro, inferring that it might be a promising candidate for AD treatment by supporting cholinergic neurons. However, evidence demonstrating anti-AD properties of this edible plant via inhibiting of neurotoxic peptides production, amyloid beta (Aβ), both in vitro and in vivo is lacking. Thus, the anti-AD properties of D. esculentum extract both in vitro and in Drosophila models of Aβ-mediated toxicity were elucidated. Findings showed that an ethanolic extract exhibited high phenolics and flavonoids, contributing to antioxidant and inhibitory activities against AD-related enzymes. Notably, the extract acted as a BACE-1 blocker and reduced amyloid beta 42 (Aβ42) peptides in Drosophila models, resulting in improved locomotor behaviors. Information gained from this study suggested that D. esculentum showed potential for AD amelioration and prevention. Further investigations in vertebrates or humans are required to determine the effective doses of D. esculentum against AD, particularly via amyloidogenic pathway.

Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Diplazium esculentum extract: catalytic reduction of methylene blue and antibacterial activities

Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Diplazium esculentum extract: catalytic reduction of methylene blue and antibacterial activities

The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy from Diplazium esculentum and Rivina humilis analysis to reveals the existence of necessary components in oil palm plantations of Ganoderma boninense control

Abstract. Saragih WS, Purba E, Lisnawita, Basyuni M. 2021. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy from Diplazium esculentum and Rivina humilis analysis reveals necessary components in oil palm plantations of Ganoderma boninense control. Biodiversitas 22: 3645-3651. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) has been widely utilized for biological samples and biomolecular characterization. We aim to identify Ganoderma boninense through FTIR and obtain a functional group that can facilitate early basal stem rot detection. Here, positive control (KP) was not inoculated with G. boninense and negative control (KN) was inoculated with G. boninense. However, the treatment samples, Diplazium esculentum leaf extract, Rivina humilis leaf extract, and fungicide treatment, were not inoculated with G. boninense. The positive control oil-palm leaf samples exhibited spectral bands similar to those in the D. esculentum extract, R. humilis extract, and fungicide treatment. Strong bonds were observed at wavelengths 3379 cm-1, 2927 cm-1, 1639 cm-1, and 1056 cm-1. Others were moderate to weak, except the negative control samples with strong bonds at 2044 cm-1. This indicates amine N-H functional groups, alkane functional group C-H, functional group alkene C=C, C-O, functional group ester, and functional group isothiocyanate N=C=S (C4H5NS or CH2 = CHCH2N=C=S). The FTIR plot result denotes G. boninense through N=C=S Isothiocyanate functional group presence at 2140-1990 cm-1. This unique structure is only found in infected oil-palm leaf tissues of G. boninense. Our study suggests that FTIR spectroscopy is more beneficial than conventional methods in early detection of G. boninense infection in oil palm.

Neuroprotective potentials of Lycopersicon esculentum fruit extract on cadmium-induced toxicity in postnatal developing cerebellum of rats

The neuroprotective potemtials of Lycopersicon esculentum fruit extract on cadmium-induced oxidative stress in postnatal developing cerebellum of rats. Twenty-five pregnant Wistar rats (110-200g) were divided into five groups (n=5) and used for the experiment. Group I served as control and received water, Group II received 0.5mg/kg of Cadmium only, Group III received 50mg/kg aqueous extract of Lycopersicon esculentum only, Group IV received 0.5mg/kg body weight of cadmium+50mg/kg aqueous extract of Lycopersicon esculentum and Group V received 0.5mg/kg of cadmium +200mg/kg of vitamin C, orally from the first day of gestation to postnatal day 21. Lycopersicon esculentum was administered one hour before the administration of cadmium. Neurobehavioural tests was done on the pups of day 21. Then, pups of day 1, 7, 14, 21, and 28 were weighed, sacrificed and their brains dissected out, weighed with the cerebellum preserved for biochemical and histomorphological evaluations. Data were analysed using ANOVA at p < 0.05. Cadmium-treated rats showed significant decreased in body and brain weight, decreased time spent on the forelimb grip, increased negative geotaxis, increased lipid peroxidation (LPO), and decreased glutathione (GSH), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) in the developing cerebellum. Histologically, there was persistent external granular layer (EGL), reduced molecular layer (ML) thickness and increased astrocytes population in the cerebellar cortex of cadmium-treated day 21pups. Lycopersicon esculentum extract and vitamin C reversed the behavioural and morphological alterations induced by cadmium toxicity. Cadmium-induced oxidative stress, behavioural deficit and morphological alterations in the postnatal developing cerebellum of rat was ameliorated by Lycopersicon esculentum fruit extracts as such may be a potential neuroprotective agent.
 Key words: Cadmium - oxidative stress - Lycopersicon esculentum – Neurobehaviour - Developing cerebellar cortex

The Evaluation of Chenopodium Formosanum and Fagopyrum Esculentum Extract on Anti-aging Effect

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Optimization of Diplazium Esculentum Extract Using Pressurized Hot Water Extractor by Box-Behnken Design of Experiments and Its Antioxidative Behavior

Pressurized hot water extraction (PHWE) was implemented in attempt to reduce the use of toxic organic solvent in extracting bioactive compounds from Diplazium esculentum. The antioxidant assays, which were the DPPH scavenging activity, total phenolic contents and total flavonoid contents were analyzed on PHW extracts. By applying Box-Behnken design under response surface methodology (RSM), the optimized condition for the best antioxidant activity of PHWE was at 175 °C, 21 min extraction time and 50 mL water volume added to 2 g of dried D. esculentum. The DPPH antiradical efficiency of D. esculentum give EC50 values of 1241.14 μg/mL and time to reach steady state (TEC50) was 79.83 min. Thus, the extract was categorized as slow in scavenging the DPPH free radicals.

In vitro assessment of anticholinesterase and NADH oxidase inhibitory activities of an edible fern, Diplazium esculentum.

Diplazium esculentum is the most commonly consumed edible fern throughout Asia and Oceania. Several studies have been performed so far to determine different functional properties of this plant, but there have been no reports on the anticholinesterase and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) oxidase inhibitory activities of this plant. Therefore, the present study was conducted to determine the anticholinesterase and NADH oxidase inhibitory activities of 70% methanolic extract of D. esculentum. The D. esculentum extract was investigated for its acetylcholinesterase and NADH oxidase inhibitory activities as well as its free radical scavenging and total antioxidant activities in the linoleic acid system. The free radical scavenging activity of the extract was determined by the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) method. The total antioxidant activity of the extract was evaluated by ferric thiocyanate (FTC) and thiobarbituric acid (TBA) methods. The D. esculentum extract inhibited acetylcholinesterase and NADH oxidase in a dose-dependent manner, with IC50 values of 272.97±19.38 and 265.81±21.20 μg/mL, respectively. The extract also showed a potent DPPH radical scavenging activity with an IC50 value of 402.88±12.70 μg/mL. Moreover, the extract showed 27.41% and 33.22% of total antioxidant activities determined by FTC and TBA methods, respectively. Results indicated that 70% methanolic extract of D. esculentum effectively inhibited the enzymes acetylcholinesterase and NADH oxidase and acted as a potent antioxidant and free radical scavenger. These in vitro assays indicate that this plant extract is a significant source of natural antioxidants, which may be helpful in preventing the progression of various neurodegenerative disorders associated with oxidative stress.

Antimicrobial activities of silver nanoparticles synthesized from Lycopersicon esculentum extract

Abstract Background It has been known for quite some time now that silver nanoparticles (AgNP) can inhibit microbial growth and even kill microbes. Our investigation reports the antimicrobial activity of AgNP against a model bacterium, Escherichia coli. Methods The aqueous extract of Lycopersicon esculentum (red tomato) was used for the rapid synthesis of AgNP, which is very simple and eco-friendly in nature. The UV-visible spectroscopy technique was employed to establish the formation of AgNP. Results The transmission electron microscopic images showed that the particles were of mostly spherical shape. For the bacteriological tests, the microorganism E. coli was inoculated on Luria broth (LB) agar plate in the presence of varied amounts of AgNP. The antibacterial activity was obvious from the zone of inhibition. At concentration 20 μg/ml and above, the AgNP showed a clear zone of inhibition and the minimum inhibitory concentration of AgNP to E. coli was 50 μg/ml. Growth rates and bacterial concentrations were determined by measuring optical density at 600 nm at different time points. Conclusions From the slope of the bacterial growth curve, it has been concluded that the nanoparticles are bacteriostatic at low concentration and bactericidal at high concentration. So these nanoparticles are believed to act as preventive for bacterial contamination.

쓴메밀 추출물의 미백 개선 효과

This study was performed to DPPH radical scavenging activity, ABTS radical scavenging activity, tyrosinase inhibition activity and intracellular melanin synthesis inhibition to verify the whitening effect of Fagopyrum tataricum (bitter buckwheat) extract as contrasted with Fagopyrum esculentum (sweet buckwheat) extract. F. tataricum extract in consequence showed higher antioxidant activities, tyrosinase inhibition activity and melanin synthesis inhibition compared with F. esculentum extract. We investigated skin bright value during 8 weeks after induction of pigmentation in human skin from UV irradiation. In result, we obtained statistically a significant skin whitening effect from visual and mechanical evaluation. Accordingly, F. tataricum extract is expected to be high availability as functional cosmetic material for skin whitening.

Effect of Lycopersicon esculentum extract on apoptosis in the rat cerebellum, following prenatal and postnatal exposure to an electromagnetic field

The expansion of mobile phone technology has raised concerns regarding the effect of 900-MHz electromagnetic field (EMF) exposure on the central nervous system. At present, the developing human brain is regularly exposed to mobile telephones, pre- and postnatally. Several studies have demonstrated the acute effects of EMF exposure during pre- or postnatal periods; however, the chronic effects of EMF exposure are less understood. Thus, the aim of the present study was to determine the chronic effects of EMF on the pre- and postnatal rat cerebellum. The control group was maintained in the same conditions as the experimental groups, without the exposure to EMF. In the EMF1 group, the rats were exposed to EMF during pre- and postnatal periods (until postnatal day 80). In the EMF2 group, the rats were also exposed to EMF pre- and postnatally; in addition, however, they were provided with a daily oral supplementation of Lycopersicon esculentum extract (∼2 g/kg). The number of caspase-3-labeled Purkinje neurons and granule cells present in the rats in the control and experimental groups were then counted. The neurodegenerative changes were studied using cresyl violet staining, and these changes were evaluated. In comparison with the control animals, the EMF1 group demonstrated a significant increase in the number of caspase-3-labeled Purkinje neurons and granule cells present in the cerebellum (P<0.001). However, in comparison with the EMF1 group, the EMF2 group exhibited significantly fewer caspase-3-labeled Purkinje neurons and granule cells in the cerebellum. In the EMF1 group, the Purkinje neurons were revealed to have undergone dark neuron degenerative changes. However, the presence of dark Purkinje neurons was reduced in the EMF2 group, compared with the EMF1 group. The results indicated that apoptosis and neurodegeneration in rats exposed to EMF during pre- and postnatal periods may be reduced with Lycopersicon esculentum extract therapy.

A1. Evaluation of antioxidant activity of lycopene

Cutaneous antioxidant capacity can be strengthened by application of suitable substances to the skin. This has been demonstrated for vitamin E, vitamin C, and melatonin, especially when applied in combination. An evaluation was made of the protective capacity of three emulsions containing: (a) lycopene 0.03% (Lycopersicon esculentum extract); (b) alpha-tocopherol acetate (0.5%) and ascorbic acid (1%); (c) a mixture of these three substances at the above concentrations. Twenty healthy volunteers of phototype II or III were irradiated with a solar simulator (Multiport solar UV simulator, model 601) on the flexural surface of the forearm, with doses ranging from 20 to 80 mJ/cm2. The products containing antioxidants were applied on areas with similar characteristics which were irradiated after 30 min with the same UV doses. Skin damage was evaluated measuring erythema and transepidermal water loss before UV exposure and after 24 and 48 h. Erythema was measured by tristimulus colourimeter (Chroma meter CR-200, Minolta) according to our previous experience. The barrier function was evaluated by evaporimeter (Tewameter TM 210, Courage-Khazaka). The product containing lycopene alone had a protective capacity against UV exposure similar to that of the product containing both alpha-tocopherol acetate and ascorbic acid. When the three antioxidants were applied in combination the protective capacity was greater, as demonstrated by statistical evaluation. Lycopene exhibits an antioxidant activity which is enhanced when applied in combination with other substances.

Study of β-1,3-glucanase activity during autolysis of Aspergillus nidulans by FPLC ion-exchange chromatography

The behaviour of β-1,3-glucanase activity during Aspergillus nidulans autolysis was studied in a basal medium and in the same medium supplemented with 0.5 g l-1 of microcrystalline cellulose, laminarin, pectin, seedling of Lycopersicum esculentum extract, chitin and xylan respectively. In any case β-1,3-glucanase activity was detected in the culture fluid before the onset of the autolysis, but afterwards a progressive increase of β-1,3-glucanase activity took place with incubation time. In the media supplemented with pectin and seedling of Lycopersicum esculentum extract higher activity in the first days of autolysis was found. The activity at the end of the studied process by sample was 2.5, 2.1, 2.5, 1.9, 2.2, 2.3 and 2.3 U, and the specific activity 83, 53, 85, 55, 64, 90 and 53 mU mg-1 of protein for each medium respectively. The β-1,3-glucanase activity in Aspergillus nidulans seems to be related to autolysis and not to the presence of different substances in the culture medium. The behaviour of β-1,3-glucanase activity during the degradative process was followed by FPLC ion-exchange chromatography. Three proteins (I, II, III) with β-1,3-glucanase activity were separated and quantified. These proteins have similar behaviour in all the media. Proteins I and II increase progressively with incubation time but protein III is only present at the first and last days of autolysis.